RESUMO
The genus Periclimenes Costa, 1844 is the most species-rich genus in the subfamily Pontoniinae. Recent studies have suggested that it might be a polyphyletic taxon and could be further subdivided. In this study, three protein-coding nuclear genes and one mitochondrial ribosomal gene were used to analyze the phylogenetic relationships among the genera of the Periclimenes complex, includes the genus Periclimenes and 15 related genera, viz. Ancylomenes, Brucecaris, Crinotonia, Cuapetes, Harpiliopsis, Harpilius, Laomenes, Leptomenaeus, Manipontonia, Palaemonella, Periclimenella, Philarius, Phycomenes, Unguicaris and Vir. Based on both independent and combined data analyses, the results support that the genus Periclimenes is a polyphyletic group. Furthermore, the studied Periclimenes species could be divided into several independent groups, and the taxonomic status of P. commensalis, P. brevicarpalis and P. digitalis may need to be reconsidered. Besides, the majority of the related genera of Periclimenes are suggested to be monophyletic. Our analyses also reveal that these genera approximately form two main clades, despite some deep relationships are still obscure.
Assuntos
Núcleo Celular/genética , DNA Mitocondrial/classificação , Decápodes/classificação , Mitocôndrias/genética , Filogenia , RNA Ribossômico 16S/classificação , Animais , Núcleo Celular/química , DNA Mitocondrial/genética , Decápodes/genética , Especiação Genética , Mitocôndrias/química , Fosfoenolpiruvato Carboxiquinase (ATP)/classificação , Fosfoenolpiruvato Carboxiquinase (ATP)/genética , Fosfopiruvato Hidratase/classificação , Fosfopiruvato Hidratase/genética , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/classificação , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/genética , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
Because retinoblastomas contain a large amount of the gamma-subunit of enolase or neuronspecific enolase, we studied the aqueous humor levels of the gamma-subunit and alpha-subunit in 12 cases of retinoblastoma. Enzyme immunoassay demonstrated that both the gamma-subunit and the alpha-subunit were greatly increased in all 12 (minimum levels, 87.8 ng/ml and 354 ng/ml, respectively). Thus, aqueous enolase levels, especially that of the gamma-subunit, are useful in the diagnosis of retinoblastoma and may be useful as monitoring markers in retinoblastoma involving the central nervous system.