Human Herpesvirus-6B Infection and Alterations of Gut Microbiome in Patients with Fibromyalgia: A Pilot Study.

Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic disorder characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain often accompanied by fatigue, sleep disturbances, memory issues, and mood disorders. The exact cause of FM remains unknown, and diagnosis is typically based on a history of persistent widespread pain, as there are no objective biomarkers usable in diagnosis of this disorder available. The aim of this study was to identify measurable indicators specific to FM with potential as biomarkers. This study included 17 individuals diagnosed with FM and 24 apparently healthy persons. Using real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), we detected the presence of human herpesvirus (HHV)-6A and B genomic sequences in DNA isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and buccal swabs. HHV-6-specific IgG and IgM class antibodies, along with proinflammatory cytokine levels, were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and bead-based multiplex assays. Additionally, the gut microbiome was analyzed through next-generation sequencing. HHV-6B was more frequently detected in the PBMCs of FM patients. FM patients with a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or higher exhibited elevated cytokine levels compared to the control group with the same BMI range. Gut microbiome analysis revealed significant differences in both α-diversity and ß-diversity between the FM and control groups, indicating a shift in species abundance in the FM group.

Altered serum bile acid profile in fibromyalgia is associated with specific gut microbiome changes and symptom severity.

ABSTRACT: Alterations in the composition and function of the gut microbiome in women with fibromyalgia have recently been demonstrated, including changes in the relative abundance of certain bile acid-metabolizing bacteria. Bile acids can affect multiple physiological processes, including visceral pain, but have yet to be explored for association to the fibromyalgia gut microbiome. In this study, 16S rRNA sequencing and targeted metabolomic approaches were used to characterize the gut microbiome and circulating bile acids in a cohort of 42 women with fibromyalgia and 42 healthy controls. Alterations in the relative abundance of several bacterial species known to metabolize bile acids were observed in women with fibromyalgia, accompanied by significant alterations in the serum concentration of secondary bile acids, including a marked depletion of α-muricholic acid. Statistical learning algorithms could accurately detect individuals with fibromyalgia using the concentration of these serum bile acids. Serum α-muricholic acid was highly correlated with symptom severity, including pain intensity and fatigue. Taken together, these findings suggest serum bile acid alterations are implicated in nociplastic pain. The changes observed in the composition of the gut microbiota and the concentration of circulating secondary bile acids seem congruent with the phenotype of increased nociception and are quantitatively correlated with symptom severity. This is a first demonstration of circulating bile acid alteration in individuals with fibromyalgia, potentially secondary to upstream gut microbiome alterations. If corroborated in independent studies, these observations may allow for the development of molecular diagnostic aids for fibromyalgia as well as mechanistic insights into the syndrome.

Gut microbiome: pertinence in fibromyalgia.

The human gut microbiome constitutes a diverse and dynamic community of microorganisms that inhabit the digestive tract. In recent years, there is growing appreciation for the role of the gut microbiome in host health and disease. Gut bacteria are involved in the pathogenesis of numerous medical conditions in a variety of medical fields including gastroenterology, metabolic, rheumatologic, neurologic and psychiatric disorders. Recently, evidence is mounting that gut bacteria could also play a role in chronic pain and specifically fibromyalgia (FM). The composition of the gut bacterial community is altered in individuals with FM, with an altered abundance of a small subset of bacterial species. Some of these species, either with increased or decreased abundance in patients, have established metabolic activity which could have pertinence in the expression of FM symptoms. The putative mechanisms which could allow these bacterial species to affect pain, fatigue, mood and other symptoms include the entry of short-chain-fatty-acids, bile acids, neurotransmitters and bacterial antigens into the host circulation. While these are merely the first steps in understanding the role of the gut microbiome in chronic pain and specifically FM, one might envision exciting future perspectives for better mechanistic understanding of FM, for the development of objective diagnostic aids and potentially for new therapeutic modalities.

Determining the association between fibromyalgia, the gut microbiome and its biomarkers: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: The association between fibromyalgia and irritable bowel syndrome is well-established. Alterations in the composition and diversity of the gut microbiome in irritable bowel syndrome have been reported, however, this association is poorly understood in fibromyalgia. Our aim was to summarise the research reporting on the gastrointestinal microbiome and its biomarkers in people with fibromyalgia. METHODS: A systematic review of published original research reporting on the gastrointestinal microbiota and its biomarkers in adults with a diagnosis of fibromyalgia was undertaken. RESULTS: From 4771 studies, 11 met our inclusion criteria and were separated into four main groups: papers reporting Helicobacter pylori; other gut bacterial markers; metabolomics and other biomarkers, which included intestinal permeability and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. CONCLUSION: The results suggest there is a paucity of quality research in this area, with indications that the gut microbiota may play a role in fibromyalgia within the emerging field of the gut-musculoskeletal axis. Further investigations into the relationship between the gut microbiota, gut dysfunction and fibromyalgia are warranted.

Fibromyalgia and its New Lessons for Neuropsychiatry.

Fibromyalgia (FM) is a centralized pain state that until recently has been shrouded in mystery and questionable as a disease entity in the eyes of many physicians, who considered it purely psychogenic. Fibromyalgia is now thought of as a discrete diagnosis with a clustering of symptoms characterized by central nervous system pain amplification along with anergia, memory loss, disturbances of mood, and sleep disruption. The condition is present in approximately 2% to 8% of the population. We review the link between inflammatory mechanisms and FM from a neuropsychiatric perspective. Recent studies are pointing to a neuroinflammatory etiology that may open up more effective treatment strategies in the future. Better conceptualization of FM may also elucidate a neuropsychiatric understanding of how nociception, dysthymia, and suicidality co-develop and feed off one another.

Altered microbiome composition in individuals with fibromyalgia.

Fibromyalgia (FM) is a prevalent syndrome, characterised by chronic widespread pain, fatigue, and impaired sleep, that is challenging to diagnose and difficult to treat. The microbiomes of 77 women with FM and that of 79 control participants were compared using 16S rRNA gene amplification and whole-genome sequencing. When comparing FM patients with unrelated controls using differential abundance analysis, significant differences were revealed in several bacterial taxa. Variance in the composition of the microbiomes was explained by FM-related variables more than by any other innate or environmental variable and correlated with clinical indices of FM. In line with observed alteration in butyrate-metabolising species, targeted serum metabolite analysis verified differences in the serum levels of butyrate and propionate in FM patients. Using machine-learning algorithms, the microbiome composition alone allowed for the classification of patients and controls (receiver operating characteristic area under the curve 87.8%). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of gut microbiome alteration in nonvisceral pain. This observation paves the way for further studies, elucidating the pathophysiology of FM, developing diagnostic aids and possibly allowing for new treatment modalities to be explored.

A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial to Explore Cognitive and Emotional Effects of Probiotics in Fibromyalgia.

It has recently been found that microbes in the gut may regulate brain processes through the gut microbiota-brain axis, which modulates affection, motivation and higher cognitive functions. According to this finding, the use of probiotics may be a potential treatment to improve physical, psychological and cognitive status in clinical populations with altered microbiota balance such as those with fibromyalgia (FMS). Thus, the aim of the present pilot study with a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised design was to test whether a multispecies probiotic may improve cognition, emotional symptoms and functional state in a sample of patients diagnosed with FMS. Pain, impact of FMS, quality of life, anxiety and depressive symptoms were measured during the pre- and post-intervention phases; participants also completed two computerised cognitive tasks to assess impulsive choice and decision-making. Finally, urinary cortisol concentration was determined. To our knowledge, this is the first study that explore the effect of a multispecies probiotic in FMS patients. Our results indicated that probiotics improved impulsivity and decision-making in these patients. However, more research is needed to further explore the potential effects of probiotics on other cognitive functions affected in FMS as well as in other clinical populations.

Are probiotic treatments useful on fibromyalgia syndrome or chronic fatigue syndrome patients? A systematic review.

Evidence suggests that the gut microbiota might play an important role in fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Our goal is to systematically review the reported effect of probiotic treatments in patients diagnosed with FMS or CFS. A systematic review was carried out using 14 databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, PsycINFO, and others) in February 2016 to search for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and pilot studies of CFS or FMS patient, published in the last ten years (from 2006 to 2016). The Jadad scale was used to asseverate the quality of the clinical trials considered. Two studies (n=83) met the inclusion criteria, which were performed in CFS patients and both studies were considered as a 'High range of quality score'. The administration of Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota in CFS patients, over the course of 8 weeks, reduced anxiety scores. Likewise, this probiotic changed the faecal composition following 8 weeks of treatment. Additionally, the treatment with Bifidobacterium infantis 35624 in CFS patients, during the same period, reduced inflammatory biomarkers. The evidence about the usefulness of probiotics in CFS and FMS patients remains limited. The studied strains of probiotics have demonstrated a significant effect on modulating the anxiety and inflammatory processes in CFS patients. However, more experimental research, focusing mainly on the symptoms of the pathologies studied, is needed.

Helicobacter pylori seropositivity in fibromyalgia syndrome.

Although there are some studies suggesting relation between different types of infection and fibromyalgia syndrome (FM), there is presently no proof that FM is caused by an infection. Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection may cause extragastric manifestations. Inflammation is an important mediator of increased sympathetic nervous system activity and may lead to pain in fibromyalgia patients. In this study, we aimed to investigate the HP seropositivity in fibromyalgia patients compared with controls for possible role of HP infection in FM. Sixty-seven patients with fibromyalgia were evaluated. Two of them were excluded from the study because of high level of acute phase reactants. Sixty-five female patients with fibromyalgia and 41 randomly selected age-matched female healthy controls were enrolled to study. Serum HP IgA and IgG antibodies were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire was assessed in patients and controls. Seropositivity of HP IgG antibody in the fibromyalgia patients was significantly higher than in the control group. No statistically significant differences were found regarding the clinical features between fibromyalgia patients with HP IgG antibody and patients without IgG antibody. Our study suggests that former HP infection may have a role in the etiopathogenesis of fibromyalgia syndrome or may act as a triggering factor. However, high seroprevalence of HP in general population and prevalent asymptomatic infection make it difficult to interpret these results for the definite role of HP in FM. Highlighting the pathophysiologic mechanisms of FM will result in more effective treatment regimens.

Fecal microbiota in early rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the composition of intestinal microbiota of patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or fibromyalgia (FM), fecal samples were collected from 51 patients with RA and 50 with FM. METHODS: RA patients fulfilled the RA criteria of the American College of Rheumatology, and duration of their disease was < or = 6 months. Only nonhospitalized patients from outpatient care were included. Patients having extreme diets or previous disease modifying antirheumatic drug or glucocorticoid medication were excluded, as were those taking antibiotics or having gastroenteritis for at least 2 months prior to sampling. Fecal bacterial composition was analyzed with a method based on flow cytometry, 16S rRNA hybridization, and DNA-staining. A set of 8 oligonucleotide probes was used. RESULTS: In comparison to patients with FM, the RA patients had significantly less bifidobacteria and bacteria of the Bacteroides-Porphyromonas-Prevotella group, Bacteroides fragilis subgroup, and Eubacterium rectale--Clostridium coccoides group. Results from the 8 probes showed a significant overall difference between the 2 patient groups, indicating widespread microbial differences. CONCLUSION: These findings support the hypothesis that intestinal microbes participate in the etiopathogenesis of RA.

Alterations in intestinal microbial flora and human disease.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To highlight the evidence supporting the role of altered commensal gut flora in human disease. While the contribution of the indigenous gut microbial community is widely recognized, only recently has there been evidence pointing to indigenous flora in disease. RECENT FINDINGS: This review discusses recent evidence pointing to the role of altered commensal gut flora in such common conditions as irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease. Recent studies document the intricate relationship between the vast population of microbes that live in our gut and the human host. Since increased intestinal permeability and immune activation are consequences of an altered host-gut microbial relationship, what are the clinical effects of this shift in relationship? SUMMARY: We focus on the example of an abnormal expansion of gut microbial flora into the small bowel or small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and discuss the effects of bacterial overgrowth on the human host in acute pancreatitis, bacterial gastroenteritis, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, hepatic encephalopathy, and fibromyalgia and burn injury. The identification of the underlying role of altered commensal gut microbiota in these and other human diseases could lead to novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies that would improve clinical outcome.

[Lyme arthritis, Lyme carditis and other presentations potentially associated to Lyme disease]. / Aspects articulaires, musculaires, cardiaques et autres manifestations potentielles au cours de la maladie de Lyme.

Lyme disease or Lyme borreliosis is the most common tick-transmitted disease in the Northern hemisphere and is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi spirochetes. Lyme disease commonly begins with a characteristic skin lesion, erythema migrans. Weeks or months later, the patients may have neurologic, joint, or cardiac abnormalities. Some patients may still present persistent deep fatigue and various unspecific symptoms after standard courses of antibiotic treatment for Lyme disease. This constellation of symptoms has been variously referred to as "chronic Lyme disease", or "post-Lyme disease syndrome". The first French National Consensus Conference on Lyme Disease was the reason to review all aspects of articular and cardiac manifestations of Lyme disease after a synthesis of recent literature. The involvement of Borrelia species in chronic Lyme disease and other pathologies is discussed.

Mediterranean diet or extended fasting's influence on changing the intestinal microflora, immunoglobulin A secretion and clinical outcome in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and fibromyalgia: an observational study.

BACKGROUND: Alterations in the intestinal bacterial flora are believed to be contributing factors to many chronic inflammatory and degenerative diseases including rheumatic diseases. While microbiological fecal culture analysis is now increasingly used, little is known about the relationship of changes in intestinal flora, dietary patterns and clinical outcome in specific diseases. To clarify the role of microbiological culture analysis we aimed to evaluate whether in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or fibromyalgia (FM) a Mediterranean diet or an 8-day fasting period are associated with changes in fecal flora and whether changes in fecal flora are associated with clinical outcome. METHODS: During a two-months-period 51 consecutive patients from an Integrative Medicine hospital department with an established diagnosis of RA (n = 16) or FM (n = 35) were included in the study. According to predefined clinical criteria and the subjects' choice the patients received a mostly vegetarian Mediterranean diet (n = 21; mean age 50.9 +/-13.3 y) or participated in an intermittent modified 8-day fasting therapy (n = 30; mean age 53.7 +/- 9.4 y). Quantitative aerob and anaerob bacterial flora, stool pH and concentrations of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) were analysed from stool samples at the beginning, at the end of the 2-week hospital stay and at a 3-months follow-up. Clinical outcome was assessed with the DAS 28 for RA patients and with a disease severity rating scale in FM patients. RESULTS: We found no significant changes in the fecal bacterial counts following the two dietary interventions within and between groups, nor were significant differences found in the analysis of sIgA and stool ph. Clinical improvement at the end of the hospital stay tended to be greater in fasting vs. non-fasting patients with RA (p = 0.09). Clinical outcome was not related to alterations in the intestinal flora. CONCLUSION: Neither Mediterranean diet nor fasting treatments affect the microbiologically assessed intestinal flora and sIgA levels in patients with RA and FM. The impact of dietary interventions on the human intestinal flora and the role of the fecal flora in rheumatic diseases have to be clarified with newer molecular analysis techniques. The potential benefit of fasting treatment in RA and FM should be further tested in randomised trials.

Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: a framework for understanding irritable bowel syndrome.

CONTEXT: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), which affects 11% to 14% of the population, is a puzzling condition with multiple models of pathophysiology including altered motility, visceral hypersensitivity, abnormal brain-gut interaction, autonomic dysfunction, and immune activation. Although no conceptual framework accounts for all the symptoms and observations in IBS, a unifying explanation may exist since 92% of these patients share the symptom of bloating regardless of their predominant complaint. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: Ovid MEDLINE was searched through May 2004 for relevant English-language articles beginning with those related to bloating, gas, and IBS. Bibliographies of pertinent articles and books were also scanned for additional suitable citations. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: The possibility that small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) may explain bloating in IBS is supported by greater total hydrogen excretion after lactulose ingestion, a correlation between the pattern of bowel movement and the type of excreted gas, a prevalence of abnormal lactulose breath test in 84% of IBS patients, and a 75% improvement of IBS symptoms after eradication of SIBO. Altered gastrointestinal motility and sensation, changed activity of the central nervous system, and increased sympathetic drive and immune activation may be understood as consequences of the host response to SIBO. CONCLUSIONS: The gastrointestinal and immune effects of SIBO provide a possible unifying framework for understanding frequent observations in IBS, including postprandial bloating and distension, altered motility, visceral hypersensitivity, abnormal brain-gut interaction, autonomic dysfunction, and immune activation.

A link between irritable bowel syndrome and fibromyalgia may be related to findings on lactulose breath testing.

BACKGROUND: An association between irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) has been found. OBJECTIVE: To compare the prevalence and test results for bacterial overgrowth between IBS and fibromyalgia. METHODS: Subjects with independent fibromyalgia and IBS were compared with controls in a double blind study. Participants completed a questionnaire, and a lactulose hydrogen breath test was used to determine the presence of SIBO. The prevalence of an abnormal breath test was compared between study participants. Hydrogen production on the breath test was compared between subjects with IBS and fibromyalgia. The somatic pain visual analogue score of subjects with fibromyalgia was compared with their degree of hydrogen production. RESULTS: 3/15 (20%) controls had an abnormal breath test compared with 93/111 (84%) subjects with IBS (p<0.01) and 42/42 (100%) with fibromyalgia (p<0.0001 v controls, p<0.05 v IBS). Subjects with fibromyalgia had higher hydrogen profiles (p<0.01), peak hydrogen (p<0.0001), and area under the curve (p<0.01) than subjects with IBS. This was not dependent on the higher prevalence of an abnormal breath test. The degree of somatic pain in fibromyalgia correlated significantly with the hydrogen level seen on the breath test (r = 0.42, p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: An abnormal lactulose breath test is more common in fibromyalgia than IBS. In contrast with IBS, the degree of abnormality on breath test is greater in subjects with fibromyalgia and correlates with somatic pain.

Lyme arthritis.

Infection with B. burgdorferi can cause a large joint inflammatory arthritis in patients who have not been treated for early Lyme disease; the knee is the most common joint affected. The diagnosis depends on a history of known exposure to the spirochete, characteristic clinical features, and serologic studies (ELISA and Western blot) confirming exposure to the spirochete. In most patients, antibiotic therapy is curative, but in a smaller percentage of patients, the presence of the HLA-DR beta 1*0401 haplotype can trigger treatment-resistant arthritis, in which antibiotic therapy is ineffective; in these instances, remittive agents, such as hydroxychloroquine and methotrexate, are indicated. Arthroscopic synovectomy may be considered when antibiotic therapy is not curative. Fibromyalgia can follow infection with B. burgdorferi but is unresponsive to antibiotic therapy; it is treated with tricyclic antidepressants and an exercise program. Lyme arthritis is the only chronic inflammatory arthritis in which the specific cause is known and can be cured. As such, it serves as an excellent model with which to study the pathogenesis of more common inflammatory arthritides, such as rheumatoid arthritis.

Multiple mycoplasmal infections detected in blood of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome and/or fibromyalgia syndrome.

The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of different mycoplasmal species in blood samples from patients with chronic fatigue syndrome and/or fibromyalgia syndrome. Previously, more than 60% of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome/fibromyalgia syndrome were found to have mycoplasmal blood infections, such as Mycoplasma fermentans infection. In this study, patients with chronic fatigue syndrome/fibromyalgia syndrome were examined for multiple mycoplasmal infections in their blood. A total of 91 patients diagnosed with chronic fatigue syndrome/fibromyalgia syndrome and with a positive test for any mycoplasmal infection were investigated for the presence of Mycoplasma fermentans, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma hominis and Mycoplasma penetrans in blood using forensic polymerase chain reaction. Among these mycoplasma-positive patients, infections were detected with Mycoplasma pneumoniae (54/91), Mycoplasma fermentans (44/91), Mycoplasma hominis (28/91) and Mycoplasma penetrans (18/91). Multiple mycoplasmal infections were found in 48 of 91 patients, with double infections being detected in 30.8% and triple infections in 22%, but only when one of the species was Mycoplasma pneumoniae or Mycoplasma fermentans. Patients infected with more than one mycoplasmal species generally had a longer history of illness, suggesting that they may have contracted additional mycoplasmal infections with time.