The prevalence of exercise prescription-related course offerings in United States pharmacy school curricula: Exercise is Medicine.

Exercise training has proven to be beneficial in the prevention of disease. In addition, exercise can improve the pathogenesis and symptoms associated with a variety of chronic disease states and can attenuate drug-induced adverse effects. Exercise is a drug-free polypill. Because the benefits of exercise are clear and profound, Exercise is Medicine, a joint initiative between the American Medical Association and American College of Sports Medicine, was launched in 2007 to call on all health care providers to counsel patients and prescribe exercise in the prevention and treatment of chronic disease states. Pharmacists play an increasing role in direct patient care and are the most accessible health care providers in the community. Thus, pharmacists should be knowledgeable in counseling patients on the frequency, intensity, time, and type of exercise that is appropriate for various conditions and disease states. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of didactic course offerings in United States pharmacy school curricula regarding training in exercise prescription. School websites were accessed for information regarding course offerings in PharmD programs. No United States pharmacy schools offered courses that were dedicted to the role of exercise in disease prevention or exercise prescription in disease management. Ninety percent of pharmacy schools did not offer courses with the keywords "exercise," "fitness, or "physical activity" in the title or description. The data suggest that student pharmacists are not adequately trained to counsel patients on the benefits of exercise or exercise prescription.

Los planes de estudio y el claustro de la Facultad de Farmacia en la Real Universidad de La Habana entre 1880 y 1898 / Study plans and the body of professors of the Pharmacy Faculty of the Royal University of Havana between 1880 and 1898

Aunque el plan de estudios de 1880, último que aplicó la Corona española en Cuba, representó un notable progreso para la organización de la enseñanza en la Universidad de La Habana, no introdujo de inicio cambios en la formación del profesional farmacéutico. La verdadera transformación se produjo al aplicarse la reforma de 1887, la cual tuvo como principal objetivo rediseñar las carreras de Farmacia y Medicina en la Real Universidad de La Habana. En este trabajo se presenta el plan de estudios de 1880 y el que se aprobó como resultado de la reforma de 1887 para la Facultad de Farmacia. Se hace además referencia a los profesores que ocuparon las diferentes cátedras y a los auxiliares que debieron asumir las vacantes en cada curso. Todos los catedráticos resultaron afectados de una u otra forma por las sucesivas medidas administrativas adoptadas en la Universidad, en virtud de la crítica situación política que afectó a la isla durante la vigencia del plan de 1880, agudizada al extremo después del estallido, en 1895, de la última guerra librada contra España por la independencia de Cuba.

Although study plan of 1880, the last one applied by Spanish Crown in Cuba, was a significant progress for teaching organization in University of Havana, initially, not introduced changes in training of pharmaceutical professional. The real transformation was in reform application of 1887, which had as main objective the redesign of careers of Pharmacy and Medicine in Real University of Havana. In this paper we present study plan of 1880, and that approved as result of reform in 1887 for Pharmacy Faculty. We made also reference to professors of the different chairs, and the assistants that must to assume the vacancies in each course. All professors were affected, in a way or in another, by successive management measures adopted in University, by virtue of the critical political situation affecting island during plan validity of 1880, extremely exacerbated after outbreak in 1885 of the last war joined against Spain by Cuba independence.