Risk Factors for Contrast Media Extravasation in Intravenous Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomography: An Observational Cohort Study.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: To identify the risk factors for contrast media (CM) extravasation and provide effective guidance for reducing its incidence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We observed adult inpatients (n = 38 281) who underwent intravenous contrast-enhanced computed tomography between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2022. Risk factors for CM extravasation were evaluated using univariate and multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: Among the 38 281 inpatients who underwent enhanced computed tomography angiography, 3885 received peripherally inserted central venous catheters (PICCs) and 34 396 received peripheral short catheters. In 3885 cases of PICCs, no CM extravasation occurred, but in five cases, ordinary PICCs that are unable to withstand high pressure were mistakenly used; three of those patients experienced catheter rupture, and eventually, all five patients underwent unplanned extubation. Among 34 396 cases of peripheral short catheters, 224 (0.65%) had CM extravasation. Female sex (odds ratio [OR]=1.541, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.111-2.137), diabetes (OR=2.265, 95% CI: 1.549-3.314), venous thrombosis (OR=2.157, 95% CI: 1.039-4.478), multi-site angiography (OR=9.757, CI: 6.803-13.994), and injection rate ≥ 3 mL/s (OR=6.073, 95% CI: 4.349-8.481) were independent risk factors for CM extravasation. Due to peripheral vascular protection measures in patients with malignant tumor, there was a low incidence of CM extravasation (OR=0.394, 95% CI: 0.272-0.570). CONCLUSION: Main risk factors for CM extravasation are female, diabetes, venous thrombosis, multi-site angiography, and injection rate ≥ 3 mL/s. However, patients with malignant tumor have a low incidence of CM extravasation. CLINICAL IMPACT: Analysis of these risk factors can help reduce the incidence of CM extravasation.

Association of Contrast Extravasation Grade With Massive Transfusion in Pediatric Blunt Liver and Spleen Injuries: A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to assess whether the grade of contrast extravasation (CE) on CT scans was associated with massive transfusion (MT) requirements in pediatric blunt liver and/or spleen injuries (BLSI). METHODS: This multicenter retrospective cohort study included pediatric patients (≤16 years old) who sustained BLSI between 2008 and 2019. MT was defined as transfusion of all blood products ≥40 mL/kg within the first 24 h of admission. Associations between CE and MT requirements were assessed using multivariate logistic regression analysis with cluster-adjusted robust standard errors to calculate the adjusted odds ratio (AOR). RESULTS: A total of 1407 children (median age: 9 years) from 83 institutions were included in the analysis. Overall, 199 patients (14 %) received MT. CT on admission revealed that 54 patients (3.8 %) had CE within the subcapsular hematoma, 100 patients (7.1 %) had intraparenchymal CE, and 86 patients (6.1 %) had CE into the peritoneal cavity among the overall cohort. Multivariate analysis, adjusted for age, sex, age-adjusted shock index, injury severity, and laboratory and imaging factors, showed that intraparenchymal CE and CE into the peritoneal cavity were significantly associated with the need for MT (AOR: 2.50; 95 % CI, 1.50-4.16 and AOR: 4.98; 95 % CI, 2.75-9.02, respectively both p < 0.001). The latter significant association persisted in the subgroup of patients with spleen and liver injuries. CONCLUSION: Active CE into the free peritoneal cavity on admission CT was independently associated with a greater probability of receiving MT in pediatric BLSI. The CE grade may help clinicians plan blood transfusion strategies. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 4; Therapeutic/Care management.

Extent of extravasation: Patients on parenteral plant alkaloids.

BACKGROUND: Plant alkaloids remain an essential part of many chemotherapeutic regimens. Although many adverse effects have been studied with appropriate management guidelines, extravasation (EV) is one adverse event that is yet to be studied at a regional scale to frame population-specific guidelines. METHODOLOGY: A hospital-based observational study was done for 1 year to understand the extent of extravasation among patients on parenteral plant alkaloids. Clinical pharmacists congregated information about patients satisfying the study criteria. The incidence of EV injuries associated with parenteral plant alkaloids was assessed. The severity was scored using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) v4.3. The ESMO-EONS guidelines were followed for the classification of chemotherapeutic agents as well as management of the incidents of EV. RESULTS: Among the 80 patients recruited into the study, 26.25% of patients experienced EV injuries, of which 66.67% were grade 2 and 33.33% were grade 3. Females were prevalent at 62% among the injured group. Patients in the age group 31-50 years and 51-60 years sustained 28.57% of the injuries each. In 76.19% of injured patients, ambulation status was positive during the infusion. ESMO-EONS drug classification showed that 54.84% of the drugs prescribed were vesicants. Paclitaxel was seen in 33.33% of prescriptions in the injured group, among other plant alkaloids. CONCLUSION: Our study saw a trend of vesicant-induced extravasation injury among patients prescribed parenteral chemotherapeutic regimens with a combination of plant alkaloids, indicating the significant risk they may pose.

Chemotherapy Extravasation: Incidence of and Factors Associated With Events in a Community Cancer Center.

BACKGROUND: The administration of chemotherapy is a high-risk and nurse-sensitive practice. One complication is extravasation. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of and iatrogenic factors associated with extravasation in the ambulatory and inpatient settings of a community cancer center. METHODS: Events were reviewed by agent, route of administration, patient characteristics, and RNs administering the agent. A one-year, retrospective review of electronic health records and pharmacy and nursing reports was conducted. FINDINGS: The number of vesicants, irritants, and irritants with vesicant properties administered was 12,260 in the ambulatory setting and 612 on the inpatient unit, with 21 and 1 extravasation events, respectively. Incidence rates for both settings were 0.001%. The most common agent to extravasate was docetaxel, and all events occurred via peripheral route. The incidence of events was lower than the reported benchmark for National Cancer Institute-designated cancer centers.

Relationship between chronic hyperglycemia and contrast extravasation in revascularization of symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis: A retrospective single-center study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Contrast extravasation is one of the most common perioperative complications in symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis (ICAS) patients after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and/or stenting (PTAS). This study aimed to investigate the correlations between the relevant serum biochemical indicators of carbohydrate metabolism and the occurrence of contrast extravasation. METHODS: Patients' demographic characteristics, vascular risk factors and laboratory examination data were collected. Blood routine test, blood biochemical examination and hormone level test within 1 week before surgery were measured in all enrolled subjects. Patients underwent non-contrast CT scans immediately after the endovascular procedure. Follow-up non-contrast CT scans were performed in the next 24 h and repeated as per clinical condition. RESULTS: 104 patients who have undergone effective PTAS were involved in this study. 18 patients have identified as contrast extravasation and there was no obvious abnormality in another 86 cases. There were significant differences in the pre-operative HbA1c, fasting blood sugar and cortisol levels in the subjects regardless of gender between two groups (p < 0.001, p < 0.001 and p = 0.001, respectively). Furthermore, there were statistical differences in E2 and testosterone levels between two groups in both male population (p = 0.035 and p = 0.028, respectively) and female population (p = 0.036 and p = 0.003, respectively). Besides, the AUC value of HbA1c, fasting blood sugar and cortisol levels were all over 0.7 (0.858, 0.780 and 0.752, respectively). The highest AUC value of various combinations was obtained from the combination of HbA1c and cortisol level, which was 0.898. CONCLUSIONS: Patient with chronic hyperglycemia is closely related to contrast extravasation after PTAS. Specific mechanisms might be explored and regarded as promising candidates to prevent contrast extravasation.

The Role of Postoperative Imaging after Ventral Onlay Buccal Mucosal Graft Bulbar Urethroplasty.

PURPOSE: Our primary objective was to determine the incidence of extravasation on imaging at the time of catheter removal after ventral onlay buccal mucosal graft urethroplasty. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a single center retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent ventral onlay buccal mucosal graft bulbar urethroplasty from 2007 to 2017. Patients with imaging at the time of catheter removal were included. Urethroplasty success was defined as the ability to pass a 17Fr cystoscope at the time of followup cystoscopy. RESULTS: A total of 229 patients met the inclusion criteria, including 110 with a ventral onlay buccal mucosal graft and 119 with an augmented anastomotic urethroplasty with a mean stricture length of 4.4 cm. Imaging consisted of a voiding cystourethrogram in 210 and retrograde urethrogram in 19 patients at a median of 21.7 days after surgery. The incidence of extravasation was 3.1% (7/229). Of patients who had a documented followup cystoscopy (60%, 137/229), those with extravasation on imaging had a worse urethroplasty success rate (60%, 3/5) compared to those who did not (94%, 117/130) (p=0.047). On multivariate analysis those who had 5 or more endoscopic interventions were 9.6 times more likely to demonstrate extravasation (OR 9.6, p=0.0080). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of radiological extravasation after ventral onlay using a single buccal mucosal graft, with or without augmented anastomotic urethroplasty, is 3.1%. Given this low rate it is reasonable to omit routine imaging at the time of Foley removal in this population. It appears that extravasation may be associated with a worse cystoscopic patency rate but does not lead to more complications.

Postoperative urinary extravasation does not impact anterior urethroplasty surgical outcomes: a Latin American large cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of postoperative urinary extravasation (POUE) following anterior urethroplasty, to analyze factors associated with its occurrence, and to study the impact of POUE on surgical success. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective cohort study including all male patients who have undergone a urethroplasty at our center between 2011 and 2018. Subjects with posterior location stricture, those who did not undergo routine radiographic follow-up, or patients with inadequate follow-up were excluded. Urinary extravasation was defined as presence of evident contrast extravasation on the postoperative voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG). Impact was determined as "need-for-reoperation". Uni- and multivariate analysis were performed to determine clinical and demographic variables associated with occurrence of extravasation and postoperative stricture. RESULTS: A total of 783 men underwent a urethroplasty and 630 fulfilled inclusion criteria. Urinary extravasation prevalence was 12.2%, and there was a "need-for-reoperation" in 1.1% of cases. On uni- and multivariate analysis, greatest stricture length (HR: 1.07 (1-1.2), p = 0.05) and penile urethral location (HR: 2.29 (1.1-4.6), p = 0.021) showed to be POUE predictors. POUE did not show to be a risk factor for postoperative stricture (HR: 1.57, 95% CI (0.8-3), p = 0.173). However, reoperation group  showed to be a risk factor (HR: 6.6, 95% CI 1.4-31, p = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of POUE was 12.2%. Stricture length and penile urethral strictures were POUE predictors. POUE occurrence with successful conservative management did not appear to have impact on urethroplasty outcomes as it did not predict re-stricture. POUE was reoperation cause in 1.1% of total cases.

Transcatheter arterial embolization for advanced gastric cancer bleeding: A single-center experience with 58 patients.

To investigate computed tomography and angiography findings and clinical outcomes after transcatheter arterial embolization for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding from advanced gastric cancers.From January 2005 to December 2014, 58 patients with pathologically proven gastric cancer were treated at our institution with transcatheter arterial embolization due to acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding recalcitrant to endoscopic treatment. The electronic medical records for each patient were reviewed for clinical presentation, endoscopy history, computed tomography and angiographic findings, blood transfusion requirements, and follow-up results.Angiography findings were positive in 13 patients (22.4%): contrast extravasation was found in 9 patients and pseudoaneurysm in 4 patients. All patients with positive angiograms underwent selective embolization treatment. Those with negative angiography findings underwent empirical embolization. Gelfoam, n-butyl cyanoacrylate, coils, or a combination of these were used as embolic agents. The overall clinical success rate was 72.4% (42/58), and the success rate for patients with positive angiography was 53.8% (7/13). The median survival was 97.5 days (range, 7-1415 days), and the 1-month survival rate was 89.6% (52/58). The 1-month survival rate of the clinical success group was 95.2% (40/42), which was significantly higher than that of the clinical failure group (P = .04). The clinical success group also required significantly fewer transfusions (2.43 units, range 0-24 units) (P = .02).Transcatheter arterial embolization is a highly effective treatment for advanced gastric cancer with active bleeding. It should be considered as an additional treatment, especially when endoscopic or surgical treatment fails or when these approaches are difficult.

Association between contrast extravasation on computed tomography scans and pseudoaneurysm formation in pediatric blunt splenic and hepatic injury: A multi-institutional observational study.

PURPOSE: We aimed to examine the association between contrast extravasation (CE) on initial computed tomography (CT) scan and pseudoaneurysm (PSA) development in pediatric blunt splenic and/or liver injury. METHODS: We conducted a multi-institutional retrospective study in cases of blunt splenic and/or hepatic injury who underwent an initial attempt of nonoperative management. A logistic regression model was used to compare PSA formation and CE on initial CT scan, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) with and without CE was used to assess the predictive performance of CE for PSA formation. RESULTS: Of 236 cases enrolled from 10 institutions, PSA formation was observed in 17 (7.2%). Multivariate analysis showed a significant association between CE on initial CT scan and increased incidence of PSA formation (odds ratio, 4.96; 95% confidence interval, 1.37-18.0). There was no statistically significant association between the grade of injury and PSA formation. The AUC improved from 0.75 (0.64-0.87) to 0.80 (0.70-0.91) with CE. CONCLUSION: Active CE on initial CT scan was an independent predictor of PSA formation. Selective use of follow-up CT in children who showed CE on initial CT may provide early identification of PSA formation, regardless of injury grade. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic and epidemiological, level III.

Incidence and Clinical Risk of Cement Extravasation in Adult Patients Undergoing Prophylactic Vertebroplasty During Surgical Spine Reconstruction.

OBJECTIVE: To measure the incidence and severity of cement extravasation in adult patients undergoing prophylactic vertebroplasty as part of a spinal reconstruction procedure. METHODS: Consecutive adult patients treated with prophylactic vertebroplasty during a spinal reconstruction procedure were reviewed over a 46-month period. Patients without a postoperative computed tomography scan were excluded. Spine reconstruction was defined as any procedure involving ≥6 levels of fusion or a 3-column osteotomy. Cement extravasation was graded using a novel grading system. Fisher exact tests were performed to identify independent predictors of cement extravasation. RESULTS: Inclusion and exclusion criteria were met by 34 patients comprising 112 vertebral bodies (VB). All 34 patients (100%) had computed tomography evidence of cement extravasation. Of 112 VBs, 103 (92.0%) demonstrated cement extravasation. Thirteen VBs (11.6%) in 9 patients (26.5%) had cement extending to the vena cava or end-organs or cement causing spinal canal stenosis (grade 4 and 5 extravasation). No permanent clinical sequelae were found in these 9 patients. Upper thoracic vertebrae (C7-T6) had significantly higher rates of grade 4 and 5 extravasation than lower thoracic-lumbar vertebrae (T7-L5) (P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Although no patients in this study experienced known long-term consequences of prophylactic vertebroplasty, 26.5% of patients had cement extravasation that threatened end-organs or neural elements. These results prompted us to change our practice from cementing upper thoracic VBs to using hooks instead. Cement injection is associated with serious risks and should be performed selectively. Larger prospective studies are needed to verify these results.

Extravasation injury in a paediatric population.

BACKGROUND: Extravasation occurs when a drug is inadvertently administered outside of the vein. Depending on the substance involved, this may lead to tissue necrosis with significant long-term morbidity. Children, particularly neonates, are particularly susceptible to extravasation with up to 70% of children in neonatal intensive care unit having some form of extravasation injury. These injuries are commonly referred to plastic surgeons for ongoing management. METHODS: We prospectively collected information on all extravasation injuries referred to the plastic surgery department in a children's hospital over an 18-month period. Data collected included the agent involved in the extravasation, treatment and outcomes. RESULTS: In total, there were 43 extravasation injuries recorded on the hospital risk management system during the period of this study. All of these were referred to the plastic surgery team for ongoing management. Five patients (11%) underwent washout of their injuries. Three patients (7%) suffered injuries, which led to significant tissue necrosis, delayed healing and prolonged morbidity. CONCLUSION: Smaller infants, particularly those being cared for in an intensive care setting, are at increased risk for extravasation injury. Early referral and treatment of high-risk extravasation injuries may reduce the incidence of tissue loss and morbidity.

Symptom Resolution and Volumetric Reduction of Abdominal Lymphatic Malformations With Sclerotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Lymphatic malformations (LMs) are congenital and arise from errors in vascular embryogenesis. LMs are categorized by cyst size as microcystic, macrocystic, or combined. Abdominal LMs are rare. Surgical resection of abdominal LMs has been the mainstay of therapy, but recurrence and morbidity are high. We sought to determine the effectiveness of sclerotherapy treatment for abdominal LM. METHODS: A single-center, retrospective review from 2014 to 2018 was conducted evaluating pediatric patients with abdominal LM. RESULTS: Ten patients were included, n = 9 had macrocystic LM and one patient had combined disease. The average age at first treatment was 6.8 y. The most common presenting symptoms were abdominal distention, pain, infection, and anemia. Preprocedural imaging was performed for all patients; median pretreatment volume was 1572.9 cm3 (range, 67.2-13,226.4). LMs were accessed using ultrasound guidance and injected with opacified doxycycline. Patients received a mean of 7.1 sclerotherapy injections. Complications included intraperitoneal doxycycline extravasation (n = 1), managed conservatively, and LM infection (n = 1), treated with intravenous antibiotics and drainage. One patient went on to surgical resection due to inability gain stable intracystic access; follow-up ultrasonography showed no recurrence. Postprocedural imaging was available in n = 8. Volume decreased by 96.7% after sclerotherapy. The median remaining volume was 0 cm3 (range, 0-599.7) (P = 0.016). Postsclerotherapy magnetic resonance imaging was obtained in n = 6, with complete resolution in 83.3%. All patients had resolution of presenting symptoms. Follow-up duration was 12.3 mo. CONCLUSIONS: Initial results demonstrate that sclerotherapy is an effective and durable treatment for symptom resolution and volume reduction of abdominal LM.

Limits of intravascular contrast extravasation on computed tomography scan to define the need for pelvic angioembolization in pelvic blunt trauma: a specific assessment on the risk of false positives.

BACKGROUND: The objective was to assess the predictive performance of different intravascular contrast extravasation (ICE) characteristics for need for pelvic transarterial embolization (TAE) to determine the risk factors of false positives. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed in our trauma center between 2010 and 2015. All severe trauma patients with pelvic fracture were included. Pelvic ICE characteristics on computed tomography (CT) scan were studied: arterial (aSICE), portal surface (pSICE), and extension (exSICE) anatomic relationships. The overall predictive performance of ICE surfaces for pelvic TAE was analyzed using receiver operating characteristic curves. The analysis focused on risk factors for false positives. RESULTS: Among 311 severe trauma patients with pelvic ring fracture (mean age, 42 ± 19 years; mean Injury Severity Score, 27 ± 19), 94 (30%) had at least one pelvic ICE on the initial CT scan. Patients requiring pelvic TAE had significantly larger aSICE and pSICE than others (p = 0.001 and p = 0.035, respectively). The overall ability of ICE surfaces to predict pelvic TAE was modest (aSICE area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.76 [95% confidence interval, 0.64-0.90]; p = 0.011) or nonsignificant (pSICE and exSICE). The high-sensitivity threshold was defined as aSICE 20 mm or more. Using this threshold, 76% of patients were false positives. Risk factors for false positives were admission systolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg or greater (63% vs 20%; p = 0.03) and low transfusion needs (63% vs 10%; p = 0.009), extravasation in contact with complex bone fracture (78% vs 30%; p = 0.008), or the absence of a direct relationship between extravasation and a large retroperitoneal hematoma (100% vs 38%; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: A significant pelvic ICE during the arterial phase does not guarantee the need for pelvic TAE. Three quarters of patients with aSICE of 20 mm or more did not need pelvic TAE. Several complementary CT scan criteria will help to identify this risk of false positives to determine adequate hemostatic pelvic procedures. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic study, level IV.

Initial Management of Colonic Diverticular Bleeding: Observational Study.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Although colonic diverticular bleeding (CDB) often ceases spontaneously, re-bleeding occurs in about 30%. Bleeding diverticulum can be treated directly by endoscopic hemostasis; however, it is difficult to perform colonoscopy in all cases with limited medical resource and certain risks. The aim of this study was to clarify who should undergo colonoscopy as well as appropriate methods of initial management in CDB patients. METHODS: A total of 285 patients who were diagnosed as CDB and underwent colonoscopy from March 2004 to October 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. First, the association between re-bleeding and various factors including patients' background and initial management were analyzed. Second, the examination conditions that influenced bleeding point identification were analyzed. RESULTS: Of 285 patients, 187 were men and 98 were women. Median age was 75 years, and the median observation period was 17.5 months. Re-bleeding was observed in 79 patients (28%). A history of CDB (OR 2.1, p = 0.0090) and chronic kidney disease (CKD; OR 2.3, p = 0.035) were risk factors, and bleeding point identification (OR 0.20, p = 0.0037) was a preventive factor for re-bleeding. Bleeding point identification significantly reduced approximately 80% of re-bleeding. Furthermore, extravasation on CT (OR 3.7, p = 0.031) and urgent colonoscopy (OR 5.3, p < 0.001) were predictors for identification of bleeding point. Compared to bleeding point identification of 11% in all patients who underwent colonoscopy, identification rate in those who had extravasation on CT and underwent urgent colonoscopy was as high as 70%. CONCLUSIONS: Contrast-enhanced CT upon arrival is suggested, and patients with extravasation on CT would be good candidates for urgent colonoscopy, as well as patients who have a history of CDB and CKD.

Phlebitis and infiltration: vascular trauma associated with the peripheral venous catheter / Flebite e infiltração: traumas vasculares associados ao cateter venoso periférico / Flebitis e infiltración: traumas vasculares asociados al catéter venoso periférico

ABSTRACT Objective: to determine the incidence rate and risk factors for the nursing-sensitive indicators phlebitis and infiltration in patients with peripheral venous catheters (PVCs). Method: cohort study with 110 patients. Scales were used to assess and document phlebitis and infiltration. Socio-demographic variables, clinical variables related to the PVC, medication and hospitalization variables were collected. Descriptive and inferential analysis and multivariate logistic models were used. Results: the incidence rate of phlebitis and infiltration was respectively 43.2 and 59.7 per 1000 catheter-days. Most PVCs with these vascular traumas were removed in the first 24 hours. Risk factors for phlebitis were: length of hospital stay (p=0.042) and number of catheters inserted (p<0.001); risk factors for infiltration were: piperacillin/tazobactan (p=0.024) and the number of catheters inserted (p<0.001). Conclusion: the investigation documented the incidence of nursing-sensitive indicators (phlebitis and infiltration) and revealed new risk factors related to infiltration. It also allowed a reflection on the nursing care necessary to prevent these vascular traumas and on the indications and contraindications of the PVC, supporting the implementation of the PICC as an alternative to PVC.

RESUMO Objetivo: determinar a taxa de incidência e os fatores de risco para os indicadores sensíveis aos cuidados de Enfermagem, flebite e infiltração, em pacientes portadores de cateteres venosos periféricos (CVPs). Método: estudo de coorte com 110 pacientes. Utilizou-se escalas para avaliar e documentar flebite e infiltração. Recolheram-se variáveis sociodemográficas, clínicas, relativas ao CVP, à medicação e à internação, bem como efetuou-se análise descritiva e inferencial, e modelação logística multivariada. Resultados: a taxa de incidência de flebite e infiltração foi de 43,2 e 59,7 por mil cateteres-dia, respectivamente. A maioria dos CVPs foi removida nas primeiras 24h devido a esses traumas vasculares. Foram fatores de risco para flebite o tempo de internação (p=0,042) e o número de cateteres inseridos (p<0,001), sendo para infiltração a piperacilina/tazobactan (p=0,024) e o número de cateteres inseridos (p<0,001). Conclusão: a investigação documentou a incidência de indicadores sensíveis aos cuidados de Enfermagem (flebite e infiltração) e evidenciou novos fatores de risco relacionados à infiltração. Possibilitou, também, uma reflexão sobre os cuidados de Enfermagem para prevenir esses traumas vasculares, as indicações e as contraindicações do CVP, tendo subsidiada a implementação do PICC nas práticas de Enfermagem como alternativa ao CVP.

RESUMEN Objetivos: determinar la tasa de incidencia y los factores de riesgo para los indicadores sensibles a los cuidados de Enfermería, flebitis e infiltración, en pacientes portadores de catéteres venosos periféricos (CVPs). Método: se trata de un estudio de cohorte entre 110 pacientes. Se utilizaron escalas para evaluar y documentar la flebitis y la infiltración. Se recogieron variables sociodemográficas y clínicas, relativas al CVP, a la medicación y a la internación. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo e inferencial, y modelación logística multivariada. Resultados: la tasa de incidencia de flebitis e infiltración fue de 43,2 y 59,7 por mil catéteres-día, respectivamente. Se removió la mayoría de los CVPs en las primeras 24 horas debido a dichos traumas vasculares. Los factores de riesgo para la flebitis fueron: el tiempo de internación (p=0,042) y el número de catéteres insertados (p<0,001); para la infiltración: la piperacilina/tazobactan (p=0,024) y el número de catéteres insertados (p<0,001). Conclusión: la investigación documentó la incidencia de indicadores sensibles a los cuidados de Enfermería (flebitis e infiltración) y evidenció nuevos factores de riesgo relacionados con la infiltración. Posibilitó, también, una reflexión sobre los cuidados de Enfermería para prevenir los traumas vasculares y sobre las indicaciones y contraindicaciones del CVP, con la implantación del PICC auxiliando en las prácticas de Enfermería como alternativa del CVP.

Chemotherapy Extravasation: Establishing a National Benchmark for Incidence Among Cancer Centers.

BACKGROUND: Given the high-risk nature and nurse sensitivity of chemotherapy infusion and extravasation prevention, as well as the absence of an industry benchmark, a group of nurses studied oncology-specific nursing-sensitive indicators. 
. OBJECTIVES: The purpose was to establish a benchmark for the incidence of chemotherapy extravasation with vesicants, irritants, and irritants with vesicant potential.
. METHODS: Infusions with actual or suspected extravasations of vesicant and irritant chemotherapies were evaluated. Extravasation events were reviewed by type of agent, occurrence by drug category, route of administration, level of harm, follow-up, and patient referrals to surgical consultation.
. FINDINGS: A total of 739,812 infusions were evaluated, with 673 extravasation events identified. Incidence for all extravasation events was 0.09%.

Management of High Hepatopulmonary Shunting in Patients Undergoing Hepatic Radioembolization.

PURPOSE: To review the safety of hepatic radioembolization (RE) in patients with high (≥ 10%) hepatopulmonary shunt fraction (HPSF) using various prophylactic techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A review was conducted of 409 patients who underwent technetium 99m-labeled macroaggregated albumin scintigraphy before planned RE. Estimated pulmonary absorbed radiation doses based on scintigraphy and hepatic administered activity were calculated. Outcomes from dose reductions and adjunctive catheter-based prophylactic techniques used to reduce lung exposure were assessed. RESULTS: There were 80 patients with HPSF ≥ 10% who received RE treatment (41 resin microspheres for metastases, 39 glass microspheres for hepatocellular carcinoma). Resin microspheres were used in 17 patients according to consensus guideline-recommended dose reduction; 38 patients received no dose reduction because the expected lung dose was < 30 Gy. Prophylactic techniques were used in 25 patients (with expected lung dose ≤ 74 Gy), including hepatic vein balloon occlusion, variceal embolization, or bland arterial embolization before, during, or after RE delivery. Repeated scintigraphy after prophylactic techniques to reduce HPSF in seven patients demonstrated a median change of -40% (range, +32 to -69%). Delayed pneumonitis developed in two patients, possibly related to radiation recall after chemoembolization. Response was lower in patients treated with resin spheres with dose reduction, with an objective response rate of 13% and disease control rate of 47% compared with 56% and 94%, respectively, without dose reduction (P = .023, P = .006). CONCLUSIONS: Dose reduction recommendations for HPSF may compromise efficacy. Excessive shunting can be reduced by prophylactic catheter-based techniques, which may improve the safety of performing RE in patients with high HPSF.

Severe Extravasation Injuries in Neonates: A Report of 34 Cases.

INTRODUCTION: Extravasation injuries are a common and challenging problem in hospitalized newborns. Accidental infusion leakage into the surrounding tissues in immature infants may frequently result in skin necrosis, with significant risk of functional and cosmetic impairment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In the present study we reviewed 34 cases of severe extravasation injuries occurring in 1,409 neonates hospitalized in a single neonatal unit over 24 months (incidence 2.4%). Total parenteral nutrition solutions were involved in most cases. All patients were treated within 30 minutes after the injury was recorded using a flush-out technique with normal saline irrigation and occlusive paraffin dressings of the infiltrated area. RESULTS: The majority of injuries affected preterm, low-birthweight infants (mean gestation 32 wks + 6 days, mean birth weight 1,885 g), with a mean age at the time of injury of 11.6 days and a mean weight of 2,045 g. Neither gestational age (p = 0.87) or birthweight significantly affected (p = 0.07) the incidence of extravasation injuries, although the incidence of skin necrosis had a significant correlation with gestational age (p = 0.009) and birthweight (p < 0.001). All patients responded well to treatment and their wounds healed uneventfully within a maximum of 25 days without the need for secondary surgery for skin coverage. CONCLUSION: Extravasation injuries in extremely preterm and low-birthweight infants are more likely to lead to skin necrosis. Peripheral venous catheterization should be performed with caution in these patients to prevent such injuries. Immediate irrigation with normal saline is recommended to reduce toxic sequelae in the infiltrated area.

Outcome of chemotherapy extravasation in a large patient series using a standardised management protocol.

PURPOSE: In a longitudinal observation, extravasation of antitumoural compounds and the efficacy of its structured interdisciplinary management were assessed in a routine setting. METHODS: One hundred sixty-nine patients with extravasation of cytotoxics were managed according to a prospective approach documenting the extravasated compound, localisation, duration until full symptom resolution and sequelae. Surgery was implemented in the case of failure of conservative measures. RESULTS: In 155 (91.7 %) out of 169 patients, conservative management was successful (surgical intervention, 14 patients). Extravasations of anthracyclines (N = 44), platinum compounds (N = 41), vinca alkaloids (N = 20) and taxanes (N = 19) were often associated with erythema, oedema and pain. The median period until full resolution of symptoms differed among the administered cytotoxics (anthracyclines, 55 days; taxanes and vinca alkaloids, 27 days; platinum compounds, 14 days) with statistical significance between the vesicants. Histologically, surgically resected specimens showed extensive necrotic areas with inflammatory infiltrates at the periphery of the removed lesions. CONCLUSIONS: In a routine setting, the standardised management of cytotoxic extravasations by an interdisciplinary task force resulted in a satisfactory outcome. When surgical intervention was indicated, complete remission of the lesions within a median of 14 days reduced the delay in the administration of further chemotherapy to a minimum. The proposed approach is therefore considered as suitable to manage extravasations in cancer chemotherapy in a large number of subjects and to ensure patient adherence to cytotoxic treatment.

Introduction of vincristine mini-bags and an assessment of the subsequent risk of extravasation.

INTRODUCTION: Numerous international organisations have advocated the preparation of vincristine in small volume intravenous bags in order to eliminate inadvertent intrathecal administration. However, the risk of extravasation is a significant deterrent, and adoption of this practice has been variable and only hesitantly accepted in the clinical setting. PURPOSE: We carried out a study with the aims of establishing the incidence of reported extravasation of vincristine administration to paediatric and adult patients in mini-bags; here we describe motivating factors and barriers faced by clinical staff. The secondary aim was to support the need for change and implementation of the international recommendations. METHODS: Chemotherapy-certified nurses completed a survey spanning August 2009 to August 2011, to ascertain the incidence of extravasation associated with the administration of vincristine in mini-bags. RESULTS: This period captured 421 occasions of vincristine administration in 25-ml or 50-ml mini-bags (in 0.9% sodium chloride). The median age of patients was 13 years (range 2.5 months to 99 years). Vincristine was administered through peripheral lines (26.4%), portacath (52.0%), PICC line (15.9%) and Hickman line (5.7%). The majority of infusions were over at least 10 minutes (50.1%). There were no cases of extravasation reported. CONCLUSIONS: The administration of vincristine in small volume intravenous bags was safe, practical, and feasible in all patient groups. The successful implementation of the international recommendations for vincristine administration in mini-bags to eliminate potential inadvertent intrathecal administration was dependent on stakeholder buy-in.