Fatores de estresse em estudantes de enfermagem na realização de atividades teórico-práticas da formação acadêmica / Factores de estrés en estudiantes de enfermería en la realización de actividades teórico-prácticas de la formación académica / Stress factors in nursing students in the realization of theoretical-practical activities of academic training

RESUMO Objetivo: verificar os fatores de estresse comumente vivenciados por estudantes do curso de Enfermagem na realização de atividades teóricas e práticas da formação acadêmica. Método: estudo descritivo, transversal, desenvolvido com 142 discentes do curso de Enfermagem de uma universidade pública localizada em Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Os dados foram coletados em fevereiro de 2020 por meio de questionário sociodemográfico/acadêmico e da escala de Avaliação de Estresse em Estudantes de Enfermagem e, posteriormente, analisados de maneira descritiva, segundo a moda e percentis superiores e inferiores à moda das variáveis. Resultados: medo de cometer erros durante a assistência ao paciente (57,4%), sentimento de ter adquirido pouco conhecimento para fazer provas práticas (52,1%), insegurança ou medo de fazer provas teóricas (44,7%) e obrigatoriedade de realizar trabalhos extraclasse (41,5%) foram fatores que provocaram níveis muito altos de estresse entre os estudantes. Conclusão: os resultados podem auxiliar faculdades de Enfermagem no planejamento e fortalecimento de intervenções preventivas com foco no gerenciamento do estresse e seu enfrentamento.

RESUMEN Objetivo: verificar los factores de estrés comúnmente experimentados por estudiantes del curso de Enfermería en la realización de actividades teóricas y prácticas de la formación académica. Método: estudio descriptivo, transversal, desarrollado con 142 discentes del curso de Enfermería de una universidad pública ubicada en Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Los datos fueron recogidos en febrero de 2020 a través de cuestionario sociodemográfico/académico y de la escala de Evaluación de Estrés en Estudiantes de Enfermería y, posteriormente, analizados de manera descriptiva, según la moda y percentiles superiores e inferiores a la moda de las variables. Resultados: miedo de cometer errores durante la atención al paciente (57,4%), sentimiento de haber adquirido poco conocimiento para hacer pruebas prácticas (52,1%), inseguridad o miedo de hacer pruebas teóricas (44,7%) y obligatoriedad de realizar trabajos extraclase (41,5%) fueron factores que provocaron niveles muy altos de estrés entre los estudiantes. Conclusión: los resultados pueden auxiliar facultades de Enfermería en la planificación y fortalecimiento de intervenciones preventivas con enfoque en el manejo del estrés y su enfrentamiento.

ABSTRACT Objective: to verify the stress factors commonly experienced by nursing students in carrying out theoretical and practical activities of academic training. Method: descriptive, cross-sectional study, developed with 142 students of the nursing course of a public university located in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Data were collected in February 2020 through a sociodemographic/academic questionnaire and the Stress Assessment scale in Nursing Students and, later, analyzed descriptively, according to fashion and upper and lower percentiles than the fashion of the variables. Results: fear of making mistakes during patient care (57.4%), feeling of having acquired little knowledge to take practical tests (52.1%), insecurity or fear of taking theoretical tests (44.7%) and mandatory to perform extra-class work (41.5%) were factors that caused very high levels of stress among students. Conclusion: the results can help nursing colleges in the planning and strengthening of preventive interventions focused on stress management and coping.

Condiciones de trabajo de enfermería en tiempos de COVID ­ 19. Sincelejo, Sucre (Colombia) / Nursing work conditions in times of COVID ­ 19. Sincelejo, Sucre (Colombia)

INTRODUCCIÓN: el personal de enfermería se enfrenta a diversas situaciones en la práctica, debido a lo complejo que es cuidar de sí mismo y de los demás; la relevancia de este artículo de reflexión está en fortalecer la visibilidad de la disciplina de enfermería en la atención sanitaria. OBJETIVO: Reflexionar sobre la importancia de las condiciones de trabajo de enfermería, al brindar cuidado en tiempos de pandemia por Covid -19. DESARROLLO: la enfermería tiene consigo un camino recorrido a lo largo de la historia de la humanidad, donde el proceso salud - enfermedad, permite la presencia de enfermería con cada paciente. La trágica pandemia por Covid-19 que enfrenta el mundo, condujo a cambios para el ser humano, específicamente en la forma de brindar el cuidado de enfermería, en el cual se destacan aspectos positivos y otros no tan favorables para la profesión. CONCLUSIONES: el virus conocido como coronavirus, transformó la vida de muchos seres humanos, enfermería con su presencia ha desempeñado roles fundamentales al enfrentar un virus mortal, una vez más se ratifica que es una disciplina y profesión indispensable para el desarrollo de la sociedad, pero aspectos como condiciones laborales inadecuadas, el estrés, y el miedo ante cuidar la vida misma y la de los demás, han influido en la salud mental del personal de enfermería, que en la actualidad sigue en esfuerzo y búsqueda del verdadero reconocimiento de la profesión.

INTRODUCTION: Nursing staff face various situations in practice, due to how complex it is to take care of oneself and others; the relevance of this reflection article is to strengthen the visibility of the nursing discipline in health care. OBJECTIVE: To reflect on the importance of nursing working conditions, when providing care in times of the Covid-19 pandemic. DEVELOPMENT: Nursing has a path traveled throughout the history of humanity, where the health-disease process allows the presence of nursing with each patient. The tragic Covid-19 pandemic that the world is facing led to changes for the human being, specifically in the way of providing nursing care, in which positive aspects and others not so favorable for the profession stand out. CONCLUSIONS: the virus known as coronavirus, transformed the lives of many human beings, nursing with its presence has played fundamental roles in facing a deadly virus, once again it is ratified that it is an indispensable discipline and profession for the development of society, but Aspects such as inadequate working conditions, stress, and fear of caring for one's own life and that of others have influenced the mental health of nursing staff, who currently continue to strive and seek true recognition of the profession.

Indicadores de calidad en el cuidado humanizado de personas con sufrimiento psíquico en etapa aguda / Quality indicators in the humanized care of users with psychic suffering in the acute stage / Indicadores de qualidade no atendimento humanizado a usuários com sofrimento psíquico na fase aguda

La práctica de enfermería, incorpora el cuidado humanizado como una vía para valorar además de aspectos físicos en las personas, los elementos mentales y emocionales implicados en el contexto de la enfermedad. Los indicadores de calidad han funcionado como aspectos que son objeto de evaluación sanitaria hacia el restablecimiento de la salud afectada. Estos indicadores suelen proveer información fundamental para el desarrollo de una práctica asistencial de calidad y al mismo tiempo refieren procesos para alcanzar los objetivos trazados en la atención de los centros sanitarios. La práctica de enfermería dirigida a superar el sufrimiento psíquico en etapa aguda, requiere la valoración holística, con lo cual alcanzar un mayor impacto en la salud de la persona. El cuidado humanizado de éstas personas que sufren de forma aguda, influye sobre el afrontamiento de esta realidad compleja, el sentirse escuchados, atendidos, e impulsando su participación y autonomía en el tratamiento, propicia un mejor afrontamiento a la realidad particular de cada persona. Aunque muchos profesionales de enfermería aplican un cuidado humanizado enmarcado en la religión o política, es fundamental redireccionar acciones para empoderar a la persona. El objetivo central del artículo está dirigido a efectuar un análisis reflexivo sobre los indicadores de calidad en el cuidado humanizado de las personas con sufrimiento psíquico en etapa aguda, para valorar el trabajo desarrollado de los profesionales de enfermería y su impacto en la salud de los mismos.

Nursing practice incorporates humanized care as a way to assess, in addition to physical aspects in people, the mental and emotional elements involved in the context of the disease. The quality indicators have functioned as aspects that are object of sanitary evaluation towards the reestablishment of the affected health. These indicators usually provide fundamental information for the development of a quality care practice and at the same time refer to processes to achieve the objectives set in the care of health centers. Nursing practice aimed at overcoming mental suffering in the acute stage requires holistic assessment, thereby achieving a greater impact on the health of the person. The humanized care of these people who suffer acutely, influences the coping with this complex reality, feeling heard, cared for, and promoting their participation and autonomy in the treatment, fosters a better coping with the particular reality of each person. Although many nursing professionals apply humanized care framed in religion or politics, it is essential to redirect actions to empower the person. The main objective of the article is aimed at carrying out a reflective analysis on the quality indicators in the humanized care of people with mental suffering in the acute stage, to assess the work carried out by nursing professionals and its impact on their health.

A prática de enfermagem incorpora o cuidado humanizado como forma de avaliar, além dos aspectos físicos nas pessoas, os elementos mentais e emocionais envolvidos no contexto da doença. Os indicadores de qualidade têm funcionado como aspectos que são objeto de avaliação sanitária para o restabelecimento da saúde afetada. Esses indicadores costumam fornecer informações fundamentais para o desenvolvimento de uma prática assistencial de qualidade e, ao mesmo tempo, referem-se a processos para atingir os objetivos traçados na assistência aos centros de saúde. A prática de enfermagem voltada para a superação do sofrimento mental na fase aguda requer avaliação holística, alcançando assim um maior impacto na saúde da pessoa. O cuidado humanizado a essas pessoas que sofrem agudamente, influencia no enfrentamento dessa realidade complexa, sentindo-se ouvido, cuidado e promovendo sua participação e autonomia no tratamento, favorece um melhor enfrentamento da realidade particular de cada pessoa. Embora muitos profissionais de enfermagem apliquem o cuidado humanizado enquadrado pela religião ou pela política, é fundamental redirecionar as ações para empoderar a pessoa. O objetivo principal do artigo é realizar uma análise reflexiva sobre os indicadores de qualidade no cuidado humanizado à pessoa com sofrimento mental na fase aguda, para avaliar o trabalho desenvolvido pelos profissionais de enfermagem e seu impacto na saúde.

Strategies and Barriers in Addressing Mental Health and Suicidality in Patients With Cancer.

PURPOSE: To identify how oncology nurses address mental health distress and suicidality in patients, what strategies they employ in treating this distress, and the barriers they face in addressing distress and suicidality in patients with cancer. PARTICIPANTS & SETTING: 20 oncology nurses at two cancer centers in Israel were interviewed. METHODOLOGIC APPROACH: The grounded theory method of data collection and analysis was employed. FINDINGS: Strategies used in addressing patients' mental health distress were being emotionally available, providing practical support, treating physical symptoms, and referring to counseling. Strategies in addressing suicidality were assessing the situation, offering end-of-life or palliative care, treating physical symptoms, and referring for assessment. Barriers to addressing distress were lack of training, stigma, workload or lack of time, and limited availability and accessibility of mental health resources. Barriers in addressing suicidality were lack of knowledge and training, patient reluctance to receive care, and lack of protocol. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: Developing guidelines for addressing and responding to mental health distress and suicidality is essential to improving patients' quality of life and reducing disease-related morbidity and mortality. Reducing mental healthcare stigma for patients is critical.

Perspectives of Childhood Cancer Symptom-Related Distress: Results of the State of the Science Survey.

Management of symptom-related distress is an important area of pediatric oncology nursing. Participants who attended the Children's Oncology Group (COG) State of the Science Symposium on symptom distress completed an anonymous survey. The purpose was to explore participant perceptions of symptom distress experienced by children receiving cancer treatment on clinical trials, determine how symptom distress is currently assessed at COG institutions, and to identify what interventions are used to reduce symptom distress for these children. Among the 90 symposium attendees, 72% completed the survey, the majority (92%) of whom were nurses. The five most distressing symptoms in children with cancer enrolled on clinical trials identified by survey respondents were nausea/vomiting, fatigue, pain, anxiety, and sleep disturbances. Results from our survey also suggest that symptom distress may differ by disease type. For example, symptoms associated with leukemia/lymphoma included steroid side effects, procedural pain, and neuropathy. The majority of respondents (90%) also reported that symptoms go unrecognized by health care providers. The most commonly described unrecognized symptoms were behavioral (i.e., sadness, anxiety, fear, depression, and emotional needs; 45%) and fatigue (19%). Key focus areas reported by respondents included informal and inconsistent symptom assessment, the need for uniform measurement tools, and improved documentation of symptom-related distress. Management of symptom-related distress is an important aspect of pediatric oncology nursing. Further exploration of symptom distress experienced by children with specific types of cancers, and the development of standardized symptom assessment processes, will provide a foundation for developing future interventions aimed at alleviating symptom-related distress.

How specialist palliative care nurses identify patients with existential distress and manage their needs.

BACKGROUND: Existential distress is a term used when patients who are coming towards the end of their lives exhibit profound suffering, related particularly to their thoughts on life and existence. The clinical expression of this phenomenon has not been widely researched, and so specialist palliative care nurses were asked how they identify and manage this patient cohort. AIMS: To explore how palliative-care nurses identify patients with existential distress and manage their needs. METHODS: A qualitative descriptive design with thematic content analysis of transcribed interviews. FINDINGS: Behavioural changes, agitation, social withdrawal and communication difficulties are identified as indicators of possible existential distress. Susceptible patient groups are identified. Nurses acknowledged that caring for patients with existential distress can be emotionally demanding. Being present and building relationships with patients are identified as enabling meaning-making. Sedation for refractory distress is seen as a last resort. CONCLUSION: Early identification of existential distress by carers could enable timely intervention (counselling, psychotherapy and or spiritual guidance) to improve the patients' quality of life in the terminal phase of their illness and avoid intractable or refractory existential distress that may necessitate palliative sedation.

Evaluation of the adherence of distress screening with the distress thermometer in cancer patients 4 years after implementation.

PURPOSE: Identifying and assessing psychosocial distress with an appropriate screening instrument is essential when caring for cancer patients. Since 2012, the distress thermometer (DT) has been used by nurses for all cancer inpatients at the Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich. We wanted to identify nurses' adherence to the screening protocol, differences between screened and not screened patients and the relationship between screening rate and productivity. METHODS: This retrospective descriptive study used screening and referral data as well as socioeconomic and disease-related data of inpatients at the Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich. This was collected from the electronic patient documentation system. Additionally, data showing the productivity of all wards was used. All data were analyzed descriptive. RESULTS: Since 2012, 40.6% (4541) of the 11,184 patients have been screened. The screening rate was initially significantly lower but settled at 40% after 2 years. There was a higher screening rate among Swiss, married, male, and emergency patients and patients with hematology diseases, brain tumors, or head and neck cancer (p < 0.001). Every fourth patient with a moderate to severe distress level requested referral to a psychosocial service. Significantly more screened patients were referred to the social service (44.7%) than to the psycho-oncology service (9.4%). Only 22.9% of all referrals were made on the day of screening or a day later. There were only two wards of 15 with a significant relationship between productivity and screening rate. CONCLUSIONS: Screening is useful in recognizing distress among patients, but screening practice needs to be reconsidered.

Psychological processes of suffering of palliative care patients in Malaysia: a thematic analysis.

Although suffering in palliative care has received increasing attention over the past decade, the psychological processes that underpin suffering remain relatively unexplored. OBJECTIVE: To understand the psychological processes involved in the experiencing of suffering at the end phase of life. METHODS: Semistructured interviews were conducted with 20 palliative care inpatients from an academic medical centre in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The transcripts were thematically analysed with NVIVO9. RESULTS: 5 themes of psychological processes of suffering were generated: (1) perceptions, (2) cognitive appraisals, (3) hope and the struggles with acceptance, (4) emotions and (5) clinging. A model of suffering formation was constructed. CONCLUSION: The findings may inform the development of mechanism-based interventions in the palliation of suffering.

Avaliação da dor, estresse e coping em puérperas no pós operatório de cesárea / Evaluation of pain, stress and coping in puerperal women after cesarean section / Evaluación del dolor, el estrés y afrontamiento en las madres en la sección cesárea postoperatoria

Objetivo: Avaliar dor, estresse percebido e coping em puérperas pós cesárea. Métodos: Estudo transversal, quantitativo, com 65 puérperas em um hospital geral. Foram incluídas puérperas no Pós Operatório de cesárea, com queixas e/ou sinais de dor nas últimas 24 horas. Coleta de dados de abril a julho de 2014, com Formulário de caracterização sociodemográfica/clínica, Questionário McGill de Dor, Escala de Estresse Percebido e Inventário de Estratégias de Coping. Foi realizada análise estatística. Projeto aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa da Unijuí, CAAE nº 26726014.0.0000.5350. Resultados: 46,4% referiram dor severa; 64,6% dor "enjoada". Dentre as puérperas, 83,1% foram classificadas em médio estresse e, a Reavaliação Positiva foi o fator de coping mais utilizado. Conclusão: Pelo procedimento cirúrgico a saúde biopsicossocial da puérpera pode ficar comprometida pela presença da dor, entretanto a utilização de estratégias de coping focadas no problema pode favorecer o enfrentamento dos estressores de forma positiva

Objetivo: Cevaluar dolor, estrés percibido y afrontamiento en madres postoperatoria cesárea. Métodos: Estudio transversal, cuantitativo, con 65 madres en un hospital general. Fueron incluidas madres en post cesárea con quejas y/o signos de dolor en las últimas 24 horas. La recolección de datos, de abril a julio de 2014, con el McGill Pain Questionnaire, Formulario de caracterización sociodemográfica/clínica, Escala de estrés percibido y Inventario de Estrategias de adaptación. Se realizó análisis estadístico. Proyecto aprobado por Comité Ético de Investigación de UNIJUI, CAAE Nº 26726014.0.0000.5350. Resultados: 46.4% reportaron dolor severo; 64,6% dolor "enfermo". El 83,1% fueron clasificados como medio estrés y reevaluación positiva fue factor de afrontamiento más utilizado. Conclusión: En la cirugía, la salud biopsicosocial de mujeres después del parto puede verse comprometida por presencia de dolor, sin embargo, el uso de estrategias de afrontamiento centradas en el problema puede favorecer positivamente para hacer frente a los factores de estrés

Objective: The study's purpose has ben to assess pain, perceived stress and coping in puerperal women during their cesarean postoperative periods. Methods: It is a cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach, which was carried out with 65 postpartum women admitted to a general hospital. The puerperal women during their cesarean postoperative period showing complaints and/or signs of pain in the last 24 hours were included. Data collection took place from April to July 2014 by using a Socio-demographic/Clinical Characterization Form, the McGill Pain Questionnaire, the Perceived Stress Scale, and an Inventory of Coping Strategies. Considering data analysis, Statistical analysis was performed. The project was approved by the Ethics and Research Committee from the Universidade Regional do Nororeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (UNIJUÍ), CAAE No. 26726014.0.0000.5350. Results: 46.4% reported severe pain; 64.6% "nauseous" pain. Among the puerperal women, 83.1% were classified as medium stress, and Positive Reassessment was the most used coping factor. Conclusion: Through the surgical procedure the biopsychosocial health of the puerperal women can be compromised due to the presence of pain. Nevertheless, the use of coping strategies focused on the problem might favor the confrontation of the stressors in a positive way

Experiences of adult cancer patients receiving counseling from nurses: a qualitative systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: Counseling is a brief psycho-educational intervention that is useful in facilitating personal growth and adaptive resolution of life stresses. With increased recognition on the psycho-emotional needs of patients with cancer, it is prudent to consider the possibility of expanding the role of nurses in the provision of counseling. OBJECTIVE: This qualitative systematic review aimed to establish the best available evidence on the experiences of adult cancer patients receiving counseling provided by nurses. INCLUSION CRITERIA: This review included studies on adult cancer patients of at least 18 years of age who were diagnosed with oncological malignancies of any type and staging. The phenomena of interest were the experiences of adult cancer patients who received nurse counseling (patient education, psycho-education and/or supportive counseling) that was conducted face-to-face or via other communication modes. The review included studies done in institutional and community settings. Qualitative data including, but not limited to, designs of phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography, action research, feminist research and mixed methods research were considered. SEARCH STRATEGY: A three-step search strategy was utilized to find both published and unpublished studies in the English language. Databases searched included CINAHL, MEDLINE, Embase, JSTOR, PsycINFO, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Wiley Online Library and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global. Two reviewers independently appraised the 14 included studies using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklist for qualitative research. The studies were of moderate to high quality, mostly, falling short in quality due to lack of statements locating the researchers and their influence on the research. Data were extracted from included papers using the standardized JBI data extraction tool. DATA SYNTHESIS: Two reviewers independently reviewed and pooled similar findings into categories. All three reviewers then collaborated in finalizing these derived categories to generate a meta-synthesis. RESULTS: Five synthesized findings were generated during the meta-synthesis: (1) Nurses provide tailored information and teaching to enhance patients' coping; (2) Nurses attend to patients' emotional needs; (3) Nurses assume the role of a significant person in the patients' journey; (4) Patients feel valued as a whole person and the ready availability of nursing interactions; and (5) Nursing role ambiguity and time constraints limit nurse counseling. CONCLUSION: Overall, cancer patients' experiences with nurse counseling are positive and beneficial to them. Despite some nursing role ambiguity and time constraints impeding nurse counseling, this review has established the diverse instrumental roles nurses have played in enhancing adaptive coping in patients across their illness trajectory. In particular, the nurses' presence and availability, a trusting nurse-patient relationship, use of psychotherapy techniques, a holistic approach, human touch and continuity of care were highlighted as key factors in enhancing healing. The role of the nurse navigator and the use of expressive writing warrant more attention when tending to patients' psycho-emotional distress.

Head and Neck Cancer Survivors: Specific Needs and Their Implications for Survivorship Care Planning.

BACKGROUND: Head and neck cancer (HNC) survivors experience significant sequelae of treatment, including long-term physical side effects and ongoing cancer surveillance. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to understand patients' survivorship knowledge gaps and supportive care needs. METHODS: Through an anonymous cross-sectional survey, the authors evaluated 41 HNC survivors' knowledge regarding post-treatment issues. FINDINGS: Patients had undergone a variety of treatment modalities.

Feelings of Disenfranchisement and Support Needs Among Patients With Thyroid Cancer.

PURPOSE: To offer a better understanding of the experiences, preferences, and needs of patients with thyroid cancer. PARTICIPANTS & SETTING: 17 patients with thyroid cancer receiving treatment at a university-affiliated hospital in Montreal, Québec, Canada. METHODOLOGIC APPROACH: Interviews were conducted with patients, and descriptive phenomenology was used to explore patients' lived experience. FINDINGS: Coping with uncertainty was a major theme that emerged from interviews, with some of the main concerns being difficult treatment decisions, long surgery wait times, and fears about surgical complications, potential metastases, and death. Study participants reported that without a nurse and an interprofessional team, they would be lost in a system they believed minimized their illness and offered few resources to support them in a time of crisis. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: Nurses must understand how the needs of individuals with thyroid cancer are often overlooked because of the good prognosis associated with the disease and should work to meet these information and support needs.

Creative Play: A Nursing Intervention for Children and Adults With Cancer

Pediatric patients undergoing treatment for oncology diagnoses are likely to experience stress, anxiety, and social isolation. One role of a pediatric oncology nurse is to incorporate play into daily hospital routines. By using medical and normative play, nurses can decrease distress and promote normal growth and development. However, the use of play is not limited to pediatric patients. Oncology nurses who work with adults can incorporate similar strategies within their patient populations to reduce anxiety and stress and to improve quality of life.

Understanding Distress in the Hospital: A Qualitative Study Examining Adults With Cancer

PURPOSE: To measure the distress of hospitalized adults with cancer and identify strategies and behaviors to manage distress.
. PARTICIPANTS & SETTING: 185 adults with cancer hospitalized in a large tertiary hospital in the Midwest.
. METHODOLOGIC APPROACH: This study involved a one-time assessment using the National Comprehensive Cancer Network's (NCCN's) Distress Thermometer and two open-ended questions. Demographic data were reviewed, and responses to open-ended questions were analyzed by content analysis. A team approach was used to develop and validate themes. 
. FINDINGS: Strategies used by patients to manage distress were categorized as taking charge and embracing help. Helpful strategies were related to quality of life and relationship with care teams. 
. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: Understanding of distress in hospitalized adults with cancer is limited, which warrants the attention of healthcare professionals. Study results have implications to enhance patient care and to address nationally established psychosocial care objectives and NCCN distress screening standards.

Death anxiety interventions in patients with advanced cancer: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Death anxiety is a common issue in adult patients with advanced cancer and can have a large impact on quality of life and end-of-life care. Interventions are available to assist but are scarcely used in everyday practice. AIM: To assess quantitative studies on interventions for adult patients with advanced cancer suffering from death anxiety. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Embase and CINAHL were searched to identify quantitative or mixed studies on death anxiety or relatable existential intervention studies in advanced cancer patients published from 1990 to December 2016. Two reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts and assessed relevant studies for eligibility. Data were then extracted from included studies for analysis. RESULTS: Nine unique quantitative studies were identified, including five randomised controlled trials, involving a total overall of 1179 advanced cancer patients. All studies were psychotherapeutic in nature and centred on existential themes such as meaning, dignity, relationships and spiritual well-being. The therapies investigated shared overlapping themes but varied in duration, therapist experience, training required and burden on patient. Heterogeneity of studies and measures prevented determination of an overall effect size. CONCLUSION: Interventions were identified for this clinical scenario of death anxiety in patients with advanced cancer. Therapies of short duration incorporating spiritual well-being and those evoking a sense of meaning were claimed to be the most beneficial, despite lacking rigorous statistical analysis. More high-quality studies with tailored outcome measures are required to fully evaluate the most effective interventions for death anxiety in patients with advanced cancer.

A Distress Thermometer Intervention for Patients With Head and Neck Cancer
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OBJECTIVES: To investigate the feasibility of an intervention using the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Distress Thermometer and Problem List with nurse-guided follow-up and the effect on depressive symptoms, health-related quality of life, and worry of cancer in patients with head and neck cancer.
. SAMPLE & SETTING: 110 patients with head and neck cancer in a two-arm randomized, controlled trial in an outpatient clinic of a university hospital. 
. METHODS & VARIABLES: Patients were randomized to usual care (n = 57) or the intervention group (n = 53), which consisted of screening with the Distress Thermometer and Problem List plus nurse-guided follow-up lasting about 20 minutes three to four times during 12 months. Intention-to-treat analysis was performed using linear mixed models with outcomes at 6 and 12 months and baseline adjustment.
. RESULTS: The intervention showed moderate compliance and acceptable session duration. Intervention participants were satisfied with nurses' care. Depressive symptoms, health-related quality of life, and worry of cancer were not significantly different in the two treatment groups. The intervention seemed feasible in clinical practice, but no effects on patient outcomes were seen.
. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: Patients with head and neck cancer appreciated the opportunity to discuss their problems and challenges with a nurse. Nurses supported patients with basic psychosocial care, minor interventions, and referral possibilities.

O trabalho das enfermeiras em prestadores privados de serviços de saúde / The work of the nurse in private providers of health services

O sistema de saúde brasileiro é composto por uma combinação público-privada, no qual a força de trabalho da enfermagem se insere. No capitalismo neoliberal, as condições do trabalho em saúde são marcadas por acentuadas divisões, ritmos impostos, hierarquização e sistemas de controle que podem levar a sofrimentos que impactam a saúde do trabalhador e a qualidade do cuidado. Diante do exposto, delimitou-se como objeto deste estudo o trabalho das enfermeiras no setor privado de saúde, com os seguintes objetivos: analisar as condições de trabalho das enfermeiras na saúde privada e discutir quais os sofrimentos e defesas dessas profissionais nesse setor. Trata-se de um estudo de natureza descritiva e exploratória, com onze enfermeiras participantes que, à época da coleta de dados, atuavam em unidades de serviço privado há pelo um ano. As participantes foram identificadas pela técnica da snowball. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de entrevista semiestruturada, orientada por um roteiro previamente construído. A análise dos dados seguiu a técnica da análise de conteúdo e se apoiou no referencial teórico de Christopher Dejours. Após a transcrição das entrevistas, identificaram-se as unidades de registro, que foram agrupadas em núcleos de sentido; esses, por sua vez, reuniram-se em subcategorias que compuseram as duas categorias de análise referentes aos objetivos do estudo: a) condições do trabalho das enfermeiras no setor privado; b) o sofrimento e as defesas das enfermeiras no cotidiano do trabalho. Os resultados apontam que todas as enfermeiras foram contratadas com vínculos celetistas, o que lhes conferem proteção social. No entanto, foram encontradas condições precárias de trabalho, determinadas pelos requerimentos de desempenho superior, normalização de condições extremas, condições inadequadas de trabalho, burocracia imposta. Ainda em relação às condições de trabalho, evidenciou-se a banalização do mal, expressa na mentira instituída e na violência social. Os sofrimentos decorrentes das condições de trabalho e mencionados pelas participantes são os que estão relacionados com o trabalho fatigante, a falta de reconhecimento e o medo. Conclui-se que existem condições precárias no trabalho da enfermeira do setor privado de saúde porque lhes é requerido produtividade extrema, além de existir submissão às situações de violência social banalizadas. Falta-lhes tempo, e o trabalho se dá sob intensa burocracia, na qual não há espaço para o trabalho criativo. Como defesa ao sofrimento imposto, as participantes recorrem à resignação e a um consequente isolamento, em que as enfermeiras sofrem em si mesmas, o que imobiliza a categoria e as levam à alienação. Através do reconhecimento do paciente, conseguem descarga psíquica positiva, o que as fortalece contra o adoecimento.

The Brazilian health system is composed of a combination of public and private systems, in which the nursing workforce is inserted. In a neoliberal capitalist society, health labour conditions are marked by sharp divisions, imposed rhythms, hierarchisation and control systems, all of which may lead to hardships that affect both the worker's health and the quality of care. Given this scenario, this study aims to address the working conditions of nurses in the private health sector and discuss the worker's tribulations and defenses. It is a study of both descriptive and exploratory nature, involving eleven nurses who, at the time of data collection, had been working in the private sector for at least one year. The subjects were selected using the snowball method of searching. The data collection was carried out through semi-structured interviews, oriented by a previously devised script. The data analysis adopted the content analysis technique and was based on the theoretical references of Christopher Dejours. Following the interviews' transcriptions, the registry units were first identified and, then, grouped by ideas; these, in turn, were grouped into subcategories which composed the two categories of analysis related to this study's objectives: a) the working conditions of nurses in the private sector; b) the tribulations and defenses experienced by nurses in their daily working routine. The results indicate that all the nurses were hired under CLT contracts, which granted them social protection. However, precarious working conditions were found - produced by high performance demands, the normalization of extreme conditions, inadequate working conditions, and imposed bureaucracy. Furthermore, the trivialization of evil became apparent, evidenced by the ruling practice of lying and the social violence. The resulting ordeals mentioned by the subjects are related to exhausting work, lack of recognition and fear. In conclusion, nurses face precarious working conditions in the private sector due to the demands of extreme productivity, as well as to their submission to situations of trivialized social violence. They lack time, and their work is done under heavy bureaucracy, under which there are no grounds for creativity. As a defense mechanism to the suffering imposed on them, the subjects resort to resignation and isolation, under which the nurses suffer alone, immobilizing and alienating the category. The recognition they get from patients gives them a positive psychic discharge, which strengthens them against illness.

Fatores estressores, de esgotamento profissional e satisfação no trabalho de enfermeiros atuantes na atenção primária à saúde / Factors stressors, of Burnout and job satisfaction of nurses working in primary health care

Introdução: evidências científicas indicam aumento de distúrbios psíquicos entre enfermeiros, sobretudo estresse e esgotamento profissional ou síndrome de Burnout. No entanto, poucas pesquisas têm investigado esse problema nos serviços na Atenção Primária à Saúde. Assim, estudar os processos envolvidos na constituição desses distúrbios torna-se relevante para a tomada de medidas que auxiliem na prevenção de adoecimento pelo trabalho e para a melhoria da qualidade de vida desses profissionais. Objetivo: avaliar os fatores estressores, de esgotamento profissional e de satisfação no trabalho de enfermeiros de Unidades Básica/Distrital de Saúde, enfermeiros de Unidades/Equipes de Saúde da Família e enfermeiros gestores/gerentes. Material e Métodos: pesquisa de campo, descritiva, de caráter exploratório, realizada nas unidades da Atenção Primária à Saúde do município de Ribeirão Preto - São Paulo. A coleta de dados foi realizada mediante aplicação de Questionário para Dados Sociodemográficos, Escala de Estresse no Trabalho (EET), Escala de Caracterização de Burnout (ECB) e Questionário de Satisfação no Trabalho (S20/23), no período de junho a agosto de 2017, após aprovação do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa (Protocolo CAAE 65353317.8.0000.5393/2017). Os dados das escalas psicométricas foram submetidos à análise de confiabilidade e a avaliação estatística foi dividida em grupos de enfermeiros gestores/supervisores e enfermeiros assistencialistas após realização do teste de normalidade. Resultados: 122 enfermeiros participaram do estudo sendo 58 (47,5%) enfermeiros gestores/supervisores e 64 (62,5%) enfermeiros assistencialistas, média de 45,2 anos, casados (59%) e com filhos (66,4%), há mais de 25 anos na profissão (42,6%), o tempo de trabalho nos serviços primários prevaleceu entre 5 a 9 anos (27,9%), carga horária de 40 horas semanais (64,8%), servidores públicos (86,1%) e com qualificação profissional e títulos de especialistas a doutores. Destes 39 (32%) apresentaram nível de estresse considerável, quanto a exaustão emocional, desumanização e decepção no trabalho apresentou níveis de moderados a altos, enquanto satisfação com as relações hierárquicas e ao ambiente físico de trabalho, com média, respectivamente, de 3,4 e 3,5, apesar de serem satisfeitos intrinsecamente com o trabalho, média 3,8. Conclusão: há uma associação entre os problemas organizacionais e as condições laborais que dificulta o trabalho desse profissional, com perceptível sobrecarga, tempo insuficiente para atender às demandas, poucas oportunidades de evolução na carreira e insatisfação com normas e acordos legais na contratação de benefícios. Entretanto, é significante a satisfação intrínseca por gostar do que fazem. Identificou-se que, quando aumentam os níveis de estresse, exaustão emocional, desumanização e decepção no trabalho, consequentemente, diminui a satisfação do trabalhador

Introduction: Scientific evidence indicates an increase in psychiatric disorders among nurses, especially stress and professional exhaustion or Burnout. However, few researches have investigated this problem in services in Primary Health Care. Therefore, studying the processes involved in the formation of these disturbances becomes relevant to take measures that help in the prevention of illness for work and for the quality of life of these professionals. Objective: to evaluate the factors stressors, Burnout and job satisfaction of nurses from Basic/District Health Units, Nurses from Units/Teams Family Health and nurse managers/administrators. Material and Methods: field research, descriptive, of exploratory character, realized in the units of Primary Health Care of the city of Ribeirão Preto - São Paulo. Data collection was performed using a Questionnaire for Socio-demographic Data, Work Stress Scale (EET), Burnout Characterization Scale (ECB) and Job Satisfaction Questionnaire (S20 / 23), from June to August 2017 after approval of the Research Ethics Committee (Protocol CAAE 65353317.8.0000.5393/2017). The data of psychometric scales were submitted to reliability analysis and the statistical evaluation was divided into groups of nurse managers/supervisors and nurse assistants after the normality test. Results: 122 nurses participated in the study, of whom 58 (47.5%) were nurses who were managers/supervisors and 64 (62,5%) assistant nurses, mean age of 45.2 years, married (59%) and with children (66,4%), with more than 25 years of work (42,6%), working time in the primary services prevailing between 5 and 9 years (27,9%), working hours of 40 hours weekly (64,8%), civil servants (86,1%) and with professional qualification with titles of specialists to doctors. Of these 39 (32%) presented considerable level of stress, emotional exhaustion, dehumanization and disappointment at work presenting moderate to high levels, satisfaction with hierarchical relationships and physical work environment presents average, respectively, 3,4 and 3,5, although they were met intrinsically with the work, average 3,8. Conclusion: there is an association with organizational problems and working conditions that hinder the work of this professional, with perceptible work overload, insufficient time to attend to the demands, few career opportunities, dissatisfaction with norms and legal agreements in contracting benefits. However, it is significant the intrinsic satisfaction for liking what is done. It was identified that, when it increases stress, emotional exhaustion, dehumanization and disappointment at work, consequently decreases job satisfaction

An insight into the patient's response to a diagnosis of urological cancer.

A cancer diagnosis and the patient's response to the news pertains to all types of cancer, however, in this article, the focus is on urological cancer. Intrinsic to the management of this patient group is the urology multidisciplinary team, in which the role of the cancer nurse specialist (CNS) is pivotal. For most people, a cancer diagnosis is arguably their worst fear. It is therefore prudent that a holistic approach is used when determining care and ensuring that appropriate support is forthcoming. This necessitates an assessment of the physical, psychological/emotional, psycho-social, spiritual and cultural components of the individual's healthcare needs, and accordingly, devising a plan of care to secure the best outcomes. This article concentrates on the psychological/emotional component. It outlines a case study of a patient's response to the consultant's question in the joint consultation clinic, examines the CNS's interpretation and understanding of the events, and her perspective on whether factors such as fear, anxiety and distress influence the individual's response to the diagnosis, their comprehension of information and the messages relayed, and consequently, their ability to manage the ensuing issues. It also looks at the support available to cancer patients following the receipt of a cancer diagnosis and its efficacy in addressing their concerns. Integral to this is effective communication, specifically the timely provision of information by health professionals.

The effects of individually tailored nurse navigation for patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer: a randomized pilot study.

AIM: Our aim was to determine the feasibility and effectiveness of an individual, nurse-navigator intervention for relieving distress, anxiety, depression and health-related quality of life in women who have been treated for breast cancer (BC) and are experiencing moderate-to-severe psychological and physical symptoms. METHODS: Fifty women with newly diagnosed BC who reported distress (score ≥7 on distress thermometer) before surgery were included consecutively in a pilot study and randomized 1:1 to the intervention or the control group. The intervention comprised repeated screening with patient reported outcome measures and nurse navigation. A total of 66 women who were not distressed (score <7) were followed longitudinally as an observational group. Participants filled in four questionnaires, at baseline, after 6 months and 12 months. The primary outcome was psychological distress and the secondary outcomes were anxiety, depression, health-related quality of life and feasibility of the intervention. RESULTS: Women in the intervention group reported significantly greater satisfaction with treatment and rehabilitation and lower levels of distress (mean 2.7 vs. 5.1, p<.01), anxiety (mean 5.1 vs. 7.8, p = .02) and depression (mean 2.2 vs. 4.4, p = .04) after 12 months compared to the control group. No significant effects were seen on health-related quality of life. CONCLUSIONS: The study shows promising feasibility of the individually tailored nurse-navigation intervention and while no significant effects were observed after 6 months, we did find statistically significant effects on distress, anxiety and depression 12 months after diagnosis. Our results will assist in developing rehabilitation to the most vulnerable patients.