A cost-effectiveness analysis of an integrated clinical-radiogenomic screening program for the identification of BRCA 1/2 carriers (e-PROBE study).

Current approach to identify BRCA 1/2 carriers in the general population is ineffective as most of the carriers remain undiagnosed. Radiomics is an emerging tool for large scale quantitative analysis of features from standard diagnostic imaging and has been applied also to identify gene mutational status. The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical and economic impact of integrating a radiogenomics model with clinical and family history data in identifying BRCA mutation carriers in the general population. This cost-effective analysis compares three different approaches to women selection for BRCA testing: established clinical criteria/family history (model 1); established clinical criteria/family history and the currently available radiogenomic model (49% sensitivity and 87% specificity) based on ultrasound images (model 2); same approach used in model 2 but simulating an improvement of the performances of the radiogenomic model (80% sensitivity and 95% specificity) (model 3). All models were trained with literature data. Direct costs were calculated according to the rates currently used in Italy. The analysis was performed simulating different scenarios on the generation of 18-year-old girls in Italy (274,000 people). The main outcome was to identify the most effective model comparing the number of years of BRCA-cancer healthy life expectancy (HLYs). An incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was also derived to determine the cost in order to increase BRCA carriers-healthy life span by 1 year. Compared to model 1, model 2 increases the detection rate of BRCA carriers by 41.8%, reduces the rate of BRCA-related cancers by 23.7%, generating over a 62-year observation period a cost increase by 2.51 €/Year/Person. Moreover, model 3 further increases BRCA carriers detection (+ 68.3%) and decrease in BRCA-related cancers (- 38.4%) is observed compared to model 1. Model 3 increases costs by 0.7 €/Year/Person. After one generation, the estimated ICER in the general population amounts to about 3800€ and 653€ in model 2 and model 3 respectively. Model 2 has a massive effect after only one generation in detecting carriers in the general population with only a small cost increment. The clinical impact is limited mainly due to the current low acceptance rate of risk-reducing surgeries. Further multicentric studies are required before implementing the integrated clinical-radiogenomic model in clinical practice.

The relationship between results of coronary angiography, Mediterranean-type lifestyle, type D personality, and healthy life expectancy.

AIM: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between coronary angiography results and Mediterranean-type lifestyle and type D personality. METHODS: Mediterranean-type lifestyle index and type D personality scale were administered to 230 participants. RESULTS: In univariate analysis according to coronary angiography results, a statistically significant effect was determined between the decision for treatment with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and diabetes mellitus, and total and subscale points of Mediterranean lifestyle index, and between the decision for treatment with bypass and body mass index, Mediterranean diet, physical activity, and total points. In multivariate analysis, there was determined to be an effect between the PCI and systolic pressure, and between bypass and body mass index and subscale of physical activity. When disease-free life expectancy was examined, there was seen to be a negative effect of smoking and low Mediterranean diet points for participants with PCI, and of smoking, presence of hypertension, family history, and high type D personal characteristics score for those with bypass decision. CONCLUSION: The evidence-based recommendations for a Mediterranean-type lifestyle stated in cardiovascular disease (CVD) preventative guidelines may have a positive effect on the prevention of CVD, disability-free life, and mortality.

OBJETIVO: Este estudio se llevó a cabo para determinar la relación entre los resultados la angiografía coronaria y el estilo vida mediterráneo y los rasgos personalidad tipo D. MÉTODO: El índice de estilo de vida de tipo mediterráneo y la escala de personalidad de tipo D se administraron a 230 participantes. RESULTADOS: Según el resultado angiografía coronaria, subdimensiones intervención coronaria percutánea y diabetes y estilo de vida mediterráneo y puntajes totales en análisis univariante, circunvalación, cuanto a índice masa corporal, dieta estilo mediterráneo, actividad física y puntuación total; en análisis multivariado, se encontró que la intervención coronaria percutánea se asoció con la presión arterial sistólica, circunvalación con el índice masa corporal y subdimensión actividad física. Mirando la esperanza vida libre enfermedades, el tabaquismo y la baja puntuación la dieta tipo mediterránea del participante para el que se tomó la intervención coronaria percutánea, el índice masa corporal bajo, tabaquismo, hipertensión, los antecedentes familiares y los rasgos de personalidad tipo D altos del participante con la circunvalación afectan negativamente la esperanza de vida libre enfermedades. CONCLUSIÓN: Como se indica en las pautas de prevención enfermedades cardiovasculares, el estilo vida mediterráneo puede tener efectos positivos en la prevención enfermedades cardiovasculares, discapacidad y mortalidad.

Estimation of disability free life expectancy in non small cell lung cancer based on real world data.

To quantify the societal impact of disability in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), this study estimated the disability-free life expectancy (DFLE), loss-of-DFLE and explored their associations with quality-adjusted life expectancy (QALE) and loss-of-QALE. We interlinked national databases and applied a rolling-over algorithm to estimate the lifetime survival function for patients with NSCLC. Using the EuroQOL-5 Dimension (EQ-5D) and Barthel index (BI), we repeatedly measured the quality-of-life and disability functions of NSCLC patients who visited our hospital from 2011 to 2020. Age-, sex-matched referents were simulated from lifetables of the same calendar year of diagnosis. We categorized BI scores ≤ 70 as in need of long-term care and constructed linear mixed models to estimate the utility values and disability scores. We collected 960 cases and 3088 measurements. The proportions of measurements without disability at age 50-64 and in stage I-IIIa, 50-64 and stage IIIb-IV, 65-89 and stage I-IIIa and 65-89 and stage IIIb-IV were 97.3%, 89.3%, 94.8%,78.3%, corresponding to DFLEs of 15.3, 2.4, 6.8, 1.2 years and losses-of-DFLE of 8.1, 20.7, 4.0, 8.6 years, respectively, indicating that advanced stage had a stronger effect than old age. Survivors in advanced stages showed increased demands for assistance in almost all subitems. The DFLEs seemed to be approximate to the QALEs and the latter were shorter than the former due to discomfort and depression. From a societal perspective, future health technology assessment should consider the impact of lifetime duration of functional disability. Early diagnosis of NSCLC may decrease the burden of long-term care.

[Research progress on main disease-related factors of healthy life expectancy].

International research on healthy life expectancy (HALE) focuses on inequality of socioeconomic status and individual natural attributes. With the acceleration of population ageing and the increase in average life expectancy, the extension of unhealthy life expectancy and the increase of social and economic burden caused by diseases have gradually attracted the attention of countries around the world. Therefore, the evaluation of disease factors affecting HALE is a meaningful direction in the future. This study introduces the development process and commonly used measurement methods of HALE. According to the definition of health from the Global Burden of Disease Study and World Health Organization, physical and mental diseases such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, chronic respiratory diseases, diabetes, malignant tumors and depression were selected to summarize the impact of these diseases and pre-disease states on HALE. It is expected to provide a theoretical basis for the formulation of relevant public health policies and the improvement of quality of life in China.

A Gender Differentiated Analysis of Healthy Life Expectancy in South Asia: The Role of Greenhouse Gas Emission.

The sluggish progress concerning SDG-9 and SDG 13 has made South Asia an epicentre of household and ambient greenhouse gases emissions. Furthermore, the regional progress concerning attainment of SDG-3 is considerably low. The major research objectives are twofold. First, to explore the impact of GHGs emissions from agriculture, transportation, and manufacturing sector on disaggregated life expectancy. Second, to examine the mitigating impact of renewable energy use, trade integration, and human capital development for practice policy recommendations. These research objectives are realized by employing recently advanced cross-sectional auto regressive distributed lag (CS-ARDL) model on panel data of five South Asian countries such as Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Sri Lanka from 1990 to 2019. The estimation outcome reveals that the emissions from transportation, manufacturing, and agricultural sectors significantly deteriorate healthy life expectancy of male and female healthy life expectancy in South Asia with different intensity. Especially, we find that long-run impact of GHG is more profound on male healthy life expectancy than female life expectancy. The result further shows that renewable energy and human capital substantially improve healthy life expectancy, whereas the effects of trade integration are insignificant. The finding of moderating variables shows that renewable energy, human capital development, and trade integration have high potential to reduce GHGs emissions. The findings of this study urge South Asia for investments in human capital development and renewable energy along with fostering regional integration to decrease GHG and improve healthy life expectancy.

Apropriação dos espaços urbanos na infância e na velhice em Brasília (DF) / Occupation of urban spaces in childhood and old age in Brasilia, Brazil / Apropiación de espacios urbanos en la infancia y en la vejez en Brasília, Brasil

Os estudos sobre as relações mútuas entre as pessoas e o ambiente buscam subsidiar melhorias no contexto urbano a partir de métodos e técnicas pautados na compreensão do uso de espaços públicos e privados. A crescente demanda pela promoção de ambientes amigáveis para idosos e crianças nos cenários urbanos direcionou esta pesquisa e elencou dois componentes: o panorama relativo à população local e o arcabouço teórico da psicologia ambiental. Para tanto, buscou-se identificar as principais atividades realizadas por crianças e idosos em seus respectivos locais de moradia. Foram avaliados os principais usos e atividades desses dois grupos, em duas vizinhanças, diferenciando-os de acordo com suas especificidades em termos de demandas individuais e ambientais. As observações sistemáticas a partir da técnica de mapeamento comportamental centrado no lugar (MCCL) ocorreram na cidade de Brasília, Distrito Federal (DF) e permitiram compreender o processo de apropriação dos espaços na infância e na velhice e suas repercussões em termos da congruência pessoa-ambiente. Cada um destes setores organizados a partir de elementos específicos direciona as ações dos participantes para determinados tipos de comportamentos, observados de maneira a compor um roteiro em que a brincadeira (lazer ativo) surge como central na infância e a caminhada (circulação) como mais potente para a população idosa. Os resultados demonstram que o diálogo entre a psicologia ambiental e a ciência do desenvolvimento humano tem sido bastante profícuo e tem contribuído para a compreensão de aspectos da relação pessoa-ambiente em diferentes momentos do ciclo de vida.(AU)

Studies on the mutual relations between people and the environment seek to support improvements in the urban context from methods and techniques based on understanding the use of public and private spaces. The growing demand for the promotion of friendly urban environments for older people and children guided this research, with two notable components: the panorama related to the local population and the theoretical framework of Environmental Psychology. Therefore, we sought to identify the main activities carried out by children and older people in their respective dwellings. The main uses and activities of these two groups were evaluated in two neighborhoods, differentiating them according to their specificities in terms of individual and environmental demands. Systematic observations using the place-centered behavioral mapping technique took place in the city of Brasília, Federal District, and allowed us to understand the process of appropriation of spaces in childhood and old age and its repercussions in terms of person-environment congruence. Each of these sectors, organized from specific elements, directs the participants' actions towards certain types of behavior, observed in order to compose a script in which playing (active leisure) emerges as central in childhood and walking (circulation) as more potent for the older people. The results demonstrated that the dialogue between environmental psychology and the science of human development has been very fruitful and has contributed to the understanding of aspects of the person-environment relationship at different times in the life cycle.(AU)

Los estudios sobre las relaciones mutuas entre las personas y el medio ambiente buscan aportar mejoras en el contexto urbano mediante métodos y técnicas basados en la comprensión del uso de los espacios públicos y privados. La creciente demanda de la promoción de ambientes amigables para las personas mayores y los niños en entornos urbanos guio esta investigación y enumeró dos componentes: el panorama relacionado con la población local y el marco teórico de la Psicología Ambiental. En este contexto, buscamos identificar las principales actividades que realizan los niños y las personas mayores en sus respectivas viviendas. Se evaluaron los principales usos y actividades de estos dos grupos en dos barrios, diferenciándolos según sus especificidades en cuanto a las demandas individuales y ambientales. Las observaciones sistemáticas utilizando la técnica de mapeo conductual centrado en el lugar (MCCL) ocurrieron en la ciudad de Brasília, Distrito Federal (Brasil) y nos permitieron comprender el proceso de apropiación de espacios en la infancia y la vejez y sus repercusiones en la congruencia persona-ambiente. Cada uno de estos sectores, organizados a partir de elementos específicos, orienta las acciones de los participantes hacia determinados comportamientos, observados para componer un guion en el que el juego (ocio activo) emerge como central en la infancia y el caminar (circulación) como el más potente para las personas mayores. Los resultados demuestran que el diálogo entre la Psicología Ambiental y la ciencia del desarrollo humano ha sido muy fructífero y ha contribuido a la comprensión de aspectos de la relación persona-entorno en diferentes momentos del ciclo de vida.(AU)

A compreensão das expectativas dos pacientes candidatos ao transplante hepático / Understanding the expectations of patients who are candidates for liver transplantation / Comprender las expectativas de los pacientes candidatos a un trasplante de hígado

As doenças hepáticas crônicas trazem alterações metabólicas no organismo que alteram a qualidade de vida do indivíduo. A depender da gravidade clínica, o transplante hepático surge como uma proposta terapêutica que necessita de inclusão no Sistema Nacional de Transplantes e avaliação multiprofissional. O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar as expectativas que os pacientes candidatos ao transplante hepático expressam sobre esta terapêutica. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, de abordagem qualitativa, que utilizou o método da pesquisa documental nos Formulários de Avaliação Psicológica Pré Transplante do serviço de psicologia de um hospital universitário em Fortaleza, Ceará. Foram analisados 202 Formulários pelo método de análise de conteúdo de Bardin que se dividiram em três categorias: 1. Diminuição dos sintomas a recuperação à saúde; 2. Esperança frente ao desconhecido; 3. Reconstrução da identidade. A pesquisa permitiu identificar as principais expectativas dos pacientes relacionados ao transplante hepático, delineando os aspectos que são sustentadores para que os sujeitos deem continuidade ao tratamento, a saber: rede social de apoio, possibilidade de melhora clínica e aumento da sobrevida, sentimentos de esperança e desejo de qualidade de vida. O desejo de cura está relacionado à recuperação da cirurgia e não apenas ao desaparecimento da doença hepática. (AU)

Chronic liver diseases bring metabolic changes in the body that affect the individual's quality of life. Depending on the clinical severity, liver transplantation emerges as a therapeutic proposal that requires inclusion in the National Transplant System and multidisciplinary evaluation. The aim of this study was to identify the expectations that patients who are candidates for liver transplantation express about this therapy. This is a descriptive, qualitative study that used the documentary research method in the Pre-Transplant Psychological Assessment Forms of the psychology service at a university hospital in the city of Fortaleza, Ceará. 202 Forms were analyzed using Bardin's content analysis method, which were divided into three categories: 1. Reduction of symptoms and recovery to health; 2. Hope in the face of the unknown; 3. Reconstruction of identity. The research identified the main expectations of patients related to liver transplantation, outlining the aspects that support subjects in continuing treatment, namely: social support network, the possibility of clinical improvement and increased survival, feelings of hope, and desire for quality of life. The desire for a cure is related to recovery from surgery and not just to the disappearance of liver disease. (AU)

Las enfermidades hepáticas crónicas traen alteraciones metabólicas en el organismo que alteran la calidad de vida. Dependiendo de la gravidad, el trasplante de hígado surge como una propuesta terapéutica que necesita de inclusión en el Sistema Nacional de Trasplante. El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar las expectativas que los pacientes candidatos al trasplante expresan sobre esta terapia. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, que se utilizó del método de la búsqueda documental en los Formulários de Evaluación Psicológica Pré Trasplante de un Servicio de Psicología de un Hospital Universitário de la ciudad de Fortaleza (Ceará). Se analizaron 202 Formulários por el método de análisis de contenidos de Bardin que se dividieron en tres categorias: Dismi-nución de los síntomas y la recuperación de la salud; Esperanza frente a lo desconocido; Reconstrucción de la identidad. La búsqueda permitió identificar las expectativas de los pacientes relacionados al trasplante de hígado. Desta-cando los aspectos que son fundamentales para que los sujetos continúen al tratamiento, tenemos: rede social de apoyo, posibilidad de mejora clínica y aumento de supervivencia, sentimientos de esperanza y deseo de calidad de vida. El deseo de cura está relacionado a la recuperación de la cirurgia y desaparición de la enfermedad hepática. (AU)

The Impact of Education and Lifestyle Factors on Disability-Free Life Expectancy From Mid-Life to Older Age: A Multi-Cohort Study.

Objectives: Low education and unhealthy lifestyle factors such as obesity, smoking, and no exercise are modifiable risk factors for disability and premature mortality. We aimed to estimate the individual and joint impact of these factors on disability-free life expectancy (DFLE) and total life expectancy (TLE). Methods: Data (n = 22,304) were from two birth cohorts (1921-26 and 1946-51) of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health and linked National Death Index between 1996 and 2016. Discrete-time multi-state Markov models were used to assess the impact on DFLE and TLE. Results: Compared to the most favourable combination of education and lifestyle factors, the least favourable combination (low education, obesity, current/past smoker, and no exercise) was associated with a loss of 5.0 years TLE, 95% confidence interval (95%CI): 3.2-6.8 and 6.4 years DFLE (95%CI: 4.8-7.8) at age 70 in the 1921-26 cohort. Corresponding losses in the 1946-51 cohort almost doubled (TLE: 11.0 years and DFLE: 13.0 years). Conclusion: Individual or co-ocurrance of lifestyle risk factors were associated with a significant loss of DFLE, with a greater loss in low-educated women and those in the 1946-51 cohort.

Changes in life expectancy and disease burden in Norway, 1990-2019: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.

BACKGROUND: Geographical differences in health outcomes are reported in many countries. Norway has led an active policy aiming for regional balance since the 1970s. Using data from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2019, we examined regional differences in development and current state of health across Norwegian counties. METHODS: Data for life expectancy, healthy life expectancy (HALE), years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in Norway and its 11 counties from 1990 to 2019 were extracted from GBD 2019. County-specific contributors to changes in life expectancy were compared. Inequality in disease burden was examined by use of the Gini coefficient. FINDINGS: Life expectancy and HALE improved in all Norwegian counties from 1990 to 2019. Improvements in life expectancy and HALE were greatest in the two counties with the lowest values in 1990: Oslo, in which life expectancy and HALE increased from 71·9 years (95% uncertainty interval 71·4-72·4) and 63·0 years (60·5-65·4) in 1990 to 81·3 years (80·0-82·7) and 70·6 years (67·4-73·6) in 2019, respectively; and Troms og Finnmark, in which life expectancy and HALE increased from 71·9 years (71·5-72·4) and 63·5 years (60·9-65·6) in 1990 to 80·3 years (79·4-81·2) and 70·0 years (66·8-72·2) in 2019, respectively. Increased life expectancy was mainly due to reductions in cardiovascular disease, neoplasms, and respiratory infections. No significant differences between the national YLD or DALY rates and the corresponding age-standardised rates were reported in any of the counties in 2019; however, Troms og Finnmark had a higher age-standardised YLL rate than the national rate (8394 per 100 000 [95% UI 7801-8944] vs 7536 per 100 000 [7391-7691]). Low inequality between counties was shown for life expectancy, HALE, all level-1 causes of DALYs, and exposure to level-1 risk factors. INTERPRETATION: Over the past 30 years, Norway has reduced inequality in disease burden between counties. However, inequalities still exist at a within-county level and along other sociodemographic gradients. Because of insufficient Norwegian primary data, there remains substantial uncertainty associated with regional estimates for non-fatal disease burden and exposure to risk factors. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Research Council of Norway, and Norwegian Institute of Public Health.

Prediction of disability-free survival in healthy older people.

Prolonging survival in good health is a fundamental societal goal. However, the leading determinants of disability-free survival in healthy older people have not been well established. Data from ASPREE, a bi-national placebo-controlled trial of aspirin with 4.7 years median follow-up, was analysed. At enrolment, participants were healthy and without prior cardiovascular events, dementia or persistent physical disability. Disability-free survival outcome was defined as absence of dementia, persistent disability or death. Selection of potential predictors from amongst 25 biomedical, psychosocial and lifestyle variables including recognized geriatric risk factors, utilizing a machine-learning approach. Separate models were developed for men and women. The selected predictors were evaluated in a multivariable Cox proportional hazards model and validated internally by bootstrapping. We included 19,114 Australian and US participants aged ≥65 years (median 74 years, IQR 71.6-77.7). Common predictors of a worse prognosis in both sexes included higher age, lower Modified Mini-Mental State Examination score, lower gait speed, lower grip strength and abnormal (low or elevated) body mass index. Additional risk factors for men included current smoking, and abnormal eGFR. In women, diabetes and depression were additional predictors. The biased-corrected areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves for the final prognostic models at 5 years were 0.72 for men and 0.75 for women. Final models showed good calibration between the observed and predicted risks. We developed a prediction model in which age, cognitive function and gait speed were the strongest predictors of disability-free survival in healthy older people.Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01038583).

Trends in Disability-Free Life Expectancy (DFLE) from 1995 to 2017 in the older Norwegian population by sex and education: The HUNT Study.

AIM: Understanding whether increasing Life Expectancy (LE) translates to improved health and function among older adults is essential, but results are inconclusive. We aimed to estimate trends in Disability-Free Life Expectancy (DFLE) in the older Norwegian population by sex and education from 1995 to 2017. METHOD: National life table data were combined with cross-sectional data on functional ability for 70+ year-olds from the population-based Trøndelag Health Surveys 2-4 (1995-1997, 2006-2008 and 2017-2019) (n=24,733). Self-reported functional ability was assessed on a graded scale by a combination of Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) such as paying bills, going out or shopping (mild disability) and Personal Activities of Daily Living (PADL) such as washing, dressing or eating (severe disability). LE, DFLE, Mild-Disability LE and Severe-Disability LE at age 70 were estimated by the Sullivan method. RESULTS: From 1995 to 2017 DFLE at age 70 increased from 8.4 to 13.0 years in women, and from 8.0 to 12.1 years in men. DFLE increased in the basic and high educational groups, but more so in the high educational group among men. Educational inequalities in years spent with disability however, remained low. CONCLUSIONS: From the mid-1990s and over the past three decades both LE and DFLE at 70 years increased in the older Norwegian population, for both men and women, and across basic and high educational levels. Educational inequalities in DFLE increased, especially in men, but years spent with disability were similar across the three decades.

Association Between Social Participation and Disability-free Life Expectancy in Japanese Older People: The Ohsaki Cohort 2006 Study.

BACKGROUND: Although social participation has been reported to be associated with significantly lower risks of mortality and disability, to our knowledge, no study has estimated its impact on disability-free life expectancy (DFLE). Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association between social participation and DFLE in community-dwelling older people. METHODS: We analyzed 11-year follow-up data from a cohort study of 11,982 Japanese older adults (age ≥65 years) in 2006. We collected information on the number of social participations using a questionnaire. Using this information, we categorized the participants into four groups. DFLE was defined as the average number of years a person could expect to live without disability. The multistate life table method using a Markov model was employed for calculating DFLE. RESULTS: The results revealed that DFLE according to the number of social participations was 17.8 years (95% confidence interval [CI], 17.3-18.2) for no activities, 20.9 (95% CI, 20.4-21.5) for one activity, 21.5 (95% CI, 20.9-22.0) for two activities, and 22.7 (95% CI, 22.1-23.2) for three activities in men, and 21.8 (95% CI, 21.5-22.2), 25.1 (95% CI, 24.6-25.6), 25.3 (95% CI, 24.7-25.9), and 26.7 years (95% CI, 26.1-27.4), respectively, in women. This difference in DFLE did not change after the participants were stratified for smoking, body mass index, physical activity, and depression. CONCLUSION: Social participation is associated with longer DFLE among Japanese older people; therefore, encouraging social participation at the population level could increase life-years lived in good health.

Changes in Life Expectancy and Disability-Free Life Expectancy in Successive Birth Cohorts of Older Cancer Survivors: A Longitudinal Modeling Analysis of the US Health and Retirement Study.

The population of older cancer survivors in the United States is rapidly growing. However, little is currently known about how the health of older cancer survivors has changed over time and across successive birth cohorts. Using data from the US Health and Retirement Study, we parameterized a demographic microsimulation model to compare partial cohort life expectancy (LE) and disability-free LE for US men and women without cancer and with prevalent and incident cancer diagnoses for 4 successive 10-year birth cohorts, born 1918-1927 to 1948-1957. Disability was defined as being disabled in ≥1 activity of daily living. These cohorts had midpoint ages of 55-64, 65-74, and 75-84 years during the periods 1998-2008 (the "early" period) and 2008-2018 (the "later" period). Across all cohorts and periods, those with incident cancer had the lowest LE, followed by those with prevalent cancer and cancer-free individuals. We observed declines in partial LE and an expansion of life spent disabled among more recent birth cohorts of prevalent-cancer survivors. Our findings suggest that advances in treatments that prolong life for individual cancer patients may have led to population-level declines in conditional LE and disability-free LE across successive cohorts of older cancer survivors.

Socio-spatial inequalities in healthy life expectancy in the elderly, Brazil, 2013 and 2019 / Desigualdades socioespaciais na esperança de vida saudável entre idosos, Brasil, 2013 e 2019 / Desigualdades socioespaciales en la esperanza de vida saludable en ancianos, Brasil, 2013 y 2019

The growth in longevity in Brazil has drawn attention to more useful population health measures to complement mortality. In this paper, we investigate socio-spatial differences in life expectancy and healthy life expectancy based on information from the Brazilian National Health Survey (PNS), 2013 and 2019. A three-stage cluster sampling with stratification of the primary sampling units and random selection in all stages was used in both PNS editions. Healthy life expectancy was estimated by Sullivan's method by sex, age, and Federated Units (UF). Severe limitations to at least one noncommunicable chronic disease (NCD) or poor self-rated health were used to define the unhealthy state. Inequality indicators and a Principal Component analysis were used to investigate socio-spatial inequalities. From 2013 to 2019, both life expectancy and healthy life expectancy increased. The analysis by UF show larger disparities in healthy life expectancy than in life expectancy, with healthy life expectancy at age 60 varying from 13.6 to 19.9 years, in 2013, and from 14.9 to 20.1, in 2019. Healthy life expectancy in the wealthiest quintile was 20% longer than for those living in the poorest quintile. Wide socio-spatial disparities were found with the worst indicators in the UF located in the North and Northeast regions, whether considering poverty concentration or health care utilization. The socio-spatial inequalities demonstrated the excess burden of poor health experienced by older adults living in the less developed UF. The development of strategies at subnational levels is essential not only to provide equal access to health care but also to reduce risk exposures and support prevention policies for adoption of health behaviors.

O aumento da longevidade no Brasil tem chamado atenção para a necessidade de medidas mais úteis de saúde populacional, para complementar o índice de mortalidade. Os autores investigam diferenças socioespaciais na expectativa de vida e na esperança de vida saudável, com base em dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS), edições de 2013 e 2019. Em ambas as edições da PNS, foi utilizada amostragem de clusters em três estágios, com estratificação das unidades amostrais primárias e seleção randômica em todos os estágios. A esperança de vida saudável foi estimada pelo método de Sullivan, de acordo com o sexo, idade e Unidade da Federação (UF). Limitações graves em função de pelo menos uma doença crônica não transmissível (DCNT) ou autoavaliação de saúde ruim foram utilizadas para definir o estado não saudável. Foram usados indicadores de desigualdade e análises de componentes principais para investigar as desigualdades socioespaciais. Entre 2013 e 2019, houve aumento na expectativa de vida e na esperança de vida saudável. A análise por UF mostrou disparidades maiores na esperança de vida saudável comparada com a expectativa de vida, onde a esperança de vida saudável aos 60 anos variava de 13,6 a 19,9 anos em 2013, e de 14,9 a 20,1 em 2019. A esperança de vida saudável no quintil mais rico foi 20% maior, comparado com o quintil mais pobre. Foram identificadas disparidades socioespaciais grandes, com os piores indicadores nas UFs localizadas nas regiões Norte e Nordeste, tanto de acordo com a concentração de pobreza ou pela utilização de serviços de saúde. As desigualdades socioespaciais demonstraram o excesso de carga de vida não saudável vivenciada por idosos vivendo nas UFs brasileiras menos desenvolvidas. O desenvolvimento de estratégias nos níveis subnacionais é essencial, não apenas para prover acesso igualitário aos cuidados de saúde, como também, para reduzir a exposição aos riscos e para apoiar políticas de prevenção, voltadas para a adoção de comportamentos de saúde.

El crecimiento de la longevidad en Brasil ha atraído la atención sobre medidas de salud más útiles para la población, con el fin de complementar la mortalidad. En este trabajo, investigamos diferencias socioespaciales en la esperanza de vida y esperanza de vida saludable, basadas en la información de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud (PNS), de 2013 y 2019. Se utilizó en ambas ediciones de la PNS un muestreo por conglomerados en 3 etapas con estratificación de las unidades de muestreo primarias y una selección aleatoria en todas las etapas. La esperanza de vida saludable se estimó por el método de Sullivan por sexo, edad, y Unidades Federadas (UF). Se usaron limitaciones graves para al menos una enfermedad crónica no transmisible (ECNT) o mala salud autoevaluada para definir un estado de mala salud. Los indicadores de Desigualdad y el análisis de Componente Principal se usaron para investigar desigualdades socioespaciales. De 2013 a 2019, hubo un incremento tanto en la esperanza de vida, como en la esperanza de vida saludable. El análisis por UF mostró disparidades mayores en la esperanza de vida saludable que en la esperanza de vida, con una esperanza de vida saludable a la edad de 60 años, variando desde los 13.6 a los 19.9 años, en 2013, y desde los 14.9 a los 20.1, en 2019. La esperanza de una vida saludable en el quintil más rico fue un 20% más larga que aquellos que vivían en el quintil más pobre. Se encontraron grandes disparidades socioespaciales con los peores indicadores en las UF localizadas en las regiones Norte y Nordeste, teniendo en consideración concentración de la pobreza o utilización de los servicios de salud. Las desigualdades socioespaciales demostraron la carga excesiva de la mala salud vivida por los ancianos que vivían en UF menos desarrolladas. El desarrollo de estrategias a niveles subnacionales es esencial no solo para proporcionar un acceso igualitario a la salud, pero también para reducir el riesgo de exposición y apoyar las políticas de prevención para la adopción de comportamiento de salud.

A nationwide web-based survey of oncologic surgeons to clarify the current status of preoperative assessment for elderly cancer surgery patients in Japan.

Elderly cancer patients requiring surgical treatment are increasing, and the deterioration of quality of life and shortening of healthy life expectancy due to postoperative complications represent major problems. This study investigated the current status of medical treatment, including perioperative evaluations, for elderly cancer patients requiring surgical treatment at cancer treatment facilities nationwide. A total of 436 cancer care facilities around Japan were invited to participate in this web-based survey regarding management of cancer patients ≥ 65 years old who had undergone surgical treatment in 2018. A total of 919 department heads from 245 facilities agreed to participate. Although most respondents answered that performance status, preoperative examinations, and comorbidities were important when deciding on a treatment plan, age, Geriatric Assessment (GA), and guidelines were "not important" for > 10% of all respondents. GA was familiar to 195 department heads (21%), and awareness of GA was significantly lower among respondents from medical education institutions than the other types of hospitals (18.5% vs 26.3%; P = 0.006). This large survey revealed that the use of GA is not widespread, and its awareness in medical education institutions remains low. We believe that accumulating evidence of geriatric oncology surgery is an urgent issue in Japan.

Improving on estimates of the potential relative harm to health from using modern ENDS (vaping) compared to tobacco smoking.

BACKGROUND: Although the harm to health from electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) compared to smoked tobacco remains highly uncertain, society and governments still need to know the likely range of the relative harm to inform regulatory policies for ENDS and smoking. METHODS: We identified biomarkers with specificity of association with different disease groupings e.g., volatile organic compound (VOCs) for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; and tobacco-specific N´-nitrosamines (TSNAs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for all cancers. We conducted a review of recent studies (post January 2017) that compared these biomarkers between people exclusively using ENDS and those exclusively smoking tobacco. The percentage differences in these biomarkers, weighted by study size and adjusted for acrolein from other sources, were used as a proxy for the assumed percentage difference in disease harm between ENDS and smoking. These relative differences were applied to previously modelled estimates of smoking-related health loss (in health-adjusted life-years; HALYs). RESULTS: The respective relative biomarker levels (ENDS vs smoking) were: 28% for respiratory diseases (five results, three studies); 42% for cancers (five results, four studies); and 35% for cardiovascular (seven results, four studies). When integrated with the HALY impacts by disease, the overall harm to health from ENDS was estimated to be 33% that of smoking. CONCLUSIONS: This analysis, suggests that the use of modern ENDS devices (vaping) could be a third as harmful to health as smoking in a high-income country setting. But this estimate is based on a limited number of biomarker studies and is best be considered a likely upper level of ENDS risk given potential biases in our method (i.e., the biomarkers used being correlated with more unaccounted for toxicants in smoking compared to with using ENDS).

Determination of the Awareness about and Need for Health Support Pharmacies as the Provider of Consultation Service about Nutrition Education and Diet-Related Health Promotion by Health Professionals in Japan.

Health support pharmacies (HSPs) have been established as a new category of pharmacies in Japan. In addition to prescriptions, HSPs provide several health services, including consultations on diet/nutrition, health foods, and nursing care. Therefore, not only individuals receiving medications but also community residents should have access to HSPs. However, it is unclear whether people are aware of HSPs. Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess the awareness about HSPs and determine the need for their services. To this end, we conducted an online cross-sectional questionnaire survey in 10,000 Japanese adults. Approximately 60.2% of the participants were aware of family pharmacies/pharmacists, and 21.8% of these participants had a family pharmacy/pharmacist. Meanwhile, 2.6% of the participants were aware of HSPs, while 9.2% of the participants had only heard of HSPs. Awareness of HSPs was higher among men and younger individuals than among women and older generations. In addition, only 7.2% of the participants were aware of the location of the HSP in their area of residence. At the time at which this survey was conducted, only 3.5% of the participants were using HSP services, and half of them did not perceive the merits of using these services. However, 44.4% of the participants wished to avail themselves of HSP services in the future, and this desire increased with age. Half of the participants wished to use services that were associated with drugs, and the need for other services, such as consultations on diet/nutrition or health foods, was low. In conclusion, there was low awareness about HSPs among the survey participants. However, from our findings, we gathered that if individuals are aware of HSPs, they will wish to use HSP services. To improve healthy life expectancy, it is important to increase awareness about HSPs and their number.

Expectativa de vida livre de fatores de risco relacionados ao estilo de vida na população brasileira / Life expectancy free of lifestyle-related risk factors in the Brazilian population

Com o aumento da expectativa de vida no Brasil, faz-se essencial conhecer a saúde e a qualidade dos anos vividos por essa população mais longeva. Nesse cenário, as Doenças Crônicas Não Transmissíveis (DCNT) apontam como principais causas de limitações, incapacidades e morbimortalidade. Mensurar os fatores de risco relacionados ao estilo de vida para DCNT é premissa indispensável para atender a esta demanda por meio de políticas públicas eficazes. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: (1) identificar perfis multidimensionais de fatores de risco relacionados ao estilo de vida, descrevendo as prevalências dos perfis e características sociodemográficas e de autopercepção de saúde associadas; (2) estimar a expectativa de vida livre de fatores de risco relacionados ao estilo de vida na população brasileira. Foram utilizados dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS) 2013. Para a identificação dos perfis de estilo de vida foi utilizado o método Grade of Membership (GoM), com dados de 45.881 indivíduos acima de 30 anos, a partir de 12 variáveis relacionadas a estilo de vida. A análise de características associadas a estes perfis foi realizada por meio do teste Quiquadrado de Pearson e Regressão logística incondicional. As prevalências do perfil saudável e as tábuas de vida da população brasileira para o ano de 2013 foram utilizadas, no método de Sullivan, para o cálculo da expectativa de vida livre de fatores de risco relacionados ao estilo de vida, nesta etapa foram selecionados os indivíduos com idade entre 30 e 69 anos, totalizando 40.942. Foram identificados dois perfis: um perfil denominado de "perfil saudável" (61,6%; IC95% 61,1 ­ 62,2), caracterizado pelo consumo adequado de frutas e vegetais, peixes, e consumo não regular de refrigerante, carne com gordura e feijão, pelo excesso de peso e atividade física recomendada no lazer. E outro perfil intitulado de "perfil de risco" (38,4%; IC95% 37,8 ­ 38,9), caracterizado pelo não consumo de marcadores saudáveis, exceto o consumo de feijão, pelo consumo de todos os marcadores não saudáveis de alimentação, substituir refeições por lanches, consumo de álcool, uso de tabaco, por não serem fisicamente ativos no lazer e por serem eutróficos. O perfil saudável se associou ao sexo feminino, idosos, brancos, residentes no Norte e Nordeste, viúvos, casados, com maior escolaridade e melhor autoavaliação de saúde. Já o perfil de risco se associou ao sexo masculino, adultos jovens, residentes no Centro-oeste e Sul, solteiros, com menor escolaridade e pior autoavaliação de saúde. O tempo estimado a ser vivido pelos brasileiros livre de fatores de risco relacionados ao estilo de vida, aos 30 anos de idade, foi de 33,5 anos para as mulheres e 25,5 anos para os homens. O sexo feminino apresentou maior expectativa de vida livre de fatores de risco em todas as idades. Os achados do presente estudo evidenciam a associação do estilo de vida às características sociodemográficas e contribuem para a discussão sobre desigualdades de gênero existente na morbimortalidade. Os homens brasileiros vivem menos tempo livre de fatores de risco relacionados ao estilo de vida, o que pode contribuir com as elevadas taxas de mortalidade prematura (AU).

The increase in life expectancy in Brazil makes it essential to know the health and the quality of the years lived by the country's longest-lived population. In this context, Chronic Non-communicable Diseases (NCDs) point out as the main causes of limitations, disabilities and morbimortality. Measuring of lifestyle-related modifiable risk factors for NCDs is an indispensable premise for meeting this emerging demand through effective public policy. The objectives of this study were: (1) to identify multidimensional profiles of lifestyle-related risk factors, describing the prevalence of the sociodemographic and self-perceived health profiles and their characteristics; (2) to estimate life expectancy free from lifestyle-related risk factors in the Brazilian population. This study based on data from the National Health Survey (Pesquisa Nacional de Saude, PNS) published in 2013. Grade of Membership (GoM) method was used to identify lifestyle profiles, with data from 45,881 individuals over 30 years by applying the inclusion of 12 lifestyle-related variables. The analysis of the characteristics associated with these profiles was done through Pearson's chi-square test and unconditional logistic regression. The prevalence of the healthy profile and the Brazilian population's life table for 2013 were used in the Sullivan's method to calculate life expectancy free of lifestyle-related risk factors. In this stage, individuals aged between 30 and 69 years were selected, totalling 40,942. Two profiles were identified: a profile called "healthy profile" (61.6%; 95% CI 61.1 - 62.2), characterized by adequate consumption of fruits and vegetables, fish, and non-regular consumption of soda, meat with fat and beans. The profile was also characterized by overweight and for meeting the recommendations for physical activity at leisure time. The second profile was entitled "risk profile" (38.4%; 95% CI 37.8 - 38.9), characterized by non-consumption of healthy markers, except bean consumption, by the consumption of all unhealthy markers of eating, replacing meals with snacks, alcohol consumption and tobacco use. The second profile was also characterized for not being physically active at leisure and for being eutrophic. The healthy profile was associated with females, elderlies, white populations, residents of the North and Northeast regions of Brazil, widowed, married, high-educated populations and individuals who evaluate their health habits positively. The risk profile was associated with males, young adults, residents of the Midwest and South regions of Brazil, singles, less educated populations and individuals who evaluate their health habits negatively. The estimated lifetime for Brazilians free of lifestylerelated risk factors at age 30 was 33.5 years for women and 25.5 years for men. Females had a higher life expectancy free of risk factors at all ages in relation to males. The findings of the present study show the association of lifestyle-related risk factors with sociodemographic characteristics and contribute to the discussion of gender inequalities when it comes to morbimortality. Brazilian men live less time free of lifestyle-related risk factors, which may contribute to the high rates of premature mortality among them (AU).

Estrategia Nacional para un envejecimiento saludable basado en el curso de vida 2018-2020 / National Strategy for healthy aging based on the life course 2018-2020

Como parte de sus responsabilidades, al Estado le corresponde proteger el derecho a la vida como un principio fundamental. Supone garantizar atenciones sociales y de salud en cada etapa de la vida para que las personas mantengan su bienestar desde el punto de vista mental, físico y espiritual; logrando llegar a la vejez con una capacidad funcional óptima. El envejecimiento de la población y el aumento de la proporción de personas mayores es el resultado de los aciertos de los sistemas de salud y de protección social de Costa Rica; no obstante, también representa un reto para garantizar que las personas mayores mantengan su calidad de vida y su potencial para seguir aportando al desarrollo social del país. Para que avancemos en el camino de un desarrollo equitativo para toda la población, se requiere el trabajo articulado de los diferentes actores que contribuyen al goce del más alto nivel posible de salud. Para ello el Ministerio de Salud, como rector de la salud, es el responsable de promover dicha articulación, para mejorar el trabajo de las instituciones y las acciones dirigidas a la población en situación de vulnerabilidad. Considerando que la sociedad costarricense está envejeciendo aceleradamente, y que el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo contiene una meta para aumentar la esperanza de vida saludable, el Ministerio de Salud convocó en enero de 2016 a un grupo de instituciones, con el apoyo de la Organización Panamericana de Salud/ Organización Mundial de la Salud (OPS/OMS), para definir una estrategia nacional y su respectivo plan de acción, con base en la Estrategia Mundial: Acción multisectorial para un envejecimiento saludable basado en el curso de vida. Como resultado, se ha elaborado este documento tendiente a alinear esfuerzos y trabajar activamente en un proceso de construcción que permita incidir en los factores protectores del envejecimiento y la salud aplicando el enfoque de curso de vida. Esta Estrategia Nacional contribuirá a la conceptualización a nivel país de un modelo de promoción de salud y desarrollo integral para el envejecimiento, que oriente la formulación de políticas, la participación social y la generación de entornos promotores de la salud. Lo anterior mediante el desarrollo de proyectos institucionales y locales, el fortalecimiento de los servicios de salud y de cuidados a largo plazo y la promoción de la investigación relacionada con los factores que impulsan el envejecimiento activo y saludable. De esta forma, podremos garantizar los derechos de las personas de acuerdo con la aplicación de la legislación, las políticas y los planes en salud existentes en todos los niveles; bajo la premisa de que es desde el ámbito comunitario que deben robustecerse aquellas acciones que, desde el curso de vida, ayuden a que las personas vivan más y mejor.

Análisis y tendencias del estado de salud Santa Fe de Bogotá, D.C. según mortalidad, 1995-1996 y años de vida saludables (Avisa), 1985-1996 / Analysis and trends of health status in Santa Fe de Bogotá, D.C. according to mortality, 1995-1996 and years of healthy life (Avisa), 1985-1996

Estudio en el que se pretende (a través de la recolección de información, la construcción de indicadores, su procesamiento y análisis para un periodo de tiempo), aportar elementos técnicos que faciliten una adecuada toma de decisiones sobre la distribución de los recursos sectoriales en Santa Fe de Bogotá. Se ajusta el registro de mortalidad por cobertura y notificación de causa, se presentan y comentan los resultados obtenidos a partir de describir el comportamiento de la mortalidad a lo largo de los años estudiados, por grupos de edad y por causas más importantes de defunción. Se identifican los problemas de salud más significativos a través del uso de indicadores complejos, en la medida de la carga de la enfermedad como complemento del cálculo de los más simples, y con el indicador años de vida perdidos por muerte (Avisa), como medida de la carga de la enfermedad 1985-1996. Se muestran los aspectos metodológicos de la estimación y, los resultados del cálculo de este indicador para la serie 1985-1996 en la capital del país.

This study is intended (through the collection of information, the construction of indicators, their processing and analysis for a period of time) to provide technical elements to facilitate adequate decision-making on the distribution of sectoral resources in Santa Fe de Bogotá. The mortality registry is adjusted by coverage and notification of cause, the results obtained from describing the behavior of mortality over the years studied, by age group and most important causes of death, are presented and commented. The most significant health problems are identified through the use of complex indicators, in the measurement of the burden of disease as a complement to the calculation of the simpler ones, and with the indicator years of life lost due to death (Avisa), as a measure of the burden of disease 1985-1996. The methodological aspects of the estimation and the results of the calculation of this indicator for the 1985-1996 series in the country's capital are shown.