Modelo lógico-teórico como ferramenta de planejamento para melhoria da cobertura vacinal infantil no Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil / Theoretical-logic model as a planning tool to improve childhood vaccination coverage in Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil / Modelo teórico-lógico como herramienta de planificación para mejorar la cobertura de vacunación infantil en Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil

Introdução:A vacinação tem se apresentado como uma importante estratégia de proteção à saúde da população. A redução da cobertura vacinal é um alerta para o retorno de doenças imunopreveníveis que já haviam sido erradicadas.Objetivo:Mapear o cenário de cobertura vacinal de crianças menores de 2 anos no Rio Grande do Norte no período de 2012 a 2021, e propor um modelo teórico-lógico para o planejamento das ações. Metodologia:Trata-se de um estudo do tipo ecológico, acerca da cobertura vacinal no estado em questão. Os dados foram coletados a partir do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde (DATASUS), por meio das Informações em Saúde (TABNET). Para coleta dos dados, elegeu-se como variáveis o ano para compor a linha da tabela a ser gerada pelo sistema, o imunobiológico para compor a coluna e, como medida, foi selecionada a cobertura vacinal. O período analisado foi de 2012 a 2021. Resultados:Nacionalmente, os anos de 2020 e 2021 apresentaram queda com relação aos dois anos anteriores à pandemia do novo coronavírus (SARS-CoV-2). Foi identificada a mesma tendencia de queda na cobertura vacinal infantil no estado de interesse do estudo ao comparar a média de cobertura de 2018/2019 com a média de 2020/2021. O modelo lógico teórico apresentado neste estudocontribui para a otimizaçãodo planejamento e das ações do programa estadual de imunização. Conclusão:Este estudose mostrou relevante para direcionar as estratégias da Secretaria de Saúde Pública do Rio Grande do Norte,ao propor ummodelo teórico-lógicocomo ferramenta para melhoria dos indicadoresde cobertura vacinal infantil (AU).

Introduction:Vaccination has been presented as an important health protection strategy for the population. The reduction in vaccination coverage is an alert for the return of immune preventable diseases that had already been eradicated. Objective:To map the vaccination coverage scenario for children under 2 years old in Rio Grande do Norte from 2012 to 2021 and propose a theoretical-logical model for planning actions. Methodology:This is an ecological study on vaccination coveragein the state in question. Data were collected from the Department of Informatics of the Brazilian National Health System (DATASUS), through Health Information (TABNET). The variables chosen for data collection were the year, which formed the rows of the table generated by the system, the immunobiological vaccine, which formed the columns, and the vaccination coverage rate as the measure. The period analyzed was from 2012 to 2021. Results:Nationally, the years 2020 and 2021 showed a drop compared to the two years prior to thenew coronavirus pandemic (SARS-CoV-2). The same downward trend in childhood vaccination coverage was identified in the state of interest when comparing the average coverage of 2018/2019 with the average of 2020/2021. The theoretical logic model presented in this study contributes to optimizing the planning and actions of the state immunization program. Conclusion:This study proved to be relevant for directing the strategies of the Rio Grande do Norte Public Health Department, by proposing a theoretical-logical model as a tool for improving infant vaccination coverage indicators (AU).

Introducción:La vacunación se hapresentado como una importante estrategia para proteger la salud de la población. La reducción de la cobertura de vacunación es una alerta para el regreso de enfermedades inmunoprevenibles que ya habían sido erradicadas. Objetivo:Mapear el escenario de cobertura de vacunación para niños menores de 2 años en Rio Grande do Norte en el período de 2012 a 2021, y proponer un modelo lógico-teórico para la planificación de acciones. Metodología:Este es un estudio ecológico sobre la cobertura de vacunación enelEstado en cuestión. Los datos fueron recolectados del Departamento de Informática del Sistema Único de Salud (DATASUS), a través del Información en Salud (TABNET). Las variables seleccionadas para la recopilación de datos fueron el año, que conformó las filas de la tabla generada por el sistema, la vacuna inmunobiológica, que conformó las columnas, y la tasa de cobertura vacunal como medida. El período analizado fue de 2012 a 2021. Resultados:A nivel nacional, los años 2020 y 2021 mostraron un descenso encomparación con los dos años previos a la pandemia del nuevo coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). La misma tendencia a la baja en la cobertura de vacunación infantil se identificó en el estado de interés al comparar la cobertura media de 2018/2019 con la media de 2020/2021. El modelo lógico teórico presentado en este estudio contribuye a optimizar la planificación y las acciones del programa estatal de inmunización. Conclusión:Este estudio demostró ser relevante para direccionar las estrategias de la Secretaría de Salud Pública de Rio Grande do Norte, al proponer un modelo teórico-lógico como herramienta para mejorar los indicadores de cobertura de vacunación infantil (AU).

Conformidades e não conformidades das variáveis ambientais em um Centro de Material e Esterilização / Compliance and noncompliance of environmental variables in a Sterile Processing Department

Objetivo: Verificar as conformidades e não conformidades à legislação sanitária das variáveis ambientais em um Centro de Material e Esterilização. Método: Trata-se de um estudo observacional analítico, realizado no Centro de Material e Esterilização de um hospital regional do interior do Piauí. Os dados foram coletados por meio de um checklist em três observações e organizados em tabela com apresentação das médias simples. Resultados: Verificou-se que a média extraída das três observações para os parâmetros de temperatura, ruído, umidade e luminosidade foram: área de recepção e limpeza ­ 33°C; 58,9 dB; 36,2% e 62 lux; área de empacotamento e esterilização ­ 33,3°C; 60,8 dB; 35,5% e 57,4 lux; e área de armazenamento e distribuição ­ 34,2°C; 57,8 dB; 34,3% e 53,1 lux. Conclusão: Há inadequações entre os valores obtidos e as recomendações da legislação sanitária, o que pode refletir em prejuízos na produção bem como em consequências físicas, mentais e psicológicas ao trabalhador

Lavagem, preparo e esterilização de materiais / Lavado, preparación y esterilización de materiales / Washing, preparation and sterilization of materials

Esta Norma Técnica tem por objetivo estabelecer os critérios para lavagem, preparo e esterilização de vidrarias e materiais utilizados nos processos de manipulação e controle da qualidade do leite humano ordenhado, visando a garantia da qualidade em Bancos de Leite Humano e Postos de Coleta de Leite Humano e sua certificação.

Esta Norma Técnica tiene por objetivo establecer los criterios de lavado, preparación y esterilización de la vidriería y materiales utilizados en los procesos de manipulación y control de calidad de la leche humana extraída, con el fin de asegurar la calidad en los Bancos de Leche Humana y Centros de Recolección de Leche Humana y su certificación.

A comparative study of four Bowie-Dick test under the condition of pressure steam sterilizer simulating gas leakage.

We aimed to understand the evaluation of different Bowie-Dick test (B-D test) on the performance of pressure steam sterilization equipment in the case of simulated gas leakage, and we selected a pulsating vacuum steam sterilizer to set 4 different gas leakage levels: 1.1, 1.3, 1.5, and 1.7 mbar/min during the B-D test phase. In terms of methods, 4 different brands of B-D test kits (devices) were tested at 4 different leakage rates, and a total of 48 experiments were conducted. The results from univariate analysis revealed that there are statistically significant differences in the judgment of test results among different personnel and brands. The results from multivariate logistic regression analysis displayed that the difference between different personnel was statistically significant (χ = 45.34, P < .001); the difference between different products was statistically significant (χ = 129.37, P < .001); and there was no statistically significant difference between different degree of leakage (χ = 6.99, P > .05). Result judgments of brand 1 and brand 2 are susceptible to subjective factors. The judgment of brand 3 is intuitive and consistent with the evaluation result of brand 4. In conclusion, the order of capacity to evaluate air leakage from best to worst is brand 4→brand 3→brand 1→brand 2.

Infection Control in the Dental Practice with Emphasis on Intraoral Scanners and Semi-Critical Complex Instruments / Control de Infecciones en la Práctica Dental Con Énfasis en Escáneres Intraorales e Instrumentos Complejos Semicríticos

ABSTRACT: We present an integrative review of the literature conducted to find and analyse specific measures for disinfection and/or sterilization of intraoral complex instruments, applicable to intraoral scanners. We performed a two-stage search in the PubMed/MEDLINE, SciELO, REDALYCS, and LILACS databases, and the Google Scholar website, which included full articles in Spanish, Portuguese, and English. The strategy associated the terms 'disinfection', 'biosecurity', 'decontamination', and (a) 'intraoral scanners', and (b) other 'semi-critical' intraoral complex instruments, according to the American Dental Association definition (e.g., 'turbine', etc). Strategy (a) produced just one outcome, whereas (b) produced nine articles, which only suggested low-level disinfectants.The lack of empirically based protocols that allow effective microbiological control makes it necessary to create a new categorization for these instruments when trying to comply with American Dental Association recommendations for dental practice.

RESUMEN: Presentamos una revisión integradora de la literatura realizada para encontrar y analizar medidas específicas de desinfección y / o esterilización de instrumentos complejos intraorales, aplicables a los escáneres intraorales. Realizamos una búsqueda en dos etapas en las bases de datos PubMed / MEDLINE, SciELO, REDALYCS y LILACS, y en el sitio web Google Scholar, que incluía artículos completos en español, portugués e inglés. La estrategia asoció los términos 'desinfección', 'bioseguridad', 'descontaminación' y (a) 'escáneres intraorales', y (b) otros instrumentos complejos intraorales 'semicríticos', según la definición de la Asociación Dental Ameri- cana (p. Ej., 'turbina', etc.). La estrategia (a) produjo un solo resultado, mientras que (b) produjo nueve artículos, que solo sugirieron desinfectantes de bajo nivel. La falta de protocolos de base empírica que permitan un control microbiológico efectivo hace necesario crear una nueva categorización para estos instrumentos, cuando se trata de cumplir con las recomendaciones de la Asociación Dental Americana para la práctica dental.

Alternative Methods of Sterilization in Dental Practices Against COVID-19.

SARS-CoV-2, and several other microorganisms, may be present in nasopharyngeal and salivary secretions in patients treated in dental practices, so an appropriate clinical behavior is required in order to avoid the dangerous spread of infections. COVID-19 could also be spread when patients touches a contaminated surface with infected droplets and then touch their nose, mouth, or eyes. It is time to consider a dental practice quite similar to a hospital surgery room, where particular attention should be addressed to problems related to the spreading of infections due to air and surface contamination. The effectiveness of conventional cleaning and disinfection procedures may be limited by several factors; first of all, human operator dependence seems to be the weak aspect of all procedures. The improvement of these conventional methods requires the modification of human behavior, which is difficult to achieve and sustain. As alternative sterilization methods, there are some that do not depend on the operator, because they are based on devices that perform the entire procedure on their own, with minimal human intervention. In conclusion, continued efforts to improve the traditional manual disinfection of surfaces are needed, so dentists should consider combining the use of proper disinfectants and no-touch decontamination technologies to improve sterilization procedures.

The impact of a sterile processing program in Northwest Tanzania: a mixed-methods study.

Background: Inadequate training of health care workers responsible for the sterilization of surgical instruments in low- and middle-income countries compromises the safety of workers and patients alike. Methods: A mixed methods research study was initiated in the Lake Zone areas of Northwestern Tanzania in the summer of 2018. The goal was to identify the impact of education and training on sterile processing practices at ten hospitals. Quantitative data analyzed included hospital assessments of sterile processing practices prior to and 4 months after training, as well as participant test scores collected at the beginning of training, after 5 days of classes, and 4 months after mentorship was completed. Thematic analysis of interviews with participants 4 months post-training was completed to identify associated impact of training. Results: Improvement in test scores were found to be directly related to sterile processing training. The greatest sterile processing practice changes identified through hospital assessments involved how instruments were cleaned, both at point of use and during the cleaning process, resulting in rusted and discoloured instruments appearing as new again. Themes identified in participant interviews included: changes in practice, challenges in implementing practice changes, resource constraints, personal and professional growth, and increased motivation, confidence and responsibility. Conclusions: Providing education and follow up support for workers in sterile processing resulted in increased knowledge of best practices, application of knowledge in practice settings, and awareness of issues that need to be overcome to decrease risks for patients and health care workers alike. Further research is needed to identify the impact of mentorship on hospital sterile processing practices in order to provide clear direction for future spending on training courses.

Pilot study: Internally cooled orthopedic drills - standard sterilization is not enough?

Bone drilling causes focal temperature rise due to metal-to-bone contact, which may result in thermal osteonecrosis. Newly constructed internally cooled medical drill of an open type decreases temperature rise at a point of metal-to-bone contact although standard sterilization of such a drill could be inadequate due to bacteria retention within the drill lumen. The aim of this pilot study was to examine the effectiveness of sterilization and to propose sterilization recommendations for internally cooled open type bone drills. Unused internally cooled medical steel bone drills were tested. Drills were contaminated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus sp., beta-hemolytic Streptococcus sp., Enterobacter sp. and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and then incubated for 24 hours at 37 °C. Afterwards, drills were autoclaved for 15, 20 and 30 minutes at 132 °C and 2.6 bar. When 15-minute sterilization was used, one out of 16 drills was contaminated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, while the other 15 drills were sterile. Extended cycle sterilization in autoclave lasting for 20 and 30 minutes resulted in 100% sterility of all drills tested. In conclusion, lumened drills should be exposed to extended sterilization times in autoclave. Minimal recommended time for sterilization of lumened drills is 20 minutes.

[Quality Control of Medical Instruments and Cleaning Water].

PURPOSE: Herein we aimed to investigate the degradation of surgical instruments in our hospital and how water quality affects the rate of metal corrosion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We observed 279 stainless steel instruments, and determined the presence of damage like metal corrosion or scale formation. We also measured the concentrations of chloride(Cl-)and silicate(SiO44-)ions in the water used for cleaning in our operating rooms, including tap water from the city water supply and reverse-osmosis(RO)filtered water. RESULT: Pitting corrosion was observed on 71% of the instruments we investigated. The concentration of Cl- was 0.7mg/L in tap water and 0.1mg/L in RO water, while the concentration of SiO44- was 0.3mg/L in both the tap and RO water. DISCUSSION: Of the dissolved ions Cl- and SiO44-, Cl- is more of a concern, as it causes pitting corrosion over time, while SiO44- causes scale formation. Considering the typical water quality in the operating-room environment, degradation must be monitored for the general maintenance of metal surgical instruments.

[Do liquid wastes from automated instruments in medical laboratories have their proper microbicide effect?] / Les rejets liquides des automates de biologie médicale ont-ils un effet microbicide propre qui permettrait de s'affranchir de leur traitement pour risque infectieux ?

Liquid wastes from clinical biology automated systems are currently evacuated in the urban network after chemical treatment to eliminate a possible risk of infection. Since these wastes are ecotoxic because of the presence of numerous chemical reagents, we studied their intrinsic microbicidal power towards a selection of infectious agents widely found in clinical specimens. The objective was to determine if an additional anti-infectious treatment before elimination is necessary. Thus, we evaluated the bactericidal effect of liquid wastes of several automated systems towards four bacterial species (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis) and their virucidal activity against a non-enveloped virus, resistant in the environment (adenovirus). This effect was determined for different exposure times. Our results showed that the antibacterial activity was highly variable depending on the waste-bacteria pair considered (varying from no activity to complete sterilization of a strong bacterial inoculum). The liquid wastes were on the other hand globally inactive towards adenovirus.

[Evaluation of dental medical devices: Focus on the definition of needs]. / Évaluation des dispositifs médicaux dentaires pour un appel d'offres : privilégier la haute définition des besoins.

OBJECTIVES: As a university teaching hospital, the call for tender for dental medical devices (dental implants and consumables) is done with the help of a team of hospital pharmacists and users. In order to optimize the definition of needs and evaluation criteria, an exhaustive review of the products was carried out. METHODS: Dental medical devices suppliers were consulted in 2017 for reviewing their products. Their technical, clinical and economic data were compared. The products have been gathered into categories and its results had been submitted to a commission of dental experts of our university hospital for clinical opinion. RESULTS: More than 30,000 references from 30 different suppliers were analyzed (orthodontics, dental implants, membranes and bone substitutes, various dental consumables). Relating to oral implantology, the opinions converged on clinical studies. On the contrary, diverging opinions have been proffered on the systematic use of single-use drills and customized guides for surgery and on the implant's choice. The definition of needs has been specified for orthodontics and consumables. Other criteria played a great role: single packaging (unit doses), product's sterility, paediatric needs, presence of allergens, traceability of devices and supplier diversity. CONCLUSIONS: This review led to the identification of new needs in more precise terms. The complexity and diversity of dental products and techniques requires this careful review and a better collaboration with practitioners.

Supercritical CO2 technology: The next standard sterilization technique?

Sterilization of implantable medical devices is of most importance to avoid surgery related complications such as infection and rejection. Advances in biotechnology fields, such as tissue engineering, have led to the development of more sophisticated and complex biomedical devices that are often composed of natural biomaterials. This complexity poses a challenge to current sterilization techniques which frequently damage materials upon sterilization. The need for an effective alternative has driven research on supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) technology. This technology is characterized by using low temperatures and for being inert and non-toxic. The herein presented paper reviews the most relevant studies over the last 15 years which cover the use of scCO2 for sterilization and in which effective terminal sterilization is reported. The major topics discussed here are: microorganisms effectively sterilized by scCO2, inactivation mechanisms, operating parameters, materials sterilized by scCO2 and major requirements for validation of such technique according to medical devices' standards.

Value Flow Map: application and results in the disinfection center / Mapa de la Cadena de Valor: aplicación y resultados en el centro de desinfección / Mapa de Fluxo de Valor: aplicação e resultados na central de desinfecção

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify and eliminate steps that do not add value for customers in the disinfection center. Method: We applied the Lean tool: Value Flow Map, using the concepts of gemba and kaizen in the work process of the disinfection unit for ventilatory care materials, aiming at improving such process. After performing a training with the team on the Lean concepts described above, applying the Value Flow Map in the gemba, analyzing the opportunities for improvement, and approving the changes, the Value Flow Map of the future state was devised and changes were implemented. Result: The time of the disinfection process was reduced in 2h37 and the financial resources required also decreased, in R$ 809.08/month. Conclusion: The application of Lean concepts presented positive results for the elimination of wastages in the disinfection center.

RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar y eliminar los pasos que no agregan valor para los clientes en el centro de desinfección. Método: aplicamos la herramienta Lean: mapa de la cadena de valor, conceptos de gemba y kaizen, en el proceso de trabajo de la unidad de desinfección para materiales de asistencia ventilatoria con el objetivo de mejorar el proceso. Después de realizar una capacitación con el equipo sobre los conceptos Lean descritos anteriormente, aplicamos el Mapa de la cadena de valor en el gemba, analizamos las oportunidades de mejora y aprobamos los cambios; se diseñó el Mapa de la cadena de valor del estado futuro y se implementaron los cambios. Resultado: el tiempo del proceso de desinfección se redujo en dos horas y treinta y siete minutos, y los recursos financieros requeridos también disminuyeron en R$ 809,08/mes. Conclusión: la aplicación de los conceptos Lean presentó resultados positivos para la eliminación de desperdicios en el centro de desinfección.

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar e eliminar as etapas que não agregam valor ao cliente na central de desinfecção. Método: foi aplicada a ferramenta Lean: Mapa de Fluxo de Valor, utilizando os conceitos Gemba e Kaizen no processo de trabalho da unidade de desinfecção de materiais para uso na assistência ventilatória com o intuito de melhorar o processo de trabalho. Foi realizada a capacitação da equipe em relação aos conceitos Lean descritos acima, foi aplicado o Mapa de Fluxo de Valor no Gemba, foram analisadas as oportunidades de melhoria e, após, aprovação das alterações, foi desenhado o Mapa de Fluxo de Valor do estado futuro e implementadas as mudanças. Resultado: obteve-se redução de tempo em 2h37 no processo de desinfecção e redução de recursos financeiros em R$ 809,08 reais/mês. Conclusão: a aplicação de conceitos Lean apresentou resultados positivos na eliminação de desperdícios na central de desinfecção.

Effectiveness of autoclaving in sterilizing reusable medical devices in healthcare facilities.

Medical devices are sterilized before being used for invasive clinical procedures such as surgery, to prevent pathogen transfer. Failure to sterilize medical devices properly presents a risk of healthcare-associated infections. Studies and reports have indicated that inadequately sterilized medical devices are one of the causes of a higher rate of healthcare-associated infections in developing countries. Steam sterilization (autoclaving) is the most widely used method for sterilization and is considered the most robust and cost-effective method for sterilization of medical devices. The effectiveness of steam sterilization can be measured using biological indicators. A literature search was undertaken to understand the effectiveness of autoclaving in sterilizing reusable medical devices in healthcare facilities across the globe. Studies using biological indicators for measuring the effectiveness of autoclaving were obtained. Failures of steam sterilization practices were identified and discussed as a means of identifying factors that might be associated with the ineffectiveness of steam sterilization practices between different countries. The number of studies measuring the effectiveness of steam sterilization is small, and few evaluate the effectiveness of steam sterilization specifically in developing countries. There are fewer studies on higher level healthcare facilities than dental facilities. More evidence about the effectiveness of autoclaving in healthcare facilities is needed to draw firm conclusions, but the data suggest that there are inadequacies in autoclave procedures and operator education.

[Stem cell transplantation unit: Guidelines from the francophone Society of bone marrow transplantation and cellular therapy (SFGM-TC)]. / Unité de greffe : recommandations de la Société francophone de greffe de moelle et de thérapie cellulaire (SFGM-TC).

Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is part of the standard of care for many hematological diseases. Over the last decades, significant advances in patient and donor selection, conditioning regimens as well as supportive care of patients undergoing allogeneic HCT leading to improved overall survival have been made. In view of many new treatment options in cellular and molecular targeted therapies, the place of allogeneic transplantation in therapy concepts must be reviewed. Most aspects of HCT are well standardized by national guidelines or laws as well as by certification labels such as FACT-JACIE. However, the requirements for human resources, construction and layout of a unit treating patients during the transplantation procedure and for different complications are not well defined. Here, we describe the process of planning a transplant unit in order to open a discussion that could lead to more precise guidelines in the field of personnel and infrastructural requirements for hospitals caring for people with severe immunosuppression.

Challenging the six-hour recommendation for reprocessing sterilizable medical equipment.

BACKGROUND: At present, reprocessing of sterilizable medical equipment is recommended to be initiated within 6 h after completion of surgery, to ensure that the quality of the instruments does not deteriorate. A literature search showed a lack of evidence for consequences that may occur if medical personnel deviate from the standard 6 h sterilization protocol. AIM: To evaluate the 6 h recommendation for reprocessing sterilizable medical equipment by determining whether residual protein increased proportional to holding time before reprocessing was initiated, and likewise whether an increase in corrosion was present on surgical scissors proportional to holding time. METHODS: Residual protein was identified on surgical instruments contaminated with human blood after different holding times and before washes using the o-phthaldialdehyde (OPA) method. Corrosion was identified on surgical scissors contaminated with human blood after different holding times and after reprocessing using light stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. FINDINGS: Protein residues ranged between 14.0 and 51.9 µg and thus below the accepted threshold of 100 µg per instrument surface. Corrosion corresponding to 0.05% of the surface was identified on 22 of 30 scissors. Pitting corrosion was seen on four of 30 scissors. CONCLUSION: No association was identified between residual protein and holding time, nor between incidence of corrosion and holding time. The study thereby challenges the relevance of upholding the recommendation of a maximum wait of 6 h prior to reprocessing. The findings will potentially have an impact on the organization of reprocessing of surgical instruments in Denmark and internationally.

Safety of Temporary Use of Recycled Autoclaved Femoral Components in Infected Total Knee Arthroplasty: Confirming Sterility Using a Sonication Method.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of sonication technique for microbiological diagnosis and the sterility of the recycled autoclaved femoral components from infected total knee arthroplasty (TKA) using a sonication method. METHODS: Nineteen femoral implants explanted from patients with infected TKA were sterilized with a standard autoclave method. Standard culture of the fluid before and after sonication of the sterilized implants was performed to detect pathogenic microorganisms. Additional experiments were performed to evaluate the sterility of the recycled implant by inducing artificial biofilm formation. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was inoculated into 10 implants and sterilization in a standard autoclave was performed, and then the fluid was cultured before and after sonication. RESULTS: Two of the 19 sterilized implants were positive for growth of bacteria after sonication, whereas no growth was detected in the cultured fluid from the sterilized implants before sonication. The bacteria were Staphylococcus species in all two cases. In one of 10 implants inoculated with MRSA, the culture was positive for growth of bacteria both before and after sonication. However, Staphylococcus epidermidis was cultured from both occasions and thus this implant was thought to be contaminated. CONCLUSIONS: We found sonication for identification of pathogens could be helpful, but this finding should be interpreted carefully because of the possibility of contamination. Sterilization of an infected femoral implant with an autoclave method could be a good method for using the temporary articulating antibiotic spacer in two-stage revision arthroplasty.

Reprocessamento de materiais utilizados em salões de beleza e biossegurança dos profissionais envolvidos / Reprocessing of materials used in beauty salons and biosafety of professionals involved / Reprocesamiento de materiales utilizados en salones de belleza y bioseguridad de los profesionales envolvidos

Objetivo: verificar como ocorrem os processos de limpeza, desinfecção e esterilização dos materiais utilizados nos salões de beleza, bem como o processo de trabalho desenvolvido, conforme Resolução da Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Paraná nº 700/2013. Método: estudo exploratório, descritivo e quantitativo. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida com manicures/pedicures de salões de beleza em Cascavel- Paraná, através de um instrumento semiestruturado, no período de abril a junho de 2016. Todas as análises estatísticas foram realizadas no programa XLStat2015, utilizando o p-valor com nível de significância de 0,05. Resultados: a maioria dos entrevistados utiliza a estufa como método de esterilização. Os principais materiais e instrumentais esterilizados foram as espátulas de inox, alicates e os palitos de inox. Após o procedimento de esterilização, nenhum dos salões de beleza pesquisados utilizam método de controle deste processo, ou seja, integradores químicos e indicadores biológicos. Conclusão: quanto ao método de esterilização, 86,0% dos entrevistados não seguem a Resolução Estadual e, 64,9% utilizam parâmetros de tempo de exposição dos materiais e temperatura do equipamento diferentes daquelas preconizadas pelos órgãos fiscalizadores e legislações vigentes.(AU)

Objective: to check how the processes of cleaning, disinfecting and sterilizing the materials used in beauty salons occur, as well as the work process developed, according to Resolution of the Health Department of the State of Paraná No. 700/2013. Method: exploratory, descriptive and quantitative study. The research was developed with manicures / pedicures of beauty salons in Cascavel- Paraná, through a semistructured instrument, from April to June 2016. All the statistical analyzes were performed in the program XLStat2015, using the p-value with level of significance of 0.05. Results: most of the interviewees use the greenhouse as a sterilization method. The main sterilized materials and instruments were stainless steel spatulas, pliers and stainless steel sticks. After the sterilization procedure, none of the beauty salons researched uses this method of controlling this process, that is, chemical integrators and biological indicators. Conclusion: Regarding the sterilization method, 86.0% of respondents do not follow the State Resolution, and 64.9% use time parameters of material exposure and equipment temperature different from those recommended by the regulatory agencies and current legislations.(AU)

Objetivo: verificar como ocurre los procesos de limpieza, desinfección y esterilización de los materiales utilizados en los salones de belleza, así como el proceso de trabajo desarrollado, conforme a la Resolución de la Secretaría de Salud del Estado de Paraná nº 700/2013. Método: estudio exploratorio, descriptivo y cuantitativo. La investigación fue desarrollada con manicuras / pedicures de salones de belleza en Cascavel - Paraná, a través de un instrumento semiestructurado, en el período de abril a junio de 2016. Todos los análisis estadísticos se realizaron en el programa XLStat2015, utilizando el p-valor con nivel de calidad significancia de 0,05. Resultados: la mayoría de los entrevistados utilizan el invernadero como método de esterilización. Los principales materiales e instrumentales esterilizados fueron las espátulas de inox, alicates y los palillos de acero inoxidable. Después del procedimiento de esterilización, ninguno de los salones de belleza encuestados utilizan método de control de este proceso, es decir, integradores químicos e indicadores biológicos. Conclusión: en cuanto al método de esterilización, el 86,0% de los entrevistados no siguen la Resolución Estadual y el 64,9% utilizan parámetros de tiempo de exposición de los materiales y temperatura del equipo diferentes de aquellos preconizados por los organismos fiscalizadores y legislaciones vigentes.(AU)

Improving Efficiency and Standardization in a Robotics Program: A Quality Improvement Project.

After an evaluation of the growing robotics program at Christiana Care Health System in Newark, Delaware, perioperative leaders identified needs related to a lack of instrument set standardization and inconsistent workflow processes; these deficiencies were causing higher-than-anticipated turnaround time (ie, 59 minutes) and an excessive inventory of sterilized robotic instruments. A workgroup was created to review the results of the evaluation and develop solutions for the robotic surgery program. Goals included a 40-minute procedure turnaround time and a 35% reduction in sterilized robotic instrument set inventory one year after project initiation. By developing a team training program, improving operational efficiencies, and improving standardization, the robotics program achieved a 10-minute TAT reduction and a 54% reduction in sterilized robotic instrument inventory. Personnel considered the project to be a huge success because it laid the groundwork for improving efficiency and standardization in Christiana Care Health System's robotics program.