Impacto de ejercicios bilaterales y unilaterales en la potenciación aguda del salto horizontal en futbolistas profesionales / Impact of Bilateral and Unilateral Exercises on Acute Enhancement of Horizontal Jump Performance in Professional Soccer Player / Impacto dos Exercícios Bilaterais e Unilaterais no Aumento Agudo do Desempenho do Salto Horizontal em Jogadores Profissionais de Futebol

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar el efecto de una activación realizada a través de ejercicios de fuerza y pliometría ejecutados de forma bilateral o unilateral sobre el rendimiento en salto horizontal. Metodología: En el estudio participaron 15 futbolistas masculinos, altamente entrenados (edad, 24.7 ± 3.1 años; altura, 181.2 ± 4.7 cm; peso, 79.7 ± 3.4 kg) pertenecientes al mismo equipo, que competía en liga nacional. Su rutina de entrenamiento regular constaba de 4 sesiones y 1 partido competitivo por semana. Los participantes llevaron a cabo 1 protocolo control (CON) y 3 protocolos de activación, siguiendo un diseño contrabalanceado, basados en ejercicios específicos de fútbol (SIN), ejercicios de fuerza y pliometría ejecutados de forma bilateral (BIL) y unilateral (UNI). Después de cada protocolo los jugadores realizaron la prueba de salto horizontal (HZB). Resultados: Los resultados de la prueba ANOVA de medidas repetidas mostraron efectos positivos significativos sobre el HZB de los protocolos SIN (p<0.01; dif = 2.95(2.00)%), BIL (p<0.01; dif = 3.22(2.61) %); y UNI (p<0.01; dif = 6.80(3.40) %) con respecto a CON. Además, HZB fue, significativamente, mayor después del protocolo UNI que del SIN (p<0.01; dif = 3.74(2.62) %) y BIL (p<0.01; dif = 3.47(1.94) %). El análisis de la respuesta individual reflejó efectos positivos en HZB de los protocolos SIN, BIL y UNI respecto al CON, mientras que el 89 % de los jugadores tuvieron mejor rendimiento en HZB después de UNI que de BIL. Conclusiones: Una activación que incorpora estímulos de fuerza y pliometría ejecutados, de forma unilateral, tiene un efecto positivo mayor sobre la capacidad de salto horizontal, que una activación que involucra ejercicios generales, específicos de fútbol y de ejecución bilateral.

Abstract Objective: To analyze the effect of activation through bilateral or unilateral strength and plyometric exercises on horizontal jump performance. Methodology: The study involved 15 highly trained male soccer players (age, 24.7 ± 3.1 years; height, 181.2 ± 4.7 cm; weight, 79.7 ± 3.4 kg) from the same team competing in the national league. Their regular training routine consisted of 4 sessions and 1 competitive match per week. Participants performed 1 control protocol (CON) and 3 activation protocols following a counterbalanced design based on specific soccer exercises (SIN), bilateral (BIL), and unilateral (UNI) strength and plyometric exercises. After each protocol, players underwent the horizontal jump test (HZB). Results: The repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant positive effects on HZB for the SIN (p<0.01; diff = 2.95(2.00) %), BIL (p<0.01; diff = 3.22(2.61) %), and UNI (p<0.01; diff = 6.80(3.40) %) protocols compared to CON. Furthermore, HZB was significantly higher after the UNI protocol than after SIN (p<0.01; diff = 3.74(2.62) %) and BIL (p<0.01; diff = 3.47(1.94) %). Individual response analysis reflected positive effects on HZB for SIN, BIL, and UNI compared to CON, while 89 % of players showed better HZB performance after UNI than after BIL. Conclusions: Activation incorporating unilateral strength and plyometric stimuli has a greater positive effect on horizontal jump capacity than activation involving general, soccer-specific, and bilateral exercises.

Resumo Objetivo: Analisar o efeito da ativação por meio de exercícios de força e pliométricos bilaterais ou unilaterais no desempenho do salto horizontal. Metodologia: O estudo envolveu 15 jogadores de futebol masculinos altamente treinados (idade, 24.7 ± 3.1 anos; altura, 181.2 ± 4.7 cm; peso, 79.7 ± 3.4 kg) da mesma equipe competindo na liga nacional. Sua rotina de treinamento regular consistia em 4 sessões e 1 jogo competitivo por semana. Os participantes realizaram 1 protocolo de controle (CON) e 3 protocolos de ativação seguindo um desenho contrabalanceado com base em exercícios específicos de futebol (SIN), exercícios de força e pliométricos bilaterais (BIL) e unilaterais (UNI). Após cada protocolo, os jogadores foram submetidos ao teste de salto horizontal (HZB). Resultados: A ANOVA de medidas repetidas revelou efeitos positivos significativos no HZB para os protocolos SIN (p<0.01; diff = 2.95(2.00) %), BIL (p<0.01; diff = 3.22(2.61) %) e UNI (p<0.01; diff = 6.80(3.40) %) em comparação com CON. Além disso, o HZB foi significativamente maior após o protocolo UNI do que após SIN (p<0.01; diff = 3.74(2.62) %) e BIL (p<0.01; diff = 3.47(1.94) %). A análise de resposta individual refletiu efeitos positivos no HZB para SIN, BIL e UNI em comparação com CON, enquanto 89 % dos jogadores mostraram melhor desempenho de HZB após UNI do que após BIL. Conclusões: A ativação incorporando estímulos de força e pliométricos unilaterais tem um efeito positivo maior na capacidade de salto horizontal do que a ativação envolvendo exercícios gerais, específicos do futebol e bilaterais.

How Does Altering the Volume-Load of Plyometric Exercises Affect the Inflammatory Response, Oxidative Stress, and Muscle Damage in Male Soccer Players?

Incorporating plyometric exercises (PE) into soccer players' conditioning routines is vital for boosting their performance. Nevertheless, the effects of PE sessions with diverse volume loads on inflammation, oxidative stress, and muscle damage are not yet clearly understood. This study aimed to examine the effects of altering the volume-loads of PE on indicators of oxidative muscle damage and inflammation. The study involved forty young male soccer players who were randomly assigned to three different volume-loads of PE (Low volume-load [100 jumps]: LVL, n = 10; Moderate volume-load [150 jumps]: MVL, n = 10; and High volume-load [200 jumps]: HVL, n = 10) and a control group (CON = 10). The levels of various biomarkers including delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PC), leukocytes, neutrophils, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured at different time points. These measurements were taken at rest, immediately after completion of PE, and 24-, 48-, and 72-hours post-PE. The CK, LDH, DOMS, 8-OHdG, MDA, and PC levels were significantly increased (p < 0.05) after the PE protocol, reaching their peak values between 24 to 48 hours post-PE for all the volume-loaded groups. The levels of leukocytes, neutrophils, and IL-6 also increased after the PE session but returned to resting values within 24 hours post-PE. On the other hand, CRP levels increased at 24 hours post-PE for all the treatment groups (p < 0.05). The changes observed in the indicators of muscle damage and inflammation in response to different volume-loads of PE was not significant. However, the HVL and MVL indicated significant differences compared to LVL in the 8-OHdG (at 48-hour) and MDA (at 72-hour). Athletes engaging in higher volume-loads demonstrated more pronounced responses in terms of biochemical variables (specifically, LVL < MVL < HVL); however, these changes were not statistically significant (except 8-OHdG and MDA).

Efeito do treinamento pliométrico de curta duração no salto vertical e velocidade de sprint em jogadores de vôlei / Effect of short duration plyometric training on vertical jump and sprint speed in volleyball players

INTRODUÇÃO: O voleibol é um esporte de ritmo acelerado que envolve projeções verticais e horizontais da bola por parte do jogador. O uso de treinamento pliométrico é um método popular para melhorar o desempenho dos jogadores. OBJETIVO: O presente estudo visa verificar o efeito de quatro semanas de treinamento pliométrico em jogadores de voleibol. MÉTODO: Estudo randomizado, controlado, de grupos paralelos. Foram triados 39 participantes para participação no estudo, dos quais 30 foram selecionados seguindo os critérios de inclusão e exclusão da pesquisa. Os critérios de inclusão foram: jogadores de voleibol na faixa etária de 18 a 24 anos, de ambos os sexos, experiência de jogo de no mínimo um ano e disponibilidade para participar. Os critérios de exclusão compreendiam jogadores com histórico de lesão nos últimos seis meses, qualquer distúrbio neurológico ou musculoesquelético e qualquer condição psicológica. Os participantes selecionados foram alocados aleatoriamente no Grupo A e Grupo B usando o método de sorteio. O Grupo A recebeu treinamento pliométrico por três dias em uma semana, e o Grupo B foi solicitado a continuar seus exercícios regulares de rotina. A duração total da intervenção foi de quatro semanas. A medida de resultado para o estudo foi a velocidade do sprint e a altura do salto vertical. A velocidade de sprint foi medida pelo teste de sprint de 20 m e a altura do salto vertical foi medida pelo teste sargent jump. A avaliação foi feita no início e no final de quatro semanas. O teste t não pareado foi usado para analisar as diferenças entre os grupos e o teste t pareado foi usado para analisar as diferenças dentro do grupo nas variáveis de resultado. RESULTADOS: O resultado do estudo mostrou uma melhora significativa na altura do salto vertical (MD= -7,133, IC 95% (-12,657,- 1,609) e nenhuma melhora significativa na velocidade do sprint quando comparações entre grupos foram feitas (MD=0,084, 95% IC (-0,177,-,345) com um tamanho de efeito de 0,75 para a altura do salto vertical. A comparação dentro do grupo foi considerada significativa apenas para a altura do salto vertical no Grupo A, e não houve melhora significativa na velocidade de sprint para ambos Grupo A e B. CONCLUSÃO: Quatro semanas de programa pliométrico é eficaz em melhorar a altura do salto vertical e não a velocidade de sprint em jogadores de voleibol.

INTRODUCTION: Volleyball is a fast-paced sport that involves vertical and horizontal projections of the ball by the player. The use of plyometric training is a popular method to enhance performance in players. OBJECTIVE: The present study aims to see the effect of short-duration plyometric training on vertical jump and sprint speed in volleyball players. METHOD: This study is a parallel group randomized controlled trial. Thirtynine participants were screened for participation in the study, of which 30 were selected following the inclusion and exclusion criteria for the study. The inclusion criteria for the study comprised of volleyball players of age group 18 to 24 years, both males and females, with playing experience of at least one year, and willing to participate. The exclusion criteria for the study included players with a history of injury in the last six months, any reported neurological or musculoskeletal disorder, and any psychological condition. The selected participants were randomly allocated to Group A and Group B using the lottery method. Group A was given plyometric training for three days a week and Group B was asked to continue their regular routine exercises and playing schedule. The total duration of the intervention was four weeks. The outcome measure for the study was sprint speed and vertical jump height. Sprint speed was measured by the 20 m sprint test, and the vertical jump height was measured by the Sargent jump test. The assessment was done at the baseline and at the end of four weeks. An unpaired t-test was used to analyze between-group differences, and paired t-test was used to analyze the within-group differences in the outcome variables. The significance level was set as p<0.05. RESULTS: The result of the study showed a significant improvement in vertical jump height (MD= -7.133, 95% CI-12.657, -1.609) and no significant improvement in sprint speed when between-group comparisons were made (MD=0.084, 95%CI -0.177,-.345) with an effect size of 0.75 for vertical jump height. The within-group comparison was found significant only for vertical jump height in Group A, and there was no significant improvement was found in sprint speed for both Group A and B. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: The short-duration plyometric training is effective in improving the vertical jump height and not the sprint speed in volleyball players. The specificity of plyometric training is important for optimal improvement in sports performance.

Effects of Isometric Strength and Plyometric Training on Running Performance: A Randomized Controlled Study.

Purpose: The aim of the study was to compare the effects of isometric strength (IST) and plyometric training (PT) on endurance running performance. Methods: Twenty-six endurance runners (18 males and 8 females; age 36 ± 6 years, stature 1.69 ± 0.05 m body mass 61.6 ± 8.0 kg, VO2max 50.4 ± 5.8 ml·kg-1·min-1) completed the countermovement jump (CMJ), isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP), 2.4 km run time trial (2.4kmTT), running economy test (RE) and a graded exercise test measures at baseline. They were then randomly assigned to three groups, the control (CON), PT or IST group, and completed the circuit, plyometric or isometric training, respectively, twice a week for 6 weeks, while still continuing to perform their planned running training. They then completed the same set of measures performed at baseline post-intervention. Results: Significant time x group interactions and time main effect were observed for 2.4kmTT (P = .002, ƞ2p = .45 and P < .001, ƞ2 =0.72), maximal aerobic speed (MAS) (P = .006, ƞ2p = .39), CMJ height (P < .001, ƞ2p = .55) and IMTP relative peak force (P = .001, ƞ2p = .50) in favor of PT and IST. Significant main effect for time was observed for 2.4kmTT (P < .001, ƞ2p = .72), RE (P = .048, ƞ2p = .17), VO2max (P = .047, ƞ2p = .18), MAS (P < .001, ƞ2p = .63), CMJ height (P < .001, ƞ2p = .51) and IMTP relative peak force (P < .001, ƞ2p = .58). Conclusion: In conclusion, both PT and IST were similarly effective at enhancing running endurance performance. However, IST resulted in greater improvement to RE.

Effects of plyometric training on different 8-week training intensity distributions in well-trained endurance runners.

The aim of this four-armed parallel group randomized-controlled trial was to evaluate if plyometric training could have different effects on running performance and physiological adaptations depending on the training intensity distribution (TID) in an 8-week intervention in endurance athletes. Sixty well-trained male runners (age: 34 ± 6 years, relative ⩒O2peak : 69 ± 3 ml kg-1  min-1 ) were recruited and allocated to a pyramidal (PYR), pyramidal + plyometric training (PYR + PLY), polarized (POL), and polarized + plyometric training (POL + PLY) periodization. The periodization patterns were isolated manipulations of TID, while training load was kept constant. Participants were tested pre- and post-intervention for body mass, velocity at 2 and 4 mmol·L-1 of blood lactate concentration (vBLa2, vBLa4), absolute and relative ⩒O2peak and 5-km running time trial performance, counter movement jump and squat jump. There were significant group × time interactions for vBla4 (p = 0.0235), CMJ (p = 0.0234), SJ (p = 0.0168), and 5-km running time trial performance (p = 0.0035). Specifically, vBla4 and 5-km running time trial performance showed the largest post-intervention improvements in PYR + PLY (2.4% and 1.6%) and POL + PLY (2.1% and 1.8%), respectively. No significant interactions were observed for body mass, absolute and relative ⩒O2peak , peak heart rate, lactate peak and rating of perceived exertion. In conclusion, an 8-week training periodization seems to be effective in improving performance of well-trained endurance runners. Including plyometric training once a week appeared to be more efficacious in maximizing running performance improvements, independently from the TID adopted.

The Acute Effects of Milk Consumption on Systemic Inflammation after Combined Resistance and Plyometric Exercise in Young Adult Females.

High-intensity/impact exercise elicits a transient increase in inflammatory biomarkers. Consuming nutrient-dense wholefoods, like milk, following exercise may modulate post-exercise inflammation and aid recovery. We examined the effect of post-exercise skim milk consumption (versus an isoenergetic, isovolumetric carbohydrate [CHO] drink) on acute exercise-induced inflammation in untrained females. Using a randomized crossover design, 13 healthy females (age = 20 ± 2.3 y; BMI = 21.0 ± 1.1 kg/m2) completed two bouts of combined resistance/plyometric exercise followed by either skim milk (MILK) or CHO at 5-min and 1 h post-exercise. Serum interleukin [IL]-1ß, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) concentrations were measured at pre-exercise, 15-min, 75-min, 24 h, and 48 h post-exercise. IL-6 increased 15-min post-exercise vs. all other timepoints (time effect, p = 0.017). Between 24 and 48 h, IL-10 decreased and increased in the MILK and CHO conditions, respectively (interaction, p = 0.018). There were no significant effects for IL-1ß or TNF-α. Relative concentrations of IL-1ß (p = 0.049) and IL-10 (p = 0.028) at 48 h post-exercise were lower in MILK vs. CHO. Milk post-exercise did not influence the absolute concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines; however, there were divergent responses for the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, and milk reduced the relative inflammatory response at 48 h (vs. CHO) for IL-1ß and IL-10. This demonstrates the potential for milk to modulate inflammation post-exercise in this sample.

Plyometric exercise enhances twitch contractile properties but fails to improve voluntary rate of torque development in highly trained sprint athletes.

Purpose: The objective of this study was to evaluate a plyometric conditioning activity (3 sets of 5 countermovement jumps, [CA]) for twitch properties and voluntary knee extension. Methods: After a familiarization session, fourteen highly trained sprint athletes, 12 men (23.25 ± 7.17 years) and 2 women (23.0 ± 2.8 years) performed 2 experiments, each in a randomized order (crossover design). In one experiment, the time-course of twitch contractile properties was evaluated with and without the previous CA at 2, min intervals to 10 min of recovery. In the second session, maximal voluntary knee extension was evaluated at the same recovery intervals, for control and experimental condition in random order. Results: Mixed-model ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc revealed significant differences between pre-test and 2 min (p < 0.01, ES = 0.42) and 4 min (p < 0.01, ES = 0.20) for peak twitch torque of quadriceps femoris muscles confirming postactivation potentiation [PAP] at these times. Twitch rate of torque development (RTD) was significantly greater than pre-test value only at 2 min (p < 0.01, ES = 0.58) after the CA. Twitch contraction time and ½ relaxation time were not significantly difference from pre-test values after the CA (p > 0.05). No significant difference was observed for voluntary RTD following CA. Conclusion: The plyometric CA increased twitch peak torque and RTD consistent with PAP; however, there was no effect of CA on voluntary RTD of knee extension at any time after the plyometric CA. Even with PAP confirmed, we observed that the CA fails to improve isometric RTD of quadriceps femoris muscles. HighlightsA plyometric CA significantly increased twitch peak torque (at 2 and 4 min) and twitch rate of torque development (at 2 min) of quadriceps femoris muscles, indicating postactivation potentiation (PAP).No effect was observed for twitch contraction time and ½ relaxation time after the CA.No improvement was observed on voluntary rate of torque development evaluated at the same time intervals.

Effect of varied plyometric training in land and aquatic medium on anaerobic power of athletes / Efeito do treinamento pliométrico variado em meio terrestre e aquático na potência anaeróbia de atletas

ABSTRACT The aim of the present study was to find out the effect of varied plyometric training (land plyometric training, aqua plyometric training and weighted vest aqua-plyometric training) on anaerobic power of school athletes. A total of forty eight (n= 48) district level school athletes were randomly selected. All the subjects were divided into four equal groups: i) land plyometric training group (n=12), ii) aqua plyometric training group (n=12), iii) aqua-plyometric training with weighted vest group (n=12) and iv) control group (n=12). The varied plyometric training was intervened for fourteen weeks in the respective training groups. In the present study, anaerobic power was considered as the dependent variable, and it was measured by Margaria-Kalamen power test. To draw statistical inferences on anaerobic power among the groups in pre and post intervention conditions, ANCOVA was used, followed by Tukey's LSD post-hoc test. The significance of the means was tested at the 0.05 level. Different plyometric training groups improved significantly with respect to the control group in anaerobic power. Therefore, various plyometric training was found as an effective means for developing anaerobic power. A significant difference was also observed between the aqua-plyometric training with weighted vest group and land plyometric training group in anaerobic power. However, rest of the experimental groups didn't differ significantly. Aqua-plyometric training with weighted vest is a more effective training method than land plyometric training for improving the anaerobic power of the school athletes.

RESUMO O objetivo do presente estudo foi descobrir o efeito do treinamento pliométrico variado (treinamento pliométrico terrestre, treinamento aquapliométrico e treinamento aquapliométrico com colete ponderado) na potência anaeróbica de atletas escolares. Um total de quarenta e oito (n= 48) atletas escolares de nível distrital foram selecionados aleatoriamente. Todos os sujeitos foram divididos em quatro grupos iguais: i) grupo treinamento pliométrico terrestre (n=12), ii) grupo treinamento aquapliométrico (n=12), iii) grupo treinamento aquapliométrico com colete ponderado (n=12) e iv) grupo controle (n=12). O treino pliométrico variado foi intervencionado durante quatorze semanas nos respectivos grupos de treino. No presente estudo, a potência anaeróbia foi considerada como variável dependente e foi mensurada pelo teste de potência de Margaria-Kalamen. Para fazer inferências estatísticas sobre a potência anaeróbica entre os grupos nas condições pré e pós-intervenção, foi utilizada a ANCOVA, seguida do teste post-hoc de Tukey LSD. A significância das médias foi testada no nível 0,05. Diferentes grupos de treinamento pliométrico melhoraram significativamente em relação ao grupo controle na potência anaeróbica. Portanto, vários treinamentos pliométricos foram encontrados como um meio eficaz para o desenvolvimento da potência anaeróbica. Uma diferença significativa também foi observada entre o grupo de treinamento aquapliométrico com colete ponderado e o grupo de treinamento pliométrico terrestre na potência anaeróbica. No entanto, o resto dos grupos experimentais não diferiram significativamente. O treinamento aquapliométrico com colete ponderado é um método de treinamento mais eficaz do que o treinamento pliométrico terrestre para melhorar a potência anaeróbica dos atletas escolares.

Aqua-Plyometric Exercises: Potential Implications for Bone Mineral Density, Functional Capacity, and Quality of Life in Survivors of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.

OBJECTIVE: This study endeavored to explore the effect of an aquatic-based plyometric exercise program (Aqua-PLYO) on bone mineralization, functional capacity, and quality of life in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). DATA SOURCES: In a prospective, single-blinded quasi-experimental study, 30 survivors of childhood ALL (63.3% boys; age: 13.1 ± 2.8 years) were allocated to undergo the Aqua-PLYO exercise program (Aqua-PLYO group; n = 15) or the usual physical therapy (Control group; n = 15). Bone mineralization (bone mineral density [BMD], bone mineral content [BMC], BMD Z-score, and BMD volumetric [BMDvol]), functional capacity, and quality of life were assessed prior to, and following 36 treatment sessions, which were undertaken over nonconsecutive days in a 12-week program. With controlling for the pretreatment values, all measures of bone mineralization, functional capacity, and quality of life showed more favorable posttreatment improvement in the Aqua-PLYO group as compared to the control group (all P < .05). CONCLUSION: The Aqua-PLYO exercises, besides the usual physical therapy, can effectively improve bone health, increase functional capacity, and promote a better quality of life in long-term survivors of childhood ALL. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Although survivors of childhood ALL experience reduced BMD, functional ability, and quality of life, Aqua-PLYO exercises can have positive effects on survivors' physical and functional disturbances and can, even more, be enjoyable and increase their motivation and interest in engaging in exercise interventions.

Protective and Recovery Effects of Resveratrol Supplementation on Exercise Performance and Muscle Damage following Acute Plyometric Exercise.

Plyometric exercise (PE) is an effective training method to increase muscle mass and strength. However, excessive or inappropriate conditions might cause exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). Resveratrol (RES) is a natural polyphenol plant antitoxin, which improves exercise performance, and exhibits anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of RES supplementation on the recovery of muscle damage, inflammation, soreness, muscle power, and anaerobic performance following plyometric-exercise-induced muscle damage (PEIMD). The present study was a double-blind, placebo-controlled research trial. Thirty-six young, untrained males were enrolled into the placebo (n = 12), RES-500 (500 mg RES/day, n = 12), or RES-1000 (1000 mg RES/day, n = 12) group by a jumping height-counterbalanced grouping design. At baseline, to pre-PEIMD, supplements were pre-loaded 7 days before they conducted PEIMD, and the exercise performance, delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and muscle damage biomarkers were measured over the experimental period at baseline, pre-PEIMD, and post-PEIMD at 2, 24, 48, and 72 h. As a result, we found that, at 72 h post-EIMD, the force peak (FP) and rate of force development (RFD) of the counter movement jump (CMJ) in RES groups showed no significant difference compared to that at baseline but was significantly greater than the placebo group. In the Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT), supplementation in the RES group had a better recovery effect on the relative peak power (RPP), relative mean power (RMP) and fatigue index (FI) (p < 0.05), especially in the high-dose group. For the detection of muscle pain after PEIMD, the RES supplement group was significantly better than the placebo group (p < 0.05). In addition, for muscle damage indexes, such as creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), after PEIMD, supplementation with RES could significantly reduce and accelerate recovery (p < 0.05). In addition, the blood biochemical indicators of blood count, liver function, and kidney function showed that RES will not cause adverse risks to the human body. Our results suggest that replenishing RES in advance could effectively reduce muscle pain, increase exercise performance, and decrease muscle damage indicators caused by PEIMD, and the recovery was faster. Therefore, plyometric exercises combined with suitable RES supplementation could be an effective candidate for controlling muscle damage, improving physical adaption, and recovering anaerobic capacity.

Free-fall landing and interval running have different effects on trabecular bone mass and microarchitecture, serum osteocalcin, biomechanical properties, SOST expression and on osteocyte-related characteristics.

The effects of treadmill interval training (IT) and free-fall exercise were evaluated on bone parameters including osteocyte related characteristics. Thirty-eight 4-month-old male Wistar rats were randomly divided into a control (C) group and exercise groups: IT, 10 free-fall impacts/day with a 10-s (FF10) or 20-s interval between drops (FF20), 5 days/week, for 9 weeks. We assessed bone mineral density (BMD); microarchitecture by µCT; mechanical strength by a 3-point bending test; density and occupancy of the osteocyte lacunae by toluidine blue staining; osteocalcin and NTx systemic levels by ELISA; and bone tissue Sost messenger RNA (mRNA) expression by RT-PCR. NTx levels were significantly lower in exercise groups as compared with the C group. In exercise groups the Sost mRNA expression was significantly lower than in C. Tb.N was significantly higher for IT and FF20 compared with the C group. Tb.Sp was significantly lower in FF10 compared with the C group. Both IT and FF20 were associated with higher tibial lacunar density as compared with FF10. compared with FF10, IT fat mass was lower, while tibial osteocyte lacunae occupancy and systemic osteocalcin level were higher. All exercise modes were efficient in reducing bone resorption. Both IT and free-fall impact with appropriate recovery periods, which may be beneficial for bone health and osteocyte-related characteristics. Novelty: Interval training is beneficial for bone mineral density. Exercises decreased both bone resorption and inhibition of bone formation (Sost mRNA). Longer interval recovery time favors osteocyte lacunae density.

Treinamento pliométrico de membros superiores e inferiores em 5 semanas melhora desempenho físico de estudantes de educação física / Pliometric training in 5 weeks improves physical performance of physical education students: a pilot study

: Este estudo investigou o impacto de 5 semanas de treinamento pliométrico em membros superiores e inferiores sobre o desempenho físico em estudantes de Educação Física. Foram recrutados 16 estudantes do sexo masculino de 18 a 23 anos divididos em 2 grupos (Controle e Treino). O grupo Treino foi submetido ao treinamento pliométrico de membros superiores e inferiores por 5 semanas com 3 sessões/semana de 30-40 minutos/sessão, composta de 10 exercícios de braço e perna (10-20 repetições/exercício). Antes e imediatamente após o programa de treinamento pliométrico, os indivíduos foram avaliados por parâmetros antropométricos (peso, estatura, índice de massa corporal e percentual de gordura), nível de flexibilidade e desempenho físico (forças de toque e de ataque, salto vertical, sprint de 20 m e agilidade). Dados de flexibilidade e desempenho físico foram avaliados por análise de covariância (ANCOVA), além da correlação de Pearson entre as variáveis de desempenho físico após 5 semanas de treinamento. O grupo Treino exibiu maior ganho de desempenho no salto vertical quando comparado ao grupo Controle (p< 0,05). Todavia, não foi observada diferença significativa entre os grupos Treino e Controle nos ganhos de força de toque e de ataque, no desempenho do teste de sprint de 20 m, no teste de agilidade e de flexibilidade (p> 0,05). Houve correlação positiva entre os testes de forças de toque e de ataque com o salto vertical (p< 0,001, r= 0,633; e p< 0,001, r= 0,639; respectivamente), como também correlação dos testes salto vertical com os testes de velocidade (p< 0,001, r= -0,768) e agilidade (p< 0,002, r= -0,537) após o treinamento. Conclui-se que 5 semanas de treinamento pliométrico de membros superiores e inferiores exibiram melhora no desempenho do salto vertical de estudantes de Educação Física, bem como observou-se correlação entre os parâmetros neuromusculares anaeróbicos de membros inferiores e superiores após o período de treinamento.(AU)

This study investigated the impact of 5 weeks of plyometric training on upper and lower limbs on physical performance parameters in Physical Education students. Sixteen male college students aged 18 to 23 years were divided into 2 groups (Control and Training). The Training group was submitted to 5 weeks of plyometric training for upper and lower limbs, with 3 sessions per week for 30-40 minutes per session. Training sessions consisted of 10 arm and leg exercises (10-20 repetitions per exercise). Anthropometric parameters (weight, height, body mass index and body fat percentage), level of flexibility and physical performance (touch and attack strength, vertical jump, 20m sprint, agility) were assessed before and immediately after the plyometric training program. Flexibility and physical performance data were assessed by covariance analysis (ANCOVA), in addition to Pearson's correlation among physical performance parameters after 5 weeks of training. The Training group showed a greater gain in the vertical jump performance when compared to the Control group. However, no significant difference was observed between the Training and Control groups for touch and attack strength gains, for 20 m sprint performance gains, and for agility and flexibility test gains. There was a positive correlation between the tests of touch and attack strengths with vertical jump performance. There was also positive correlation between touch and attack strength with vertical jump (p< 0.001, r= 0.633; e p< 0,001, r= 0.639; respectively), and between vertical jump performance and 20m sprint performance (p< 0.001, r= -0,768) and agility test after training (p< 0.002, r= -0,537). It is concluded that 5 weeks of plyometric training for upper and lower limbs showed improvement in the vertical jump performance in Physical Education students. There was also a correlation between the anaerobic neuromuscular parameters of lower and upper limbs after the training period.(AU)

Efecto agudo de los entrenamientos de fuerza, velocidad, pliometría y velocidad contra resistencia en la carrera de velocidad / Acute effect of strength, speed, plyometric, and resisted sprint trainings on sprinting

Resumen La velocidad juega un papel fundamental en el rendimiento deportivo, tanto en deportes individuales como colectivos. Los objetivos de este estudio son: a) determinar el efecto agudo de los tipos de entrenamiento de fuerza, velocidad, pliometría y velocidad contra resistencia en la carrera de velocidad y sus fases y b) realizar el análisis del efecto agudo de estos tipos de entrenamiento de manera individual. Once velocistas (edad promedio de 21.8 años ± 3.04, talla de 1.764 m ± 0.062 y peso de 69.645 kg ± 4.946), con experiencia como velocistas realizaron cinco tratamientos agudos (F, V, P, VR y control), para los cuales se aleatorizó el orden. Para cada tratamiento, realizaron un pre test y un post test de 100 metros con mediciones de intervalos cada 20 metros. Se realizaron 2 análisis de varianza (ANOVA) de medidas repetidas de 2 y 3 vías, con el objetivo de analizar el efecto de los tratamientos en el tiempo total de carrera y en cada uno de los intervalos de la carrera de velocidad, respectivamente. También, se realizó un análisis individual, utilizando estadísticos descriptivos y gráficos. No hubo interacción significativa entre las mediciones y los tipos de entrenamiento (F = 1.733 p = .162), ni entre las mediciones, los tipos de entrenamiento y los intervalos de distancia (F = 0.569 p = .903). En el análisis individual, se observa como los cambios en la velocidad según el tipo de tratamiento varían entre sujetos, siendo el tratamiento de velocidad con el que más sujetos mejoran.

Abstract Speed plays a key role in performance in both collective and individual sports. The objectives of this study are: a) to determine the acute effect of strength, speed, plyometric, and resisted sprint trainings in sprinting and its phases, and b) to analyze the acute effect of these types of training on an individual manner. Eleven experienced sprinters (mean age 21.8 ± 3.04, height 1.764 m ± 0.062, and weight 69.645 kg ± 4.946) participated in five training sessions (S, SP, P, RS, and control) assigned in a random order. For each treatment, 100 meter-pre and post-tests were conducted with interval measurements every 20 meters. Two-way and three-way variance analyses (ANOVA) of repeated measurements were conducted to analyze the effect of the types of training on the total race time and in each interval, respectively. In addition, descriptive statistics and graphs were used for an individual analysis. For the group analysis, no significant interaction was found between measurements and the types of training (F = 1.733 p = .162) or between measurements, types of training, and distance intervals (F = 0.569 p = .903). However, in the individual analysis, changes in speed based on the type of treatment vary between subjects, being speed the treatment that shows more improvement in subjects.

Resumo A velocidade tem um papel fundamental no desempenho esportivo, tanto em esportes individuais quanto coletivos. Este estudo tem como objetivo: a) determinar o efeito agudo dos tipos de treinamento de força, velocidade, pliometria e velocidade contrarresistência na corrida de velocidade e suas fases e b) realizar a análise do efeito agudo destes tipos de treinamento de maneira individual. Onze velocistas (idade média de 21,8 anos ± 3,04, altura de 1,764 m ± 0,062 e peso de 69,645 kg ± 4,946), com experiência como velocistas realizaram cinco tratamentos agudos (F, V, P, VR e controle), para os quais se aleatorizou a ordem. Para cada tratamento, foram realizados um pré-teste e um pós-teste de 100 metros com medições de intervalos a cada 20 metros. Foram realizadas 2 análises de variância (ANOVA) de medidas repetidas de 2 e 3 vias, a fim de analisar o efeito dos tratamentos no tempo total de corrida e em cada um dos intervalos da corrida de velocidade, respectivamente. Também, foi realizada uma análise individual, utilizando estatísticos descritivos e gráficos. Não houve interação significativa entre as medições e os tipos de treinamento (F = 1,733 p = 0,162), nem entre as medições, os tipos de treinamento e os intervalos de distância (F = 0,569 p = 0,903). Na análise individual, observa-se como as mudanças na velocidade segundo o tipo de tratamento variam entre sujeitos, sendo o tratamento de velocidade com o que mais sujeitos melhoram.

Osteokines and Bone Markers at Rest and following Plyometric Exercise in Pre- and Postmenopausal Women.

The effect of plyometric exercise on bone biomarkers has been studied in pediatric and young adult populations in order to better understand how exercise influences bone homeostasis. However, there are no such data in postmenopausal women, a group characterized by an uncoupling of the bone resorption-formation cycle. This study examined the serum concentrations of sclerostin, dickkopf-1 (DKK1), c-terminal crosslinking telopeptides of type I collagen (CTXI), and procollagen type I amino-terminal propeptide (PINP) at rest and following a single bout of plyometric exercise in 20 premenopausal (23.1 ± 2.3 years) and 20 postmenopausal women (57.9 ± 4.3 years). The exercise consisted of 128 jumps, organized into 5 circuit stations. Blood samples were obtained prior to and 5 min, 1 h, and 24 h postexercise. At rest, postmenopausal women had significantly higher sclerostin and CTXI, but lower DKK1 than premenopausal women. Sclerostin increased 5 min postexercise only in the premenopausal group. DKK1 decreased 24 h postexercise in the premenopausal women while it decreased 1 h postexercise in the postmenopausal women. In both groups, CTXI did not change across time and PINP decreased 5 min and 1 h postexercise (p < 0.05). The PINP/CTXI ratio decreased 5 min and 1 h postexercise then significantly increased 24 h postexercise only in premenopausal women. These results indicate that although plyometric exercise is effective in eliciting osteoanabolic effects in younger women; such an effect is not evident in postmenopausal women.

Efectos de la pliometría en la fuerza explosiva de miembros inferiores en la lucha libre senior / Effects of plyometrics on the explosive strength of lower limbs in senior freestyle wrestling

RESUMEN Introducción: La fuerza explosiva es la capacidad física de generar una mayor fuerza muscular en un menor tiempo sin pérdida de eficacia, lo que es un componente determinante de la preparación deportiva y un indicador indirecto del rendimiento en lucha deportiva. Objetivo: Mejorar la fuerza explosiva en miembros inferiores a través de ejercicios pliométricos en luchadores libres, categoría senior. Métodos: Estudio cuasi-experimental de corte correlativo, para el cual se aplicó un programa pliométrico de tres fases, en miembros inferiores, conformado por una población de 15 luchadores (sexo masculino, sub-21 años), y fue evaluado el estímulo en la capacidad fuerza explosiva. Resultados: Se estableció mejoras significativas en la prueba de salto vertical (SV: p = 0,000), salto horizontal (SH: p = 0,000), carrera en 20 m (C20m: p = 0,000) y el test de salto 8 (S8: p = 0,001), y en todos los casos se favoreció al postest. Se determinó una correlación lineal positiva moderada entre SV y SH (0,50), una correlación negativa moderada entre SH y C20m (-0,58), una correlación negativa muy baja entre SV y C20m (-0,03), una correlación positiva moderada entre SV y S8 (0,61), una correlación positiva muy baja entre SH y S8 (0,16) y una correlación positiva moderada entre C20m y S8 (0,59). Conclusiones: Con la intervención pliométrica se demuestra una mejora significativa en la fuerza explosiva de miembros inferiores, lo que resulta en una alternativa eficaz para mejorar indirectamente el rendimiento deportivo. De las 6 correlaciones lineales realizadas, 4 fueron de índole moderada, esto evidencia que la potenciación pliométrica de un plano muscular específico puede mejorar consecutivamente otros planos musculares relacionados con la rapidez y la fuerza explosiva.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Explosive strength is the physical capacity to generate greater muscular strength in a shorter time without losing effectiveness. This is a crucial component of sports training and an indirect indicator of yield in wrestling. Objective: Improve the explosive strength of the lower limbs through plyometric exercises performed by senior freestyle wrestlers. Methods: A correlational quasi-experimental study was conducted based on a three-stage plyometric program for the lower limbs. The study population was 15 wrestlers (male sex, age under 21 years) who were evaluated for explosive strength capacity. Results: Significant improvement was established in the following tests: vertical jump (VJ: p = 0.000), horizontal jump (HJ: p = 0.000), 20-meter dash (D20m: p = 0.000) and jump 8 (J8: p = 0.001). In all cases the post-test obtained better results. Determination was made of a moderate positive linear correlation between VJ and HJ (0.50), a moderate negative correlation between HJ and C20m (-0.58), a very low negative correlation between VJ and C20m (-0.03), a moderate positive correlation between VJ and J8 (0.61), a very low positive correlation between HJ and J8 (0.16) and a moderate positive correlation between C20m and J8 (0.59). Conclusions: The plyometric intervention was found to significantly improve the explosive strength of lower limbs, thus becoming an effective alternative to indirectly enhance sport yield. Of the six linear correlations performed, four were moderate, which shows that plyometric strengthening of a specific muscular plane may consecutively improve other muscular planes related to speed and explosive strength.

Comparison of tests to evaluate the vertical rebound jump in basketball players / Comparação de testes para avaliação do ressalto vertical em jogadores de basquetebol

ABSTRACT This study aimed to compare the vertical rebound jump performance of basketball players by using Hurdle Jump and Drop Jump tests based on different performance parameters, in addition to investigating whether the height of the hurdles used (barrier and box) are equivalent when the optimal and maximum heights for the tests mentioned are determined. Thirteen players of a male basketball team were included in this study (age 18.77 ±1.78 years old, height 182 ±7.97 m, body mass 76.4 ±9.55 kg, practice time 6.0 ±1.8 years). Data normality and homogeneity were tested by applying Shapiro-Wilk and Levene tests, respectively. The paired t-test was used to compare the means of the results obtained in the tests; the significance level was p ≤ 0.05. The results regarding the comparison of the performance parameters means were the following: the maximum vertical rebound jump and reactive strength index did not show significant differences (p = 0.256 and p = 0.243, respectively); on the other hand, differences were seen for the corresponding obstacle heights. These differences can be attributed to both, individual characteristics of each subject and the specificities of the tests.

RESUMO O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar o desempenho do ressalto vertical de jogadores de basquetebol por meio dos testes Hurdle Jump e Drop Jump a partir de diferentes parâmetros de desempenho e verificar se a altura dos obstáculos utilizados (barreira e caixote) se equivalem quando forem determinadas a altura ótima e a máxima para os testes mencionados. Participaram do estudo 13 jogadores de uma equipe de basquetebol masculina (idade 18,77 ±1,78 anos, estatura 182 ±7,97 centímetros, massa corporal 76,4 ±9,55 quilogramas, tempo de prática 6,0 ±1,8 anos). A normalidade e a homogeneidade dos dados foram testadas por meio dos testes Shapiro-Wilk e Levene, respectivamente. O Test T pareado foi utilizado na comparação das médias dos resultados obtidos nos testes e o nível de significância foi p≤0,05. Os resultados das comparações das médias dos parâmetros de desempenho: ressalto vertical máximo e índice de força reativa, não apresentaram diferenças significativas (p=0,256 e p=0,243, respectivamente), em contrapartida, foram identificadas diferenças nas alturas dos obstáculos correspondentes. Essas diferenças podem ser atribuídas às características da individualidade de cada sujeito e às especificidades dos testes.

The effect of plyometric training on vertical jump performance in young basketball athletes / O efeito do treinamento pliométrico no desempenho do salto vertical em atletas jovens de basquete

ABSTRACT This study investigated the effect of plyometric training (PT) on vertical jump in young basketball athletes. A total of 39 athletes were divided into two experimental groups (male - MEG and female - FEG) and two control groups (male - MCG and female - FCG). The My Jump app quantified jump height from flight time. Data analysis relied on repeated measures ANOVA, Cohen's effect size (ES) and magnitude-based inference, with a level of significance of p≤ 0.05. Results showed that the MEG and the MCG obtained significant improvements in the countermovement jump (CMJ) and in the squat jump (SJ). The FEG and the FCG presented significant differences in the SJ, with interaction effect; as for the CMJ, only the FEG showed improvements with interaction effect. Concerning ES, the MEG showed greater effects in the CMJ and in the SJ compared to the MCG; within the FEG, the ES was greater only for the CMJ in comparison with the FCG. Qualitative responses showed that PT is likely beneficial for the MEG, whereas for the FEG it is likely beneficial in the SJ, and very likely beneficial in the CMJ. It is concluded that PT brought about positive effects on the MEG and on the FEG, both in the CMJ and in the SJ. In the control groups, both obtained significant improvements in the SJ, but only the MCG showed an improvement in the CMJ. Furthermore, results were better in the MEG and in the FEG compared to the MGC and to the FCG. Thus, PT is suitable for vertical jump enhancement in young basketball athletes.

RESUMO Este estudo investigou o efeito do treinamento pliométrico (TP) no salto vertical em atletas jovens de basquete. Participaram 39 atletas, divididos em dois grupos experimentais (masculino - GEM e feminino - GEF) e dois grupos controle (masculino - GCM e feminino - GCF). O aplicativo My Jump quantificou a altura do salto a partir do tempo de voo. Para análise dos dados utilizou-se anova de medidas repetidas, tamanho de efeito de Cohen (TE) e a inferência baseada na magnitude, com nível de significância (p≤ 0,05). Os resultados indicam que o GEM e GCM apresentaram melhoras significativas no countermovement jump (CMJ) e squart jump (SJ). O GEF e GCF apresentaram diferenças significativas no SJ com efeito de interação, no CMJ apenas o GEF apresentou melhoras com efeito de interação. No TE, o GEM apresentou maiores efeitos no CMJ e SJ quando comparado ao GCM, no GEF, o TE foi maior somente no CMJ em relação ao GCF. As respostas qualitativas mostraram que o TP é provavelmente benéfico no GEM, já no GEF, mostrou que é provavelmente benéfico no SJ e muito provavelmente benéfico no CMJ. Conclui-se que o TP promoveu efeitos positivos no GEM e GEF, tanto no CMJ quanto no SJ. Nos grupos controles, ambos obtiveram melhorias significativas no SJ, porém no CMJ, somente o GCM apresentou aumento. Ademais, os resultados foram maiores no GEM e GEF em comparação com o GCM e GCF. Assim, o TP é indicado para potencializar o salto vertical em atletas jovens de basquete.

Post-activation potentiation effect of eccentric overload and traditional weightlifting exercise on jumping and sprinting performance in male athletes.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the post-activation potentiation (PAP) effects following eccentric overload (EOL) and traditional weightlifting (TW) exercise on standing long jump (SLJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), and 5 m sprint acceleration performance. Ten male athletes were involved in a randomized, crossover study. The subjects performed 3 sets of 6 repetitions of EOL or TW half squat exercise followed by SLJ, CMJ, and 5 m sprint tests at 1 min, 3 min and 7 min, in separate sessions using a randomized order. Bayes factor (BF10) was reported to show the strength of the evidence. Differences were found using EOL for SLJ distance at 3 min (BF10 = 7.24, +8%), and 7 min (BF10 = 19.5, +7%), for CMJ at 3 min (BF10 = 3.25, +9%), and 7 min (BF10 = 4.12, +10.5%). Differences were found using TW exercise for SLJ at 3 min (BF10 = 3.88, +9%), and 7 min (BF10 = 12.4, +9%), CMJ at 3 min (BF10 = 7.42, +9.5%), and 7 min (BF10 = 12.4, +12%). No meaningful differences were found between EOL and TW exercises for SLJ (BF10 = 0.33), CMJ (BF10 = 0.27), and 5 m sprint (BF10 = 0.22). In conclusion, EOL and TW exercises acutely increase SLJ and CMJ, but not 5 m sprint performance. The PAP time window was found between 3 min and 7 min using both protocols. This study did not find differences between EOL and TW exercises, and so both methodologies can be used to stimulate a PAP response.

Efeito do treinamento pliométrico e isométrico na força explosiva de atletas de handebol / Effect of plyometric and isometric training on the explosive force of handball athletes / Efecto del entrenamiento pliométrico e isométrico en la fuerza explosiva de los atletas de balonmano

A pliometria utiliza a capacidade reativa do sistema neuromuscular para aumentar a potência do movimento partindo de uma contração excêntrica para uma concêntrica. A isometria referese a uma modalidade estática de treinamento, ou seja, não há alteração no comprimento da fibra muscular. O handebol é uma modalidade esportiva coletiva que envolve uma grande quantidade e variedade de movimentação associada à manipulação de bola e interação com outros atletas. Em termos de movimentação, o handebol pode ser considerado um esporte completo, pois utiliza uma rica combinação das habilidades motoras fundamentais e "naturais" do repertório motor do ser humano. O objetivo da pesquisa é analisar a influência de 4 semanas de treinamento pliométrico e isométrico na força explosiva de jovens atletas de handebol. A amostra contou com 10 mulheres, com média de idade de 16,1 ± 0,56 anos, praticantes de handebol há pelo menos três meses. O protocolo de avaliação utilizado foi: salto horizontal (SH) para mensurar força explosiva de membro inferior. As meninas foram divididas em dois grupos estatisticamente iguais, o grupo pliométrico (GP) e o isométrico (GI). Os dados foram analisados através de testet pareado e Effect Size (magnitude de efeito), além do manual Proesp. Inicialmente os testes apresentaram os seguintes resultados: o GP mostrou 1,32 ± 0,13m no SH e o GI 1,41 ± 0,10m. Após quatro semanas de treinamento foram refeitos os testes e o GP evidenciou 1,37 ± 0,08m no SH e o GI 1,43 ± 0,09m. Estatisticamente as mudanças não se apresentaram significativas, a magnitude do efeito os resultados de força explosiva de membros inferiores mostraramse superficiais. Concluise então que apesar de estatisticamente insignificantes, ambos os métodos apresentam pequena evolução na força explosiva de membros inferiores, e cabe analisar maior tempo dos métodos nesses ganhos e também analisar uma proposta concomitante entre ambos os métodos

Plyometrics uses the reactive capacity of the neuromuscular system to increase the power of movement from an eccentric to a concentric contraction. Isometry refers to a static mode of training, ie there is no change in muscle fiber length. Handball is a collective sport that involves a large amount and variety of movement associated with ball manipulation and interaction with other athletes. In terms of movement, handball can be considered a complete sport because it uses a rich combination of fundamental and "natural" motor skills of the human motor repertoire. The aim of this research is to analyze the influence of a 4 week plyometric and isometric training on the explosive strength of young handball athletes. The sample consisted of 10 women, with an average age of 16.1 ± 0.56 years, who had been practicing handball for at least three months. The evaluation protocol used was: horizontal jump (HS) to measure lower limb explosive strength. The girls were divided into two statistically equal groups, the plyometric group (GP) and the isometric group (GI). Data were analyzed using paired ttest and Effect Size, as well as the Proesp manual. Initially the tests presented the following results: GP showed 1.32 ± 0.13m in HS and GI 1.41 ± 0.10m. After four weeks of training, the tests were redone and the GP showed 1.37 ± 0.08m in HS and the GI 1.43 ± 0.09m. Statistically the changes were not significant, the magnitude of the effect and the lower explosive strength results were superficial. It is concluded that, although statistically insignificant, both methods present little evolution in the explosive force of lower limbs, and it is necessary to further analyze the methods in these gains and also to analyze the concurrent proposal between both methods.

La pliometría utiliza la capacidad reactiva del sistema neuromuscular para aumentar el poder de movimiento de una contracción excéntrica a una concéntrica. La isometría se refiere a un modo estático de entrenamiento, es decir, no hay cambios en la longitud de la fibra muscular. El balonmano es un deporte colectivo que involucra una gran cantidad y variedad de movimientos asociados con la manipulación del balón y la interacción con otros atletas. En términos de movimiento, el balonmano puede considerarse un deporte completo porque utiliza una rica combinación de las habilidades motoras fundamentales y "naturales" del repertorio motor humano. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar la influencia de 4 semanas de entrenamiento pliométrico e isométrico en la fuerza explosiva de los jóvenes atletas de balonmano. La muestra consistió en 10 mujeres, con una edad promedio de 16.1 ± 0.56 años, que habían practicado balonmano durante al menos tres meses. El protocolo de evaluación utilizado fue: salto horizontal (HS) para medir la fuerza explosiva de la extremidad inferior. Las niñas se dividieron en dos grupos estadísticamente iguales, el grupo pliométrico (GP) y el grupo isométrico (GI). Los datos se analizaron usando la prueba t pareada y el Tamaño del efecto, así como el manual Proesp. Inicialmente, las pruebas presentaron los siguientes resultados: GP mostró 1.32 ± 0.13m en HS y GI 1.41 ± 0.10m. Después de cuatro semanas de entrenamiento, las pruebas se rehicieron y el GP mostró 1.37 ± 0.08m en HS y el GI 1.43 ± 0.09m. Estadísticamente, los cambios no fueron significativos, la magnitud del efecto y los resultados de menor fuerza explosiva fueron superficiales. Se concluye que, aunque estadísticamente insignificante, ambos métodos presentan poca evolución en la fuerza explosiva de las extremidades inferiores, y es necesario analizar un mayor tiempo de los métodos en estas ganancias y también analizar una propuesta concurrente entre ambos métodos.

Efecto del entrenamiento pliométrico en la fuerza explosiva en deportes colectivos: un metaanálisis / Effect of plyometric training on explosive strength in team sports: a meta-analysis / Efeito do treinamento pliométrico na força explosiva de esportes coletivos: uma meta-análise

Resumen Alfaro-Jiménez, D.; Salicetti-Fonseca, A. y Jiménez-Díaz, J. (2018). Efecto del entrenamiento pliométrico en la fuerza explosiva de deportes colectivos: Un metaanálisis. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 16(1), 1-35. El entrenamiento pliométrico (EPLI) es una herramienta utilizada para mejorar las acciones explosivas en muchos deportes; no obstante, este tipo de entrenamiento no genera el mismo efecto en todos los deportes. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto del entrenamiento pliométrico sobre la fuerza explosiva (FE) en los deportes colectivos. En el análisis final, se incluyeron 31 estudios que generaron 50 Tamaños de Efecto (TE). Bajo un modelo de efectos aleatorios, se encontró que el EPLI es efectivo para mejorar la FE (TE=0.98; p=0.00; CI95%=0.77 a 1.20; n=50; Q=174.51; I²=71.95) en deportes de conjunto. Los resultados orientan que para mejorar la FE en este tipo de deportes se debe utilizar el entrenamiento pliométrico sin combinarlo con otro tipo de ejercicios durante al menos diez semanas. Además, este tipo de entrenamiento produce mejorías en la altura de salto, tanto en el periodo preparatorio como en el competitivo, independientemente del tipo de protocolo que se utilice. Se propone realizar estudios confirmatorios con los resultados de este metaanálisis en los que se incluyan otros deportes y se estudie más el tema en mujeres, así como la combinación del EPLI con otro tipo de ejercicios o entrenamientos.

Abstract Alfaro-Jiménez, D.; Salicetti-Fonseca, A. & Jiménez-Díaz, J. (2018). Effect of plyometric training on explosive strength in team sports: A meta-analysis. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 16(1), 1-35. Plyometric training (EPLI) is used to improve explosive actions in many sports; however, this training does not generate the same effect in all sports. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of plyometric training on explosive strength (FE) in team sports. In the final analysis, 31 studies were included generating 50 Effect Sizes (ES). Under a random effects model, the EPLI was found to be effective in improving FE (ES=0.98, p=0.00, CI95%=0.77 to 1.20, n=50, Q=174.51, I²=71.95) in team sports. Results indicate that, in order to improve FE in this type of sports, plyometric training should be used without combining it with other types of exercises for at least ten weeks. In addition, this training improves jump height in both the preparatory as well as the competitive periods, regardless of the type of protocol used. The results of this meta-analysis should be used in confirmatory studies including other sports. In addition, this topic should be further studied in women, as well as the combination between EPLI with other types of excercises and trainings.

Resumo Alfaro-Jiménez, D.; Salicetti-Fonseca, A. & Jiménez-Díaz, J. (2018). Efeito do treinamento pliométrico na força explosiva de esportes coletivos: Uma meta-análise. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 16(1), 1-35. O treinamento pliométrico (EPLI) é uma ferramenta utilizada para melhorar as ações explosivas em muitos esportes; não obstante, este tipo de treinamento não gera o mesmo efeito em todos os esportes. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito do treinamento pliométrico sobre a força explosiva (FE) nos esportes coletivos. Na análise final, foram incluídos 31 estudos que geraram 50 Tamanhos de Efeito (TE). Sob um modelo de efeitos aleatórios, encontrou-se que o EPLI é efetivo para melhorar a FE (TE=0.98; p=0.00; CI95%=0.77 a 1.20; n=50; Q=174.51; I²=71.95) em esportes coletivos. Os resultados orientam que, para melhorar a FE neste tipo de esportes, é preciso utilizar o treinamento pliométrico sem combiná-lo com outro tipo de exercício durante ao menos dez semanas. Além disso, este tipo de treinamento produz melhorias na altura de salto, tanto no período preparatório quanto no competitivo, independentemente do tipo de protocolo utilizado. Propõe-se realizar estudos confirmatórios com os resultados desta meta-análise nos estudos em que são incluídos outros esportes e mais o tema em mulheres, assim como a combinação do EPLI com outro tipo de exercício ou treinamento.