RESUMO
Endometriosis is one of the most frequent gynecologic disorders. The pathognomonic symptom of endometriosis is pelvic pain. The recommended pain medications are oral hormonal contraceptives, progestin therapy, danazol, gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and aromatase inhibitors. In this study, we aimed to compare the efficiency of costing dienogest (DNG) and low-cost oral contraceptives regarding visual analog scores (VAS) score of pelvic pain and also cancer antigen-125 (CA-125), anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) levels, and size of endometrioma in the patients with endometriosis which is a chronic disease that requires a lifelong management plan. In our study, 18 to 45-year-old patients presented to our institution's gynecology and obstetrician department for various complaints over 2 years, and endometriosis diagnoses were included. Patients were divided into 3 groups (20 patients in each medication group) according to the given medication: cyclic DNG (Visanne) or 0.03 mg ethinylestradiol combined with 2 mg DNG (Dienille) or estradiol valerate combined with 2 mg DNG (Qlarista). We recorded all patients' CA-125/AMH values and VAS scores of pelvic pain. All patients gave informed consent. There was no statistically significant difference between pre-medication and post-medication levels of CA-125, AMH, VAS score, and cyst size in all groups. However, statistically, significant decreases were seen in the cyst size and VAS score, indicating response to therapy in all groups. In conclusion, we think it is more reasonable to use cost-effective oral contraceptive medications, which also cause common side effects, instead of costing DNG since all drugs have the same efficiency and success.
Assuntos
Endometriose , Estradiol , Etinilestradiol , Nandrolona , Medição da Dor , Dor Pélvica , Humanos , Feminino , Endometriose/tratamento farmacológico , Endometriose/complicações , Nandrolona/análogos & derivados , Nandrolona/uso terapêutico , Nandrolona/administração & dosagem , Adulto , Estudos Prospectivos , Dor Pélvica/tratamento farmacológico , Dor Pélvica/etiologia , Etinilestradiol/uso terapêutico , Etinilestradiol/administração & dosagem , Estradiol/análogos & derivados , Estradiol/uso terapêutico , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Combinação de Medicamentos , Antígeno Ca-125/sangue , Adulto Jovem , Hormônio Antimülleriano/sangue , AdolescenteRESUMO
The patient, an 83-year-old woman, was diagnosed with ER- and PgR-positive left breast cancer(T2N0M0, Stage â ¡A) at the age of 68. At the time, she underwent preoperative chemotherapy followed by Bp+Ax and postoperative radiotherapy to the conserved breast. She also received endocrine therapy as adjuvant therapy. At the age of 73, she underwent radiotherapy for multiple bone metastases and left axillary lymphadenectomy due to left axillary lymph node recurrence. After surgery, she received 4 regimens of endocrine therapy over a period of 5 years and 1 month for bone metastases. At the age of 79, S-1 was administered for pulmonary metastasis which continued for the next 2 years and 8 months. At the age of 81, palbociclib+letrozole were administered for 1 year and 8 months owing to the progression of bone metastases. At the age of 83, she developed liver metastases and was administered ethinyl estradiol, starting at 1.5 mg/day and continued at a reduced dose of 0.5 mg/day for 9 months. The reduction in tumor markers after treatment initiation was rapid, and there were no serious adverse events. Ethinyl estradiol was useful for maintaining QOL in this elderly patient with recurrent breast cancer.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama , Etinilestradiol , Recidiva , Humanos , Feminino , Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Etinilestradiol/administração & dosagem , Etinilestradiol/uso terapêutico , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Receptores de Estrogênio/análise , Antineoplásicos Hormonais/uso terapêutico , Antineoplásicos Hormonais/administração & dosagem , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Receptores de Progesterona/metabolismoRESUMO
PURPOSE: To evaluate the initial impact of a combined oral contraceptive (COC) containing norgestimate (NGM) on female sexuality and on circulating androgen levels in users. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six months modification in the McCoy Female Sexuality Questionnaire (MFSQ) and testosterone (T) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS) serum levels in women starting a monophasic pill containing ethinyl-estradiol (EE) 35 µg and NGM 0.250 mg. RESULTS: The study was completed by 36 subjects. There was a significant increase in MFSQ during treatment (p < 0.0001) (and its domains with the exclusion of vaginal lubrication domain) with concomitant decreases in T (-4.45%, p < 0.0001) and DHEAS (-19.41%, p < 0.0001) serum levels. CONCLUSIONS: Contraception with EE/NGM was associated with a short term non-deteriorating effect on sexuality despite the evident decrease in androgen levels. Female sexuality during COC use is a complex topic and is not only linked with changes in serum androgen levels.
EE/NGM treatment has a short term non-deteriorating effect on sexuality despite the evident decrease in androgen serum levels.
Assuntos
Anticoncepcionais Orais Combinados , Etinilestradiol , Testosterona , Humanos , Feminino , Projetos Piloto , Etinilestradiol/farmacologia , Etinilestradiol/administração & dosagem , Adulto , Testosterona/sangue , Anticoncepcionais Orais Combinados/farmacologia , Sulfato de Desidroepiandrosterona/sangue , Androgênios/sangue , Sexualidade/efeitos dos fármacos , Nandrolona/análogos & derivados , Nandrolona/farmacologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto Jovem , Norgestrel/análogos & derivadosRESUMO
This parallel-arm, phase I study investigated the potential cytochrome P450 (CYP)3A induction effect of NBI-1065845 (TAK-653), an investigational α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor potentiator in phase II development for major depressive disorder. The midazolam treatment arm received the sensitive CYP3A substrate midazolam on Day 1, followed by NBI-1065845 alone on Days 5-13; on Day 14, NBI-1065845 was administered with midazolam, then NBI-1065845 alone on Day 15. The oral contraceptive treatment arm received ethinyl estradiol-levonorgestrel on Day 1, then NBI-1065845 alone on Days 5-13; on Day 14, NBI-1065845 was administered with ethinyl estradiol-levonorgestrel, then NBI-1065845 alone on Days 15-17. Blood samples were collected for pharmacokinetic analyses. The midazolam treatment arm comprised 14 men and 4 women, of whom 16 completed the study. Sixteen of the 17 healthy women completed the oral contraceptive treatment arm. After multiple daily doses of NBI-1065845, the geometric mean ratios (GMRs) (90% confidence interval) for maximum observed concentration were: midazolam, 0.94 (0.79-1.13); ethinyl estradiol, 1.00 (0.87-1.15); and levonorgestrel, 0.99 (0.87-1.13). For area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) from time 0 to infinity, the GMRs were as follows: midazolam, 0.88 (0.78-0.98); and ethinyl estradiol, 1.01 (0.88-1.15). For levonorgestrel, the GMR for AUC from time 0 to the last quantifiable concentration was 0.87 (0.78-0.96). These findings indicate that NBI-1065845 is not a CYP3A inducer and support its administration with CYP3A substrates. NBI-1065845 was generally well tolerated, with no new safety signals observed after coadministration of midazolam, ethinyl estradiol, or levonorgestrel.
Assuntos
Anticoncepcionais Orais Combinados , Etinilestradiol , Levanogestrel , Midazolam , Humanos , Midazolam/farmacocinética , Midazolam/administração & dosagem , Etinilestradiol/farmacocinética , Etinilestradiol/administração & dosagem , Etinilestradiol/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Adulto , Masculino , Adulto Jovem , Anticoncepcionais Orais Combinados/administração & dosagem , Anticoncepcionais Orais Combinados/farmacocinética , Levanogestrel/farmacocinética , Levanogestrel/administração & dosagem , Levanogestrel/efeitos adversos , Interações Medicamentosas , Combinação de Medicamentos , Voluntários Saudáveis , Adolescente , Citocromo P-450 CYP3A/metabolismo , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Área Sob a Curva , Indutores do Citocromo P-450 CYP3A/administração & dosagem , Indutores do Citocromo P-450 CYP3A/farmacologiaRESUMO
The ubiquitous and adverse effects of estrogens have aroused global concerns. Natural and synthetic estrogens in 255 water samples from the southern Bohai Sea were analyzed over three years. Total estrogen concentrations were 11.0-268 ng/L in river water and 1.98-99.7 ng/L in seawater, with bisphenol A (BPA) and 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2) being the predominant estrogens, respectively. Estrogen showed the highest concentrations in summer 2018, followed by spring 2021 and spring 2019, which was consistent with the higher estrogen flux from rivers during summer. Higher estrogen concentrations in 2021 than in 2019 were driven by the higher level of BPA, an additive used in personal protective equipment. Estrogen exhibited higher concentrations in the southern coast of the Yellow River Delta and the northeastern coast of Laizhou bay due to the riverine input and aquaculture. Estrogens could disturb the normal endocrine activities of organisms and edict high ecological risks (90th simulated RQT > 1.0) to aquatic organisms, especially to fish. EE2 was the main contributor of estrogenic potency and ecological risk, which requires special concern. This is the first comprehensive study of estrogen spatiotemporal variations and risks in the Bohai Sea, providing insights into the environmental behavior of estrogens in coastal regions.
Assuntos
Monitoramento Ambiental , Estrogênios , Água do Mar , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Medição de Risco , Estrogênios/análise , Água do Mar/química , Água do Mar/análise , China , Animais , Disruptores Endócrinos/análise , Disruptores Endócrinos/toxicidade , Rios/química , Fenóis/análise , Fenóis/toxicidade , Compostos Benzidrílicos/análise , Etinilestradiol/análise , Oceanos e Mares , Estações do AnoRESUMO
Oral contraceptive pills, of all types, are used by approximately 151 million women worldwide; however, a clear understanding of the concentrations of endogenous and exogenous hormones across a 28-day combination monophasic oral contraceptive pill pack is not well described. In our study of 14 female participants taking various combination monophasic oral contraceptive pills, we found significant fluctuations in endogenous and exogenous hormone levels throughout the pill cycle. Our analysis revealed significantly greater levels of ethinyl estradiol on the 20th and 21st days of active pill ingestion, compared with days 1-2 (active) and days 27-28 (inactive pill ingestion). Conversely, estradiol concentrations decreased during active pill consumption, while progestin and progesterone levels remained stable. During the 7 days of inactive pill ingestion, estradiol levels rose sharply and were significantly higher at days 27-28 compared with the mid and late active phase time points, while ethinyl estradiol declined and progestin did not change. These findings challenge the previous assumption that endogenous and exogenous hormones are stable throughout the 28-day pill cycle.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The results from this study have wide-ranging implications for research and treatment in women's health including considerations in research design and interpretation for studies including women taking oral contraceptives, the potential for more precise and personalized methods of dosing to reduce unwanted side effects and adverse events, and the potential treatment of a variety of disorders ranging from musculoskeletal to neurological with exogenous hormones.
Assuntos
Anticoncepcionais Orais Combinados , Estradiol , Etinilestradiol , Ciclo Menstrual , Progesterona , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Humanos , Feminino , Adulto , Anticoncepcionais Orais Combinados/administração & dosagem , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/métodos , Etinilestradiol/administração & dosagem , Etinilestradiol/sangue , Progesterona/sangue , Ciclo Menstrual/efeitos dos fármacos , Ciclo Menstrual/sangue , Adulto Jovem , Estradiol/sangue , Cromatografia Líquida/métodos , Progestinas/sangue , Progestinas/administração & dosagem , Anticoncepcionais Orais Hormonais/administração & dosagemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The oestrogenic component of combined oral contraceptives (COCs) has changed over years with the aim of reducing oestrogen-related side effects and risks, whilst maintaining oestrogen beneficial effects, particularly on cycle control. PURPOSE: To describe the pharmacological profiles of different oestrogens commonly used in COCs to provide insights on contraceptive prescription tailored to women's needs. RESULTS: All COCs ensure a high contraceptive efficacy. COCs containing the natural oestrogens oestradiol (E2), oestradiol valerate (E2V) and estetrol (E4) have limited impact on liver metabolism, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, haemostasis and sex hormone binding globulin levels, compared with ethinylestradiol (EE). COCs with E2 and E2V appear also to entail a lower elevation of the risk of venous thromboembolism vs. EE-containing pills. No epidemiological data are available for E4-COC. E2- and E2V-containing COCs seem to exert a less stabilising oestrogenic effect on the endometrium compared with EE-COCs. The E4-COC results in a predictable bleeding pattern with a high rate of scheduled bleeding and minimal unscheduled bleeding per cycle. Based on in vitro and in vivo animal data, E4 seems to be associated with a lower effect on cell breast proliferation. CONCLUSION: Today various COCs contain different oestrogens. Prescribers must be familiar with the different properties of each oestrogen for a tailored contraceptive recommendation, considering their safety and contraceptive efficacy, as well as women's needs and preferences.
For contraceptive pills physicians can choose among different oestrogens, besides many progestins. Natural oestrogens have less metabolic impact vs EE, while EE and E4 seem to provide a better cycle control. Knowing the different oestrogen characteristics is crucial for adjusting pill prescription to women's needs and desires.
Assuntos
Anticoncepcionais Orais Combinados , Estrogênios , Humanos , Feminino , Anticoncepcionais Orais Combinados/farmacologia , Estrogênios/farmacologia , Estradiol/farmacologia , Estetrol/farmacologia , Tromboembolia Venosa/prevenção & controle , Etinilestradiol/farmacologia , Etinilestradiol/efeitos adversosRESUMO
The endothelin A receptor antagonist zibotentan, combined with the sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor dapagliflozin, is being investigated for the treatment of chronic kidney disease with high proteinuria. To allow women of childbearing potential access to this treatment, highly effective contraception is required and drug interactions compromising contraception reliability must be avoided. This study investigated the risk of pharmacokinetic (PK) interaction between zibotentan and the contraceptives ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel. A single-sequence, within-participant comparison study was conducted in 24 healthy women of non-childbearing potential, comparing the PK of ethinyl estradiol/levonorgestrel alone and with zibotentan. Single oral doses of 0.06 mg ethinyl estradiol/0.3 mg levonorgestrel were administered on Days 1 and 15; zibotentan 10 mg was dosed orally, once-daily through Days 6-19. PK profiles were determined and ethinyl estradiol/levonorgestrel PK was compared between Day 1 and 15 based on geometric least-squares mean ratios of PK parameters, including maximum observed concentration (Cmax) and area under the plasma concentration-time curve from zero to infinity (AUCinf). Co-administration with zibotentan did not affect ethinyl estradiol PK (geometric mean ratio [90% confidence interval] Cmax 1.05 [0.99-1.11], AUCinf 1.00 [0.96-1.05]), while a weak interaction (increased exposure) was observed for levonorgestrel (Cmax 1.12 [1.02-1.23], AUCinf 1.30 [1.21-1.39]), which was regarded as without clinical relevance. Plasma exposure of ethinyl estradiol/levonorgestrel was not reduced by multiple-dose zibotentan. In conclusion, contraception containing ethinyl estradiol/levonorgestrel is regarded possible under zibotentan-containing treatments. This expands choices for women of childbearing potential, supporting diversity in the ZENITH High Proteinuria trial.
Assuntos
Anticoncepcionais Orais Combinados , Interações Medicamentosas , Etinilestradiol , Levanogestrel , Humanos , Feminino , Etinilestradiol/farmacocinética , Etinilestradiol/administração & dosagem , Etinilestradiol/efeitos adversos , Levanogestrel/farmacocinética , Levanogestrel/administração & dosagem , Levanogestrel/efeitos adversos , Adulto , Adulto Jovem , Anticoncepcionais Orais Combinados/farmacocinética , Anticoncepcionais Orais Combinados/administração & dosagem , Combinação de Medicamentos , Antagonistas do Receptor de Endotelina A/farmacocinética , Antagonistas do Receptor de Endotelina A/administração & dosagem , Área Sob a CurvaRESUMO
PURPOSE: To correlate the sexual desire levels with sexual hormone binding globulin and free androgen index in women taking different types of hormonal contraceptives (HCs) containing ethinylestradiol (EE), oestradiol valerate (E2V), 17ß-oestradiol (E2), or estetrol (E4), combined or in phasic formulation with different progestogens having antiandrogenic properties. METHODS: Three hundred and sixty-seven women (age range 18-46) participated in the study. SHBG and total testosterone (TT) were measured, and the Free Androgen Index (FAI) was calculated. The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) and the Female Sexual Distress Scale (FSDS) questionnaires were used to assess sexual function and distress, respectively. RESULTS: The highest SHBG values and the lowest FAIs were obtained of women on HCs containing EE than those of women on HCs containing E2V/17ß E2 or E4 (p < 0.001). Desire scores and FSFI total scores were lower in women on HCs with EE than in those using HCs containing E2V, 17ß E2, or E4 (p ≤ 0.001). The women who were on HCs containing EE reported FSDS levels higher than those containing all the other types of oestrogen. Finally, sexual desire and FSFI total scores had a negative correlation with the SHBG values and a positive correlation with FAI percentage (p ≤ 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: A minority of women using HCs with EE might experience a decreased sexual desire. This was not observed in women on HCs containing E2V, 17 E2, or E4. To avoid HC discontinuation, due to sexual desire reduction, HCs having minor antiandrogenic effects could be taken into consideration.
Assuntos
Androgênios , Anticoncepcionais Orais Combinados , Anticoncepcionais Orais Hormonais , Libido , Globulina de Ligação a Hormônio Sexual , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Androgênios/sangue , Estetrol , Estradiol/sangue , Etinilestradiol/farmacologia , Libido/efeitos dos fármacos , Globulina de Ligação a Hormônio Sexual/metabolismo , Comportamento Sexual/efeitos dos fármacos , Comportamento Sexual/psicologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Testosterona/sangueRESUMO
Growing focus has been drawn to the continuous detection of high estrogens levels in the soil environment. Additionally, microplastics (MPs) are also of growing concern worldwide, which may affect the environmental behavior of estrogens. However, little is known about effects of MPs occurrence on estrogens degradation in soil. In this study, polyethylene microplastics (PE-MPs) were chosen to examine the influence on six common estrogens (estrone (E1), 17α-estradiol (17α-E2), 17ß-estradiol (17ß-E2), estriol (E3), diethylstilbestrol (DES), and 17α-ethinylestradiol (17α-EE2)) degradation. The results indicated that PE-MPs had little effect on the degradation of E3 and DES, and slightly affected the degradation of 17α-E2, however, significantly inhibited the degradation of E1, 17α-EE2, and 17ß-E2. It was explained that (i) obvious oxidation reaction occurred on the surface of PE-MPs, indicating that PE-MPs might compete with estrogens for oxidation sites, such as redox and biological oxidation; (ii) PE-MPs significantly changed the bacterial community in soil, resulting in a decline in the abundance of some bacterial communities that biodegraded estrogens. Moreover, the rough surface of PE-MPs facilitated the estrogen-degrading bacterial species (especially for E1, E2, and EE2) to adhere, which decreased their reaction to estrogens. These findings are expected to deepen the understanding of the environmental behavior of typical estrogens in the coexisting system of MPs.
Assuntos
Microplásticos , Plásticos , Polietileno , Solo , Estradiol/metabolismo , Estrogênios , Estrona/metabolismo , Etinilestradiol/metabolismoRESUMO
In avian embryos, xenoestrogens induce abnormalities in reproductive organs, particularly the testes and Müllerian ducts (MDs). However, the molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. We investigated the effects of ethynylestradiol (EE2) exposure on gene expression associated with reproductive organ development in Japanese quail embryos. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis revealed that the left testis containing ovary-like tissues following EE2 exposure highly expressed the genes for steroidogenic enzymes (P450scc, P45017α, lyase, and 3ß-HSD) and estrogen receptor-ß, compared to the right testis. No asymmetry was found in these gene expression without EE2. EE2 induced hypertrophy in female MDs and suppressed atrophy in male MDs on both sides. RNA sequencing analysis of female MDs showed 1,366 differentially expressed genes between developing left MD and atrophied right MD in the absence of EE2, and these genes were enriched in Gene Ontology terms related to organogenesis, including cell proliferation, migration and differentiation, and angiogenesis. However, EE2 reduced asymmetrically expressed genes to 21. RT-qPCR analysis indicated that genes promoting cell cycle progression and oncogenesis were more highly expressed in the left MD than in the right MD, but EE2 eliminated such asymmetric gene expression by increasing levels on the right side. EE2-exposed males showed overexpression of these genes in both MDs. This study reveals part of the molecular basis of xenoestrogen-induced abnormalities in avian reproductive organs, where EE2 may partly feminize gene expression in the left testis, developing as the ovotestis, and induce bilateral MD malformation by canceling asymmetric gene expression underlying MD development.
Assuntos
Coturnix , Etinilestradiol , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento , Ductos Paramesonéfricos , Testículo , Animais , Masculino , Testículo/efeitos dos fármacos , Testículo/metabolismo , Testículo/embriologia , Testículo/patologia , Coturnix/embriologia , Coturnix/genética , Etinilestradiol/toxicidade , Ductos Paramesonéfricos/efeitos dos fármacos , Ductos Paramesonéfricos/embriologia , Ductos Paramesonéfricos/anormalidades , Feminino , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento/efeitos dos fármacos , Embrião não Mamífero/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminização/induzido quimicamente , Feminização/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Lipid metabolism changes occur in early Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Yet little is known about metabolic gene changes in early AD cortex. METHODS: The lipid metabolic genes selected from two datasets (GSE39420 and GSE118553) were analyzed with enrichment analysis. Protein-protein interaction network construction and correlation analyses were used to screen core genes. Literature analysis and molecular docking were applied to explore potential therapeutic drugs. RESULTS: 60 lipid metabolic genes differentially expressed in early AD patients' cortex were screened. Bioinformatics analyses revealed that up-regulated genes were mainly focused on mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and mediating the activation of long-chain fatty acids, phosphoproteins, and cholesterol metabolism. Down-regulated genes were mainly focused on lipid transport, carboxylic acid metabolic process, and neuron apoptotic process. Literature reviews and molecular docking results indicated that ACSL1, ACSBG2, ACAA2, FABP3, ALDH5A1, and FFAR4 were core targets for lipid metabolism disorder and had a high binding affinity with compounds including adenosine phosphate, oxidized Photinus luciferin, BMS-488043, and candidate therapeutic drugs especially bisphenol A, benzo(a)pyrene, ethinyl estradiol. CONCLUSIONS: AD cortical lipid metabolism disorder was associated with the dysregulation of the PPAR signaling pathway, glycerophospholipid metabolism, adipocytokine signaling pathway, fatty acid biosynthesis, fatty acid degradation, ferroptosis, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, and fatty acid elongation. Candidate drugs including bisphenol A, benzo(a)pyrene, ethinyl estradiol, and active compounds including adenosine phosphate, oxidized Photinus luciferin, and BMS-488043 have potential therapeutic effects on cortical lipid metabolism disorder of early AD.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer , Compostos Benzidrílicos , Indóis , Transtornos do Metabolismo dos Lipídeos , Fenóis , Piperazinas , Ácido Pirúvico , Humanos , Doença de Alzheimer/tratamento farmacológico , Doença de Alzheimer/genética , Doença de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Benzo(a)pireno , Ácidos Graxos/metabolismo , Redes e Vias Metabólicas , Etinilestradiol , Nucleotídeos de Adenina/metabolismo , LuciferinasRESUMO
Tetra-amido macrocyclic ligands (TAMLs) are catalysts designed to mimic endogenous peroxidases that can degrade pollutants. Before TAMLs gain widespread use, it is first important to determine if they have endocrine disrupting properties. In this study, we evaluated the effects of the iron TAML, NT7, on hormone-sensitive outcomes in mice exposed during pregnancy and lactation, and on their litters prior to weaning. We administered NT7 at one of three doses to mice via drinking water prior to and then throughout pregnancy and lactation. Two hormonally active pharmaceuticals, ethinyl estradiol (EE2) and flutamide (FLUT), a known estrogen receptor agonist and androgen receptor antagonist, respectively, were also included. In the females, we measured pre- and post-parturition weight, length of pregnancy, organ weights at necropsy, and morphology of the mammary gland at the end of the lactational period. We also quantified maternal behaviors at three stages of lactation. For the offspring, we measured litter size, litter weights, and the achievement of other developmental milestones. We observed only one statistically significant effect of NT7, a decrease in the percentage of pups with ear opening at postnatal day 5. This contrasts with the numerous effects of EE2 on both the mother and the litter, as well as several modest effects of FLUT. The approach taken in this study could provide guidance for future studies that aim to evaluate novel compounds for endocrine disrupting properties.
Assuntos
Estrogênios , Lactação , Gravidez , Feminino , Animais , Camundongos , Estrogênios/farmacologia , Flutamida , Tamanho da Ninhada de Vivíparos , Etinilestradiol/toxicidadeRESUMO
The interactions between estrogen and androgen in aquatic animals remain largely unknown. In this study, two generations (F0 and F1) of western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) were continuously exposed to 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2, 10 ng/L), methyltestosterone (MT, 10 ng/L (MTL); 50 ng/L (MTH)), and mixtures (EE2+MTL and EE2+MTH). Various endpoints, including sex ratio (phenotypic and genetic), secondary sex characteristics, gonadal histology, and transcriptional profile of genes, were examined. The results showed that G. affinis exposed to MTH and EE2+MTH had a > 89.7 % of phenotypic males in F1 generation, with 34.5 and 50.0 % of these males originated from genetic females, respectively. Moreover, females from F0 and F1 generations exposed to MTH and EE2+MTH exhibited masculinized anal fins and skeletons. The combined effect of MT and EE2 on most endpoints was dependent on MT. Furthermore, significant transcriptional alterations in certain target genes were observed in both the F0 and F1 generations by EE2 and MT alone and by mixtures, showing some degree of interactions. These findings that the effects of EE2+MTH were primarily on the phenotypic sex of G. affinis in offspring generation suggest that G. affinis under chronic exposure to the binary mixture contaminated water could have sex-biased populations.
Assuntos
Ciprinodontiformes , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Masculino , Feminino , Animais , Etinilestradiol/toxicidade , Metiltestosterona/toxicidade , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Estrogênios , Ciprinodontiformes/genéticaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is widely reported among young females, and anti-androgens are used for treating hirsutism and acne in these patients. The protective effects of myo-inositol, oral contraceptives, and insulin sensitizers have been reported on the periodontium and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels in PCOS females. However, cyproterone acetate/ethinyl estradiol (CPA/EE) has not yet been studied. This cross-sectional study explores the periodontal status and systemic inflammation in PCOS women on CPA/EE drug combination compared to females not on medication. METHOD AND MATERIALS: A total of 150 participants were enrolled into three groups: 50 newly diagnosed PCOS females not on medication (N-PCOS); 50 PCOS females consuming CPA/EE combination for the last 6 months (PCOS+CPA/EE); and 50 systemically healthy females (control group). Anthropometric, biochemical, periodontal parameters, and health-related quality of life questionnaires were recorded. RESULTS: N-PCOS and PCOS+CPA/EE groups showed a nonsignificant difference in hsCRP levels, Gingival Index, bleeding on probing, waist circumference, and waist-hip ratio (P > .05). Gingival thickness and keratinized tissue width were significantly greater in the PCOS+CPA/EE than the N-PCOS group (P ≤ .05); however, these were comparable with the control group (P > .05). Regression analysis showed significant association of bleeding on probing with Gingival Index, clinical attachment level, and hsCRP (P ≤ .05). CONCLUSIONS: CPA/EE combination does not influence the periodontal and systemic inflammatory status in PCOS females, as similar levels of local and systemic inflammation were observed in CPA/EE consumers compared with PCOS females not on medication. However, it might play a role in increasing gingival thickness and keratinized tissue width in these patients.
Assuntos
Proteína C-Reativa , Acetato de Ciproterona , Combinação de Medicamentos , Etinilestradiol , Síndrome do Ovário Policístico , Humanos , Síndrome do Ovário Policístico/tratamento farmacológico , Síndrome do Ovário Policístico/complicações , Feminino , Estudos Transversais , Proteína C-Reativa/análise , Acetato de Ciproterona/uso terapêutico , Etinilestradiol/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Qualidade de Vida , Índice Periodontal , Antagonistas de Androgênios/uso terapêutico , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
The selective, rapid detection of low levels of hormones in drinking water and foodstuffs requires materials suitable for inexpensive sensing platforms. We report on core-shell Ag@C nanocables (NCs) decorated with carbon spherical shells (CSSs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by using a hydrothermal green approach. Sensors were fabricated with homogeneous, porous films on screen-printed electrodes, which comprised a 115 nm silver core covered by a 122 nm thick carbon layer and CSSs with 168 nm in diameter. NCs and CSSs were also decorated with 10-25 nm AgNPs. The NC/CSS/AgNP sensor was used to detect ethinylestradiol using square wave voltammetry in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) over the 1.0-10.0 µM linear range with a detection limit of 0.76 µM. The sensor was then applied to detect ethinylestradiol in tap water samples and a contraceptive pill with recovery percentages between 93 and 101%. The high performance in terms of sensitivity and selectivity for hormones is attributed to the synergy between the carbon nanomaterials and AgNPs, which not only increased the sensor surface area and provided sites for electron exchange but also imparted an increased surface area.
Assuntos
Carbono , Nanopartículas Metálicas , Prata , Etinilestradiol , Água , Hormônios , Eletrodos , Técnicas EletroquímicasRESUMO
PURPOSE: Midostaurin, approved for treating FLT-3-mutated acute myeloid leukemia and advanced systemic mastocytosis, is metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 to two major metabolites, and may inhibit and/or induce CYP3A, CYP2B6, and CYP2C8. Two studies investigated the impact of midostaurin on CYP substrate drugs and oral contraceptives in healthy participants. METHODS: Using sentinel dosing for participants' safety, the effects of midostaurin at steady state following 25-day (Study 1) or 24-day (Study 2) dosing with 50 mg twice daily were evaluated on CYP substrates, midazolam (CYP3A4), bupropion (CYP2B6), and pioglitazone (CYP2C8) in Study 1; and monophasic oral contraceptives (containing ethinylestradiol [EES] and levonorgestrel [LVG]) in Study 2. RESULTS: In Study 1, midostaurin resulted in a 10% increase in midazolam peak plasma concentrations (Cmax), and 3-4% decrease in total exposures (AUC). Bupropion showed a 55% decrease in Cmax and 48-49% decrease in AUCs. Pioglitazone showed a 10% decrease in Cmax and 6% decrease in AUC. In Study 2, midostaurin resulted in a 26% increase in Cmax and 7-10% increase in AUC of EES; and a 19% increase in Cmax and 29-42% increase in AUC of LVG. Midostaurin 50 mg twice daily for 28 days ensured that steady-state concentrations of midostaurin and the active metabolites were achieved by the time of CYP substrate drugs or oral contraceptive dosing. No safety concerns were reported. CONCLUSION: Midostaurin neither inhibits nor induces CYP3A4 and CYP2C8, and weakly induces CYP2B6. Midostaurin at steady state has no clinically relevant PK interaction on hormonal contraceptives. All treatments were well tolerated.
Assuntos
Bupropiona , Citocromo P-450 CYP2B6 , Citocromo P-450 CYP2C8 , Citocromo P-450 CYP3A , Interações Medicamentosas , Midazolam , Estaurosporina , Humanos , Área Sob a Curva , Bupropiona/farmacocinética , Bupropiona/administração & dosagem , Anticoncepcionais Orais/administração & dosagem , Anticoncepcionais Orais/farmacologia , Anticoncepcionais Orais/farmacocinética , Citocromo P-450 CYP2B6/metabolismo , Citocromo P-450 CYP2B6/genética , Citocromo P-450 CYP2C8/metabolismo , Citocromo P-450 CYP3A/metabolismo , Combinação de Medicamentos , Etinilestradiol/farmacocinética , Etinilestradiol/administração & dosagem , Etinilestradiol/farmacologia , Voluntários Saudáveis , Levanogestrel/farmacocinética , Levanogestrel/administração & dosagem , Levanogestrel/farmacologia , Midazolam/farmacocinética , Midazolam/administração & dosagem , Pioglitazona/farmacologia , Pioglitazona/administração & dosagem , Pioglitazona/farmacocinética , Estaurosporina/análogos & derivados , Estaurosporina/farmacologia , Estaurosporina/farmacocinética , Estaurosporina/administração & dosagem , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
AIM: Drospirenone (DRSP) is a synthetic progestogen approved as a progestin-only pill for contraception in both the United States and Europe. Herein, we conducted a phase I/II study to evaluate the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of DRSP in Japanese women. METHODS: Single and multiple doses of 4 mg of DRSP were orally administered to healthy premenopausal Japanese women. In the multiple-dose period, 4 mg of DRSP was administered once daily for 24 days. Pharmacokinetics, hormone levels, and adverse events (AEs) were investigated. RESULTS: Twelve Japanese women participated in this study. The single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of DRSP was similar to that reported in previous studies in Caucasians. In the multiple-dose period, no subject displayed a progesterone level of more than 5.03 ng/mL. AEs were observed in 11 (91.7%) subjects. The most common AE was genital hemorrhage, which was observed in six (50.0%) subjects, followed by diarrhea and acne in four (33.3%) subjects each. All AEs resolved or improved at the end of the study, and complete recovery was confirmed in all subjects at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The pharmacokinetics of DRSP in Japanese women was similar to that of previous studies performed in Caucasian women. Repeated administration of DRSP maintained low plasma progesterone levels indicating effective inhibition of ovulation. No notable safety concerns were observed. In this phase I/II study, DRSP had no obvious pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, or safety issues to consider in Japanese women.
Assuntos
Androstenos , Anticoncepcionais Orais , Etinilestradiol , Feminino , Humanos , Etinilestradiol/efeitos adversos , Japão , Progesterona , AnticoncepçãoRESUMO
This pooled analysis compared the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) associated with combined oral contraceptives (COCs) containing estradiol (E2) valerate-dienogest with those containing ethinyl E2-levonorgestrel. Data were retrieved from two large, prospective, observational cohort studies. Propensity score subclassification was applied to balance baseline parameters between the COC user cohorts. Crude and adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated based on the extended Cox model. The pooled data set included 11,616 E2 valerate-dienogest users and 18,681 ethinyl E2-levonorgestrel users, contributing 17,932 and 29,140 women-years of observation, respectively. A significantly decreased VTE risk in E2 valerate-dienogest COCs compared with ethinyl E2-levonorgestrel COCs was observed (propensity score-stratified HR 0.46, 95% CI, 0.22-0.98). This pooled analysis expands data from a previous postauthorization safety study and provides valuable real-world safety information on the relative safety of current COCs.
Assuntos
Anticoncepcionais Orais Combinados , Estradiol/análogos & derivados , Nandrolona/análogos & derivados , Tromboembolia Venosa , Feminino , Humanos , Anticoncepcionais Orais Combinados/efeitos adversos , Levanogestrel , Tromboembolia Venosa/induzido quimicamente , Tromboembolia Venosa/epidemiologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Etinilestradiol/efeitos adversos , Estradiol/efeitos adversos , Valeratos , Combinação de MedicamentosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Comparison of hormonal, metabolic and inflammatory markers of glutathione with metformin and Diane-35 in a rat model of PCOS induced by dehydroepiandrosterone. METHODS: Twenty-five female rats were randomized into four groups. Group 1 was administered a subcutaneous dose of 0.2 ml saline/day. Group 2 was given 0.2 ml of 1% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)/day orally for 28 days. A PCOS model was established with DHEA in rats. Group 3 was given 4.5 mg/kg/day of Diane-35 orally dissolved in 1% CMC for 28 days. Group 4 was given 300 mg/kg/day of metformin orally dissolved in 1 ml of saline for 28 days, and Group 5 was administered 100 mg/kg of glutathione intraperitoneally on days 35, 42, and 49. On day 56, the rats were sacrificed. Serum markers and follicle count were examined. RESULTS: Serum IL-6, hs-CRP, insulin, testosterone, SHBG, and MDA values were significantly lower in the glutathione group than in the PCOS group (p = 0.0006, p = 0.023, p = 0.0082, p = 0.0007, p = 0.0048, and p < 0.0001, respectively).The number of all follicles was similar between the control and glutathione groups (p < 0.05). When we compared the other groups with the PCOS group, the number of primary, secondary, atretic, and cystic follicles was significantly lower in the metformin and glutathione groups. The number of primordial and antral follicles was significantly higher than in the PCOS group. CONCLUSIONS: Glutathione plays anti-inflammatory and antioxidant roles, similar to metformin, by lowering serum IL-6, insulin, testosterone, CRP, and MDA levels; decreasing atretic/cystic follicle count; and improving antral follicle count and folliculogenesis in PCOS patients.