Classification of Hamate Fractures: An Analysis of 247 Patients with Hamate Fractures.

Background: We devised a new classification of hamate fractures named the TOUCH classification. Each letter of this acronym depicts a fracture type - Type I (Transverse fracture), Type II (Open and/or complex fracture), Type III (Ulnar/medial tuberosity fracture), Type IV (Coronal fracture) and Type V (Hook fracture). Each fracture type was further divided into two or three subtypes (a, b, and/or c) based on degree of severity. The aim of this study is to classify the hamate fractures treated at our centre using this classification. Methods: A retrospective review of all patients with hamate fractures treated at our hospital between 2003 and 2022 was done. Patient data with regard to age, gender, mechanism of injury, injured limb and any associated injuries was collected. Hamate fractures were classified based on the TOUCH classification. Results: A total of 247 patients with hamate fractures were included. Patients in the age group of 20-40 years accounted for 73.6% of all fractures. Female patients accounted for only 6.9% of all fractures and 76.5% of women with hamate fractures were older than 40 years. The incidence of hamate fracture tended to increase with age in women. The most common mechanism of injury was a fall (69 patients). The injury involved the right upper limb in 195 patients. And 164 patients had associated injuries in the same upper limb. Type III (coronal fracture of the hamate body) accounted for 57.4%, followed by type V (hook of hamate fracture) in 26.7% of patients. Conclusions: The TOUCH classification could cover all kinds of hamate fractures. It is easy to remember and may guide surgeons in considering treatment options. Level of Evidence: Level IV (Diagnostic).

Fifth Metatarsal Fractures.

Fifth metatarsal features are the most common fractures in the foot. They have a long history that has resulted in many classification systems and little consensus on appropriate treatment. Although there is some agreement among experts, there are also many questions yet to be answered. There is a general consensus that dancer's fractures and zone 1 fractures can generally be treated nonoperatively. There is much more debate about zone 2 and 3 fractures and appropriate treatment guidelines. The authors review the current literature and give the recommendation for treatment based on their experience in a community-based private practice.

Quadrilateral plate classification program of acetabular fractures based on three-column classification: a three-dimensional fracture mapping study.

BACKGROUND: A new classification system for acetabular fractures has been proposed in recent years, which is called the 3-column classification. However, this system does not provide information regarding quadrilateral plate fractures. To address this issue, we utilized three-dimensional (3D) fracture line mapping and heat map to analyze the link between the 3-column classification and quadrilateral plate fractures. METHODS: We collected CT scan data from 177 patients who had been diagnosed with acetabular fractures. Additionally, we utilized a CT scan of a healthy adult to generate a standard acetabular model. We utilized the collected CT data of the fracture to create a 3D model and subsequently reduced it. We then matched each acetabular fracture model with the standard acetabular model and mapped all of the fracture lines to the standard model. 3D fracture lines and heat maps were created by overlapping all fracture lines. Fracture characteristics were then summarized using these maps. RESULTS: This study analyzed a total of 221 acetabular fractures. The most frequently observed fracture type, based on the three-column classification, was A1.2, which corresponds to fractures of the anterior column. In contrast, the least common type of fracture was A4, which represents fractures of the central wall. It was noted that quadrilateral plate fractures were frequently observed in fractures classified as type B and C according to the three-column classification. CONCLUSIONS: Among the three-column classification, the QLP fractures are commonly observed in type B and C. It is important to carefully identify these fractures during the diagnostic process. Therefore, based on the three-column classification, we have amalgamated quadrilateral plate fractures and formulated a classification program for acetabular fractures.

Unclassified acetabular fractures: Do they really exist?

PURPOSE: Although Letournel classification is considered the corner stone for classifying acetabular fractures, however, it might not be perfectly inclusive. Unclassified fractures were reported by many authors. The aim of this case series is to report the incidence of unclassified acetabular fractures and description of these rare patterns and why they are considered unclassified acetabular fractures. METHODS: This is a retrospective consecutive case series. In the period between 1st January 2016 and 31st December 2017, 235 patients with 236 acetabular fractures were identified from our hospital records. Classification of the acetabular fractures according to Letournel was done by two surgeons. Any discrepancy in the classification between the two surgeons was resolved by the senior author. Before considering the fracture unclassifiable, all fractures were reviewed again by the two surgeon and the senior author. RESULTS: In the period between 1st January 2016 and 31st December 2017, 235 patients with 236 acetabular fractures were included in our study. Twenty-two fractures (9.3%) did not fit into any of the fracture types according to Letournel Classification as follows: 1 case (4.5%) was pure Quadrilateral plate fracture, 1 case (4.5%) was labral avulsion with tiny posterior wall rim, 1 case (4.5%) was pure articular impaction, 1 case (4.5%) was both columns fracture with posterior wall, 4 cases (18.2%) were anterior column and quadrilateral plate fracture, and 14 cases (63.8%) were T with posterior wall. CONCLUSION: Several acetabular fracture pattern could be considered unclassified fractures. These unique patterns may require special approaches or special fixation methods. However, this is not a call for a new classification for acetabular classification to include these new types. Subclassification or adding modifiers to Letournel classification can do the job.

Three-dimensional Mapping Analysis of Talus Fractures and Demonstration of Different Surgical Approaches for Talus Fractures.

OBJECTIVE: The talus is an important component in the ankle, and its treatment after injury is crucial. However, complications and adverse events due to incomplete traditional classifications may still occur, and these classifications fail to analyze the patterns and distribution of fractures from a three-dimensional perspective. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to analyze the location and distribution of fracture lines in different types of talus fractures using three-dimensional (3D) and heat mapping techniques. Additionally, we aimed to determine the surface area of the talus that can be utilized for different approaches of internal fixation, aiding in the planning of surgical procedures. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed data from CT scans from 126 patients diagnosed with talus fractures at our two hospitals. We extracted the CT data of a healthy adult and created a standard talus model. We performed 3D reconstruction using patients' CT images and superimposed the fracture model onto the standard model for drawing fracture lines. Subsequently, we converted the fracture lines into a heat map for visualization. Additionally, we measured 20 specimens to determine the boundary for various ligaments attached to the talus. We determined the surface area of the talus available for different surgical approaches by integrating the boundary data with previously reported data on area of exposure. RESULTS: Without considering the displacement distance of the fracture, fracture types were classified as follows, by combining Hawkins and Sneppen classifications: talar neck, 41.3%; posterior talar tubercle, 22.2%; body for the talus and comminuted, 17.5%; lateral talar tubercle, 11.9%; and talar head, 7.1%. We established fracture line and heat maps using this classification. Additionally, we demonstrated the available area for anteromedial, anterolateral, posteromedial, posterolateral, and medial malleolus osteotomy and Chaput osteotomy approaches. CONCLUSION: Fracture line and heat map analyses can aid surgeons in planning a single or combined surgical approach for the reduction and internal fixation of talus fractures. Demonstrating the different surgical approaches can help surgeons choose the most effective technique for individual cases.

The Kappa Paradox Explained.

Observer reliability studies for fracture classification systems evaluate agreement using Cohen's κ and absolute agreement as outcome measures. Cohen's κ is a chance-corrected measure of agreement and can range between 0 (no agreement) and 1 (perfect agreement). Absolute agreement is the percentage of times observers agree on the matter they have to rate. Some studies report a high-absolute agreement but a relatively low κ value, which is counterintuitive. This phenomenon is referred to as the Kappa Paradox. The objective of this article was to explain the statistical phenomenon of the Kappa Paradox and to help readers and researchers to recognize and prevent this phenomenon.

Perfil epidemiológico de idosos com fraturas diversas, atendidos nos hospitais brasileiros: uma revisão de literatura / Epidemiological profile of elderly with diversified fractures, attended to in Brazilian hospitals: a literature review / Perfil epidemiológico de ancianos con fracturas varias, atendidosen hospitales brasileños: una revisión de literatura

Objetivou-se demonstrar o perfil epidemiológico de idosos com fraturas diversas, hospitalizados no Brasil, assim como a caracterização dessas fraturas. Trata-se de revisão de literatura mediante publicações no período entre 2007 e 2018, compondo uma amostra de 20 estudos selecionados. Evidenciou-se a fratura do fêmur em idosas, decorrente de queda da própria altura, com período de internação hospitalar entre uma e três semanas. Concluiu-se que é fundamental conhecer o perfil epidemiológico de idosos hospitalizados com fraturas para direcionar políticas públicas e dotação orçamentária.

The objective was to demonstrate the epidemiological profile of elderly with various fractures, hospitalized in Brazil, as well as the characterization of these fractures. It is a review of the literature through publications in the period between 2007 and 2018, composing a sample of 20 selected studies. The fracture of the femur in the elderly was evidenced due to fall of the height itself with a hospital stay of between one and three weeks. It was concluded that it is fundamental to know the profile of elderly hospitalized with fractures to direct public policies and budget allocation.

Se objetivó demostrar el perfil epidemiológico de los ancianos com fraturas diversas hospitalizados en Brasil, así como la caracterización de estas fracturas. Se trata de uma revisión de literatura mediante publicaciones en el período entre 2007 y 2018, componiendo una muestra de 20 estudios seleccionados. Se evidenció la fractura del fémur en ancianas derivada de caída de la propia altura con período de internación hospitalaria entre una y tres semanas. Se concluyó que es fundamental conocer el perfil de ancianos hospitalizados con fracturas para direccionar políticas públicas y dotación presupuestaria.

Falls among older adults in the South of Brazil: prevalence and determinants / Quedas em idosos no Sul do Brasil: prevalência e determinantes

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Evaluate the prevalence and the factors associated with the occurrence of falls among older adults. METHODS A cross-sectional study with a representative sample of 1,451 elderly residents in the urban area of Pelotas, RS, in 2014. A descriptive analysis of the data was performed and the prevalence of falls in the last year was presented. The analysis of demographic, socioeconomic, behavioral and health factors associated with the outcome was performed using Poisson regression with adjustment for robust variance according to the hierarchical model. The variables were adjusted to each other within each level and for the higher level. Those with p ≤ 0.20 were maintained in the model for confounding control and those with p < 0.05 were considered to be associated with the outcome. RESULTS The prevalence of falls among older adults in the last year was 28.1% (95%CI 25.9-30.5), and most occurred in the person's own residence. Among the older adults who fell, 51.5% (95%CI 46.6-56.4) had a single fall and 12.1% (95%CI 8.9-15.3) had a fracture as a consequence, usually in the lower limbs. The prevalence of falls was higher in women, adults of advanced age, with lower income and schooling level, with functional incapacity for instrumental activities, and patients with diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and arthritis. CONCLUSIONS The occurrence of falls reached almost a third of the older adults, and the prevalence was higher in specific segments of the population in question. About 12% of the older adults who fell fractured some bone. The factors associated with the occurrence of falls identified in this study may guide measures aimed at prevention in the older adult population.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Avaliar a prevalência e os fatores associados à ocorrência de quedas em idosos. MÉTODOS Estudo transversal com amostra representativa de 1.451 idosos residentes na zona urbana de Pelotas, RS, em 2014. Foi realizada análise descritiva dos dados e apresentada a prevalência de quedas no último ano. A análise de fatores demográficos, socioeconômicos, comportamentais e de saúde associados ao desfecho foi realizada por meio de regressão de Poisson com ajuste para variância robusta conforme modelo hierárquico. As variáveis foram ajustadas entre si dentro de cada nível e para as de nível superior. Aquelas com p ≤ 0,20 foram mantidas no modelo para controle de confusão e aquelas com p < 0,05 foram consideradas associadas ao desfecho. RESULTADOS A prevalência de quedas em idosos no último ano foi de 28,1% (IC95% 25,9-30,5), e a maioria ocorreu na própria residência do idoso. Entre os idosos que sofreram queda, 51,5% (IC95% 46,6-56,4) tiveram uma única queda e 12,1% (IC95% 8,9-15,3) tiveram fratura como consequência, sendo a de membros inferiores a mais relatada. A prevalência de quedas foi maior em mulheres, idosos com idade avançada, de menor renda e escolaridade, com incapacidade funcional para atividades instrumentais e portadores de enfermidades como diabetes, doença cardíaca e artrite. CONCLUSÕES A ocorrência de quedas atingiu quase um terço dos idosos, e a prevalência foi mais elevada em segmentos específicos da população em questão. Cerca de 12% dos idosos que caíram, fraturaram algum osso. Os fatores associados à ocorrência de quedas identificados neste estudo poderão nortear medidas que visem sua prevenção na população de idosos.

Concordância intra e interobservadores do sistema de classificação AO para fraturas dos ossos longos na população pediátrica / Intra and interobserver concordance of the AO classification system for fractures of the long bones in the pediatric population

A classificação AO para fraturas dos ossos longos na população pediátrica foi desen volvida e validada em 2006. Entretanto, a complexidade desse sistema tem limitado o seu uso na prática clínica. Poucos estudos na literatura avaliam sua reprodutibilidade e aplicabi lidade. Este trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a concordância intra e interobservadores com o uso do sistema de classificação AO pediátrica entre médicos de diferentes níveis de experiência. Métodos: Após a feitura do cálculo amostral, foram selecionadas 108 radiografias consecuti vas de fraturas de ossos longos de pacientes de 0-16 anos, provenientes do arquivo digital de um hospital de nível quaternário. As radiografias foram classificadas por cinco examina dores com diferentes níveis de experiência após uma explicação prévia sobre o sistema. Foi mostrada uma planilha que continha as imagens da classificação para consulta. As avaliações foram feitas em dois momentos distintos por cada observador. O índice Kappa de Fleiss foi usado para verificar a concordância intra e interobservadores. Resultados: Foram obtidas concordâncias intraobservadores no mínimo substanciais em todos os itens da classificação, alcançaram níveis excelentes por todos os observadores em cinco dos sete itens considerados. A avaliação interobservadores apresentou níveis de concordância excelentes em dois itens, substancial em dois itens, moderada a substancial em um item e pobre a moderada em um dos itens. Não se observou influência da experi ência do observador na obtenção de maiores ou menores níveis de concordância, intra ou interobservadores. Conclusões: Neste estudo, a concordância intra e interobservadores foi considerada boa ou excelente para o sistema de classificação AO pediátrico para os parâmetros: osso, seg mento, osso pareado, subsegmento, padrão e desvio. No entanto, a concordância intra e interobservadores foi estatisticamente insatisfatória no parâmetro gravidade/lado da avulsão. Os níveis de concordância obtidos independem da experiência do observador em ortopedia pediátrica.

The AO classification for fractures of the long bones in the pediatric population was developed and validated in 2006. However, the complexity of this system has limited its use in clinical practice and few studies in the literature have evaluated its reproducibility and applicability. The present study had the objective of determining the intra and interobserver agreement using the pediatric AO system, among physicians with different levels of experience. METHODS: After making the sample calculation, 108 consecutive radiographs on long-bone fractures in patients aged 0-16 years, coming from the digital files of the quaternary-level hospital, were selected. The radiographs were classified by five examiners with different levels of experience after prior explanations about the system. A chart containing images from the classification was made available for consultation. The evaluations were made at two different times by each observer. The Fleiss kappa index was used to ascertain the intra and interobserver agreement. RESULTS: Intraobserver agreement that was at least substantial was obtained for all the items of the classification and it reached excellent levels for all observers in relation to five of the seven items considered. The interobserver evaluation presented excellent levels of agreement in two items, substantial in two items, moderate to substantial in one item and poor to moderate in one item. No influence from the observer's experience was observed with regard to obtaining higher or lower levels of agreement, either in the intraobserver or in the interobserver evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, the intra and interobserver agreement was considered to be good or excellent for the pediatric AO classification system, for the parameters of bone, segment, paired bone, subsegment, standard and deviation. However, the intra and interobserver agreement was statistically unsatisfactory for the parameter of severity/side of avulsion. The levels of agreement obtained did not depend on the observer's level of experience within pediatric orthopedics.

Resultados funcionales de fracturas Neer III-IV tratadas mediante hemiartroplastía / Functional results for Neer III-IV fractures treated with hemiarthroplasty

Objetivo: Evaluar los resultados funcionales de pacientes con fracturas Neer III-IV tratados mediante hemiartroplastía. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, ambiespectivo, transversal. Período Enero a Diciembre 2011; se realizó revisión de expediente, evaluación funcional mediante escala de Constant y cuestionario DASH. Se analizó la información en programa SPSS, análisis estadístico basado en estadística descriptiva y de frecuencias. Resultados: Se evaluaron 16 pacientes, edad promedio de 60.9 años (p = 0.004); sexo femenino 56.3% (p = 0.001). Mecanismo de lesión fue de baja energía en 93.8%. De acuerdo con la escala de Constant de un total de 100 puntos, nuestra población obtuvo 40.75 (± 14.42) puntos, las mayores prevalencias fueron: dolor medio en 8 (50%), trabajo pleno rendimiento 7 (43.75%); amplitud de movimiento indoloro hasta apófisis xifoides (37.5%). Rangos de movilidad abducción de 30-60º 10 (62.5% p = 0.004), flexión de 30-60º 6 (37.5%), rotación externa 14 (87.5%) con mano detrás de la cabeza, rotación interna hasta región lumbosacra 7 (43.75% p = 0.005). Potencia hasta 3 kilogramos 5 (31.3% p = 0.005). Se observó en 13 (81.3%) malos resultados. Respecto al cuestionario DASH en discapacidad/síntomas 12 (75%), actividades especiales 7 (43.75%) resultados buenos; módulo de trabajo 8 (50%) resultados medios. Con satisfacción del episodio quirúrgico del 87.5%. Conclusiones: En la presente muestra de pacientes, la funcionalidad del hombro operado se consideró como mala de acuerdo con la escala de Constant; buena en cuanto a síntomas y actividades especiales y media en el módulo de trabajo respecto al cuestionario DASH.

Objective: To assess the functional results of patients who sustained Neer III-IV shoulder fractures treated with hemiarthroplasty. Material and methods: Descriptive, ambispective, cross-sectional study. From January to December 2011 patient records were reviewed, a functional assessment was performed using the Constant scale, and the DASH questionnaire was applied. Data was analyzed with the SPSS software, descriptive statistics and frequency analysis. Results: Sixteen patients were evaluated, mean age was 60.9 years (p = 0.004); females represented 56.3% (p = 0.001). The mechanism of injury was low energy trauma in 93.8%. According to the Constant scale, whose maximum score is 100, the score of our population was 40.75 (± 14.42). The highest prevalence rates corresponded to: middle pain, 8 (50%); work with full performance, 7 (43.75%); painful range of motion up to the xyphoid process (37.5%). Ranges of motion were as follows: abduction 30-60º 10 (62.5% p = 0.004), flexion 30-60º 6 (37.5%), external rotation, 14 (87.5%) with the hand behind the head, internal rotation up to the lumbosacral region, 7 (43.75% p = 0.005). Power of up to 3 kilograms, 5 (31.3% p = 0.005). Poor results were seen in 13 (81.3%) patients. The DASH questionnaire results were: disability/symptoms, 12 (75%) and special activities, 7 (43.75%) good results; in the work module, 8 (50%) fair results. Satisfaction with the surgical procedure, 87.5 percent. Conclusions: In this patient sample the function of the operated shoulder was considered as poor according to the Constant scale; it was good considering the symptoms and special activities, and fair for the work module, according to the DASH questionnaire.

Comparación entre la clasificación AO pediátrica y la de Dias-Tachdjian en fracturas de tobillo infantiles / Comparison between the pediatric AO classification and the Dias-Tachdjian classification in pediatric ankle fractures

Introducción: El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar el grado de confiabilidad entre dos clasificaciones globalmente empleadas para fracturas de tobillo en la edad pediátrica. Materiales y métodos: Se estudiaron 53 pacientes: 34 de sexo masculino y 19 de sexo femenino, con antecedentes de fractura de tobillo. Se emplearon dos clasificaciones. Se llevó a cabo un estudio detallado calculando el valor Kappa de Cohen para la confiabilidad intraobservador y, para calcular el acuerdo interobservador, se dedujo el valor Kappa utilizando el método de Fleiss. Resultados: El acuerdo intraobservador e interobservador en las dos clasificaciones no fue convincentemente diferente entre los distintos grupos de examinadores. Conclusiones: Durante la edad pediátrica, es posible encontrar diferentes tipos fracturarios y distintos mecanismos en una misma fractura. Se observó que estos patrones no quedaban englobados en ninguna de las dos clasificaciones, que fueron improductivas para la planificación quirúrgica.

Rodilla flotante: nuestra experiencia / Floating knee. Our experience

Se denomina rodilla flotante a una combinación de fracturas diafisarias, metafisarias e intraarticulares de fémur y de tibia ipsilateral, entre la zona subtroncantérica femoral y la zona diafisaria de la tibia. Se presentan con mayor frecuencia en pacientes politraumatizados que ingresan al hospital hemodinámicamente descompensados y requieren un cuidadoso control y seguimiento durante la atención primaria de acuerdo al protocolo del ATLS. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de 38 pacientes con "lesión de rodilla flotante" ingresados y tratados en el Servicio de Traumatología y Ortopedia del Hospital Municipal de Urgencias, con un seguimiento mínimo de 5 meses. La edad promedio de nuestros pacientes fue de 29 años. La media de internación 20 días. Se estadificó las lesiones según la clasificación de Fraser. El manejo inicial de estos pacientes se realizó con tracción esquelética, yesos o colocación de tutor externo. Para la estabilización definitiva de estas lesiones se realizó un análisis pormenorizado de cada caso en particular y sus lesiones asociadas, lo que determinó las variantes de tratamiento. La estabilización inicial es precaria y no mejora el pronóstico, la rehabilitación temprana ni la reintegración del paciente a su medio biopsicosocial; pero nos permite obtener un resultado final aceptable comparable con las series publicadas.

Desenho de placa em forma de borboleta para tratamento de fraturas do calcâneo / Design of butterfly-shaped plate and its application in treatment for calcaneal fractures

OBJETIVO: Apresentar um desenho de placa em forma de borboleta e sua aplicação no tratamento de fraturas do calcâneo e discutir suas indicações clínicas, vantagens e desvantagens. MÉTODOS: De fevereiro de 2008 a abril de 2010, 22 pacientes com 26 fraturas intra-articulares do calcâneo foram tratados com redução a céu aberto e fixação interna com placa em forma de borboleta. Dezesseis pacientes eram homens e 6 eram mulheres, com média de idade de 36,8 anos. Onze eram pés esquerdos e 15, direitos. De acordo com a classificação de Sanders, 12 eram fraturas de calcâneo Tipo II (inclusive 3 Tipo IIa, 7 Tipo IIb e 2 Tipo IIc) e 14 eram Tipo III (inclusive cinco do Tipo IIIab, 7 Tipo IIIac e duas do Tipo IIIbc). RESULTADOS: Dezessete pacientes (21 pés) foram submetidos a acompanhamento por em média 19,2 meses. Os desfechos funcionais foram avaliados com o sistema Maryland Foot Score. Entre os nove pés com fraturas Tipo II, sete receberam escore excelente e dois, bom. Entre as 12 fraturas Tipo III, seis tiveram escore excelente, cinco, bom e uma, razoável. CONCLUSÃO: A placa em forma de borboleta é aplicável ao tratamento de fraturas do calcâneo do Tipo II e Tipo III de Sanders, com a vantagem de garantir fixação confiável, facilitar a cirurgia, produzir menos complicações pós-operatórias e produzir melhores desfechos clínicos gerais. Nível de Evidência IV, Série de casos.

OBJECTIVE: To introduce the design of butterfly-shaped plate and its application in treatment for calcaneal fractures, and to discuss its clinical indications, advantages and disadvantages. METHODS: From February 2008 to April 2010, 22 patients with 26 intra-articular calcaneal fractures were treated by open reduction and internal fixation with butterfly-shape plate. Sixteen patients were male and 6 patients were female, with a mean age of 36.8 years. Eleven were left feet and 15, right. According to Sanders classification, 12 were Type II (including 3 Type IIa, 7 Type IIb and 2 Type IIc) and 14 were Type III (including 5 Type IIIab, 7 Type IIIac and 2 Type IIIbc). RESULTS: Seventeen patients (21 feet) were followed-up for an average of 19.2 months. The functional outcomes were assessed using the Maryland Foot Score system. Among the 9 feet with Type II fractures, 7 feet were scored excellent, 2 were good. Among the 12 Type III fractures, 6 were scored excellent, 5 were good, and one was fair. CONCLUSION: The butterfly-shaped plate is applicable to treatment for Sanders Type II and Type III calcaneal fractures, with advantages of ensuring reliable fixation, easier operation, fewer post-operative complications, and better clinical outcomes. Level of Evidence IV, Case Series.

Tratamento das fraturas femorais subtrocantéricas com placas de bloqueio lateral da parte proximal do fêmur / The treatment of femoral subtrochanteric fractures with the proximal lateral femur locking plates

OBJETIVO: Estudar o desfecho de fraturas subtrocantéricas de quadril tratadas com placa de bloqueio lateral da parte proximal do fêmur. MÉTODO: Revisamos retrospectivamente os resultados clínicos de 48 casos de fraturas subtrocantéricas tratadas com placas de bloqueio lateral da parte proximal do fêmur de janeiro de 2008 a maio de 2010. Registrou-se o progresso da consolidação da fratura, assim como a ocorrência de complicações. A função da articulação do quadril foi avaliada pelo índice social de Harris e o escore de mobilidade de Parker-Palmer, um ano após a cirurgia. RESULTADO: Quarenta e cinco pacientes foram acompanhados até a união da fratura ou a revisão da cirurgia. Entre os 45 pacientes, 43 atingiram a união da fratura sem outra intervenção. Trinta e oito fraturas consolidaram sem perda da posição no acompanhamento de um ano. Não houve casos de perfuração da cabeça do fêmur pelo parafuso. O escore médio do índice social de Harris foi 86,5 ± 9,8 (73 ~95). A média do escore de mobilidade de Parker e Palmer foi 7,4 ± 2,1 (3~ 9). CONCLUSÃO: A placa de bloqueio lateral da parte proximal do fêmur é o tipo de fixação interna estável e efetiva para tratar as fraturas subtrocantéricas de quadril e tem a vantagem de fixação estável, em especial em fratura da parede lateral do fêmur. Nível de evidência IV, Série de Casos.

OBJECTIVE: To study the outcome of subtrochanteric hip fractures treated by using a proximal lateral femur locking plate. METHOD: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical results of 48 cases of femoral subtrochanteric fractures treated with proximal lateral femur locking plates from Jan 2008 to May 2010. The progress of fracture healing, as well as the occurrence of complications, was recorded. The function of the hip joint was evaluated by Harris social index and the Parker and Palmer mobility score at 1 year after the operation. RESULT: 45 patients were followed up until fracture union or a revision surgery. Among the 45 patients, 43 patients obtained fracture union without further intervention. 38 fractures healed with no loss of position at the 1-year follow-up. There were no cases of hip screw cutting through the femoral head. The mean score of Harris social index was 86.5±9.8 (73~95). The mean Parker and Palmer mobility score was 7.4±2.1 (3~9). CONCLUSION: The proximal lateral femur locking plate is the kind of stable and effective internal fixation of treating subtrochanteric hip fractures which has the advantage of stable fixation especially for the lateral femoral wall fracture. Level of Evidence IV, Case Series.

One-year mortality among elderly people after hospitalization due to fall-related fractures: comparison with a control group of matched elderly / Mortalidade em um ano de idosos após hospitalização por fratura decorrente de queda: comparação com idosos pareados da população

Fraturas decorrentes de queda entre idosos são um importante problema de saúde pública. Fraturas graves têm sido associadas com o maior risco de morte. Para investigar o perfil de mortalidade de idosos que sofreram fraturas graves, 250 indivíduos com 60 anos ou mais, hospitalizados devido à fratura decorrente de queda, e 250 idosos da população foram acompanhados por um ano. Esses grupos foram pareados por idade, sexo, momento da hospitalização do caso e vizinhança. Os óbitos foram identificados por meio do relacionamento probabilístico do banco de dados do estudo com a base de dados de mortalidade do estado. A mortalidade acumulada em um ano foi de 25,2% e 4% para idosos com e sem fratura grave, respectivamente. A distribuição dos óbitos não foi homogênea ao longo do tempo de seguimento. Dois terços das mortes entre paciente ocorreram no 1º trimestre após a fratura, enquanto que entre os controles os óbitos foram mais tardios. Doença cardíaca, pneumonia, sangramento digestivo, septicemia, embolia pulmonar, diabetes e AVE foram causas importantes de morte no ano que se seguiu à fratura.

Fall-related fractures among the elderly represent an important public health problem. Severe fractures have been related to increased risk of death. In order to investigate the mortality profile of elderly individuals with severe fractures, 250 patients aged 60 years and over, hospitalized due to fall-related fractures and 250 elderly without fractures living in the local community were followed-up for one year. They were matched according to sex, age, time of hospitalization and neighborhood. Deaths were identified using probabilistic linkage of the research dataset and the local mortality registry. The one-year cumulative mortality was 25.2% in the case of individuals with severe fractures and 4% for those individuals without. The mortality distribution was not homogeneous across the follow-up period. Two-thirds of deaths among the elderly individuals hospitalized due to fracture occurred within the first 3 months, whereas mortality among those individuals without fractures took place later. Heart disease, pneumonia, GI bleeding, sepsis, and pulmonary embolism, diabetes and stroke were important causes of one-year mortality.

Fraturas do colo do talus: avaliação da reprodutibilidade da classificação de Hawkins / Fractures of the neck of the talus: evaluation of reproducibility of Hawkins´s classification

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a reprodutibilidade intra-observador e inter-observador da classificação de Hawkins para fraturas do colo do talus. MÉTODOS: Selecionou-se 20 casos aleatórios de fratura de tálus para serem definidos entre os tipos da classificação por oito cirurgiões ortopédicos, 13 residentes de ortopedia e 15 de radiologia. RESULTADOS: Utilizando o teste estatístico de Landis e Kock foram obtidas médias de 0.627 e 0.668, na primeira e segunda avaliação, respectivamente. Tais valores definem uma concordância satisfatória para a classificação de Hawkins. CONCLUSÃO: Conclui-se que tal classificação é reprodutível entre observadores, possuindo melhores valores conforme maior experiência. Nível de Evidência I, Estudos diagnósticos - Investigação de um exame para diagnóstico.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility of Hawkins' classification for fractures of the neck of the talus. METHODS: 20 random cases of fracture of the talus were selected, to be defined according to the classification of types by eight orthopedic surgeons, 13 orthopedic residents and 15 radiology residents. RESULTS: Using the statistical test of Landis and Koch, measurements of 0.627 and 0.668 were obtained in the first and second evaluations, respectively. These values define a satisfactory agreement for Hawkins' classification. CONCLUSION: We conclude that this classification is reproducible between observers, with better values for the more experienced observers. Level of Evidence I, Study Diagnostic - Investigating a diagnostic test.

Fracturas de la tuberosidad anterior de la tibia en adolescentes con esqueleto inmaduro / Fractures of the anterior tibial tuberosity in skeletally immature adolescents

Introducción: Las fracturas de la tuberosidad anterior de la tibia (TAT) representan el 3 por ciento de las fracturas proximales que afectan a ese hueso. Se producen en pacientes de entre 12 y 17 años, con mayor frecuencia en los varones y en el contexto de una actividad deportiva. Materiales y métodos: Entre 1995 y 2008 fueron tratados 20 pacientes con 23 fracturas de la TAT. La serie se compuso de 18 varones y 2 mujeres, con un promedio de 13,4 años. Las fracturas se categorizaron según la clasificación de Ogden en 11 de tipo 1 (5A y 6B), 6 de tipo 2 (3A y 3B) y 5 de tipo 3 (2 subtipo A y 3 subtipo B). Las fracturas subtipo 1 A-B y 2A fueron tratadas mediante inmovilización, mientras que las restantes requirieron reducción abierta, fijación interna e inmovilización. Resultados: En todos los pacientes se observó consolidación ósea. El 95 por ciento retornó a su actividad deportiva previa. Un paciente presentó molestias del material de osteosíntesis y otro presentó un recurvatum. Conclusiones: Las fracturas de la TAT son poco frecuentes y para efectuar un diagnóstico correcto se debe conocer cómo se desarrolla la osificación de la tibia proximal; también deben diferenciarse de la enfermedad de Osgood-Schlatter a fin de indicar el tratamiento adecuado y evitar las posibles secuelas, como una rótula alta traumática. De acuerdo con la clasificación de Odgen, se obtuvieron buenos resultados con el tratamiento incruento en los pacientes con los subtipos 1AB y 2A, y con la forma cruenta en los portadores de los tipos 2B y 3AB

Traumatic mechanisms and therapeutic results of the perilunate injuries / Mecanismos traumáticos y resultados terapéuticos en lesiones perisemilunares

OBJECTIVES: In this study, eighteen patients who have had perilunate injury with dislocation or fracture, were evaluated and the patho-mechanics and surgical treatment were studied. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: According to the Green and O 'Brien's classification, type 1 injury occurred in one patient, type 2 in nine, type 4A in five, type 4C in one and type 4D in one. The other one case could not be classified using the Green and O 'Brien's criteria. RESULTS: According to the Evans scoring system, good results were achieved in thirteen patients, fair results, in four, poor results in one and very poor results in none. When the patho-mechanics was esti mated based on the Mayfield's criteria, seventeen patients were classified as stage 3. However, only one case was extremely unusual and should be classified as a subtype of stage 2. CONCLUSION: The results were good in the majority ofpatients who had repair ofperilunate injury.

OBJETIVO: En este estudio, se evaluaron dieciocho pacientes que tuvieron lesión perisemilunar con dislocación o fractura, y se estudiaron la patomecánica y el tratamiento quirúrgico. SUJETOS Y MÉTODO: Sobre la base de la clasificación de Green y O'Brien, se concluye que ocurrieron las siguientes lesiones: lesión de tipo 1 en un paciente, de tipo 2 en nueve, tipo 4A en cinco, tipo 4C en uno y tipo 4D en uno. El otro caso no se pudo clasificar usando criterios de Green y O'Brien. RESULTADOS: El sistema de puntuación de Evans, indica que se lograron buenos resultados en trece pacientes; resultados satisfactorios en cuatro; resultados pobres en uno; resultados muy pobres en ninguno. Cuando se estimó la patomecánica sobre la base de los criterios Mayfield, diecisiete pacientes fueron clasificados como fase 3. Sin embargo, sólo un caso fue sumamente raro y debe ser clasificado como subtipo de fase 2. CONCLUSIÓN: Los resultados fueron buenos en la mayoría de los pacientes que tuvieron reparación de lesión perisemilunar.

Earthquake-related pelvic crush fracture vs. non-earthquake fracture on digital radiography and MDCT: a comparative study

OBJECTIVE: To determine the features of earthquake-related pelvic crush fractures versus non-earthquake fractures with digital radiography and multidetector row computed tomography. METHODS: One hundred and sixty-seven survivors with pelvic crush fractures in the 2008 Sichuan earthquake were entered in our study as the earthquake-related group (139 underwent digital radiography, 28 underwent multidetector row computed tomography); 70 victims with non-earthquake pelvic fractures were enrolled into this study as the non-earthquake group (54 underwent digital radiography, 16 underwent multidetector row computed tomography). Data were reviewed retrospectively between groups, focusing on anatomic distributions, status of pelvic bone fractures, numbers of pelvic bones involved, and classification of pelvic ring fractures according to the Tile classification system. RESULTS: Pelvic fractures occurred more frequently in the pubis in the earthquake-related group than in the non-earthquake group (135/167, 81 percent vs. 48/70, 69 percent). In addition, comminuted fractures were more common in the earthquake-related group than in the non-earthquake group (55/167, 33 percent vs. 10/70, 14 percent). Multiple fractures were less common in the earthquake-related group than in the non-earthquake group (81/167, 49 percent vs. 46/70, 66 percent). Regarding the classification of pelvic ring fractures, Type C predominantly composed of subtype C3 occurred more frequently (64/167, 38 percent vs. 12/70, 17 percent), and Type A was less common in the earthquake-related group than in the non-earthquake group (31/167, 19 percent vs. 23/70, 32 percent). All differences were statistically significant (p<0.05). No difference was found in Type B fractures between the groups (72/167, 43 percent vs. 35/70, 50 percent). CONCLUSION: Earthquake-related pelvic crush fractures can be characterized by a high incidence of pelvic fractures occurring in the pubis, comminuted fractures, and Type C fractures predominantly composed by subtype C3, despite a low incidence of multiple fractures.