Are multi-cat homes more stressful? A critical review of the evidence associated with cat group size and wellbeing.

OBJECTIVES: The primary objective of this review was to conduct a systematic critical appraisal of published literature, in order to assess the evidence regarding the impact of cat group size on cat wellbeing in the domestic home. The secondary objectives were to: (i) identify additional social and environmental mediators of cat wellbeing in these contexts; and (ii) identify general limitations within the current evidence and provide recommendations for future studies. METHODS: A systematic search of electronic databases (Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar) was conducted using targeted Boolean phrasing. Papers were retained for appraisal of full text where they included a comparison of both single (n = 1) and multi-cat (n ⩾2) domestic housing conditions and/or comparison of different multi-cat group sizes, within a single study, and where they compared outcome measures that were either behavioural and/or physiological and deemed as relevant indicators of cat wellbeing. RESULTS: A total of 1334 unique papers were returned, 15 of which were retained. Of these papers, only four stated their primary aim to be an investigation of links between cat group size and cat wellbeing. Overall, the reviewed papers did not indicate consistent directions of effects regarding cat group size and outcome measures relevant to wellbeing. This was similar for the other social and environmental mediators identified. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Inconsistency in results is likely due to the substantial methodological variation, limitations in measures used as indicators of wellbeing and limitations in general study designs and reporting. Results also highlight the complex, multifactorial relationships between cat wellbeing and various social and environmental factors. These may be as, if not more, important than absolute numbers of cats residing within a household. Due to the various limitations and general paucity of research, further studies are recommended to provide a suitable evidence base regarding impacts of multi-cat living on cat wellbeing in domestic environments.

A retrospective internet-based survey of French cat breeders about early-age neutering.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to analyse cat breeders' application of and opinions concerning early-age (ie, <16 weeks old) neutering in cats in France. METHODS: This study analysed a retrospective cohort. A web survey was designed for French cat breeders and was published in June 2017 on the Facebook page of Livre Officiel des Origines Félines, the official feline studbook for purebred cats born in France. The early-age cat neutering habits, opinions and expectations of breeders were collected. RESULTS: A total of 999 breeders returned the questionnaire. Almost half of the breeders (49%) reported consistently requesting neutering of kittens before selling them, 32% claimed that they never requested it and the remaining 19% reported that they inconsistently requested it. When performed, 83% of breeders had kittens neutered at 12 weeks of age; for a large majority of these breeders (94%), the neutering was undertaken on their own initiative. Various reasons for neutering were provided, including the prevention of uncontrolled breeding, short- and long-term welfare benefits for neutered cats, and practical and economic reasons. Reported incidents related to early-age neutering were scarce. Nearly half of breeders who did not apply early-age neutering to their kittens cited a veterinarian's unwillingness to perform the surgery as a cause. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: A large majority of surveyed French cat breeders supported early-age neutering that would occur before kittens were sold, most of the time at the age of 3 months. These breeders reported high satisfaction with early-age neutered cats, with a low number of incidents and accidents reported.

Conflict and affiliative behavior frequency between cats in multi-cat households: a survey-based study.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to collect information from cat owners about the frequency of conflict and affiliative signs in their households in order to: (1) assess correlations with the owners' ratings of household cat-cat harmony; and (2) determine if relationships exist between household variables, cat population variables and behavior frequencies. METHODS: Responses to an online survey of adult residents of the USA who were the primary caregiver of 2-4 indoor or indoor-outdoor cats were included in the analysis. Spearman's correlations and χ2 tests were used to compare behavior frequencies with household and cat population variables. RESULTS: Of 2492 owners of multiple cats, 73.3% noted conflict signs from the very beginning when introducing the cats. The more cats in the house, the more frequent the conflict signs. Staring was the most frequently observed conflict sign, occurring at least daily in 44.9% of households, followed, in order of decreasing frequency, by chasing, stalking, fleeing, tail twitching, hissing and wailing/screaming. Hissing occurred at least daily in 18% of households. Affiliative signs were observed more frequently than conflict signs. Physical contact between cats was observed at least daily in around half of the multi-cat households. Higher harmony scores were correlated with less frequent conflict signs and more frequent affiliative signs. No household or cat population variable, including home size or numerically adequate resources provision, was strongly predictive of the frequency of conflict or affiliative signs. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This is the first large-scale online survey to obtain frequencies of conflict and affiliative behaviors and compare them with factors linked to the cats or the home settings. The study confirmed that feline relationships are correlated with the owner's perceived impression of the initial introduction, but other household factors and cat population variables included in the study were not strongly predictive of the frequency of conflict or affiliative signs.

Common feline problem behaviours: Unacceptable indoor elimination

PRACTICAL RELEVANCE: One of the reasons why cats enjoy such a high level of popularity as domestic pets is the fact that they are clean. When there is a breakdown in this fastidious behaviour and elimination occurs outside of the litter box or tray, the strain on the cat-owner bond and on human relationships within the household can be considerable. EVIDENCE BASE: Indoor elimination behaviour is one of the most common reasons for cat owners to seek professional advice and there is a wide range of articles, book chapters and research papers that reference it. In many cases the topic of urination and defecation in unacceptable indoor locations is considered in combination with the deposition of urine or faeces as a marker, but this review focuses purely on problematic elimination. An accompanying article in this special issue discusses urine spraying. CLINICAL CHALLENGES: Indoor elimination problems necessitate a clinical approach combining knowledge from the fields of physical and emotional health and an understanding of normal feline behaviour. They also require comprehensive history-taking skills as well as effective communication skills and a degree of empathy for owners who are often finding their pet's behaviour very distressing. GLOBAL IMPORTANCE: Early diagnosis of physical health disorders that are associated with indoor elimination is extremely important in terms of safeguarding feline welfare. As we become more aware of the interplay between physical and emotional health, the significance of identifying suboptimal social and physical environments in terms of optimising the welfare of domestic cats is also being recognised. The potential for indoor elimination problems to cause considerable human distress highlights the importance of the concepts of One Health and One Welfare.

Common feline problem behaviors: Aggression in multi-cat households

PRACTICAL RELEVANCE: Being able to understand and intervene in cases of cat-cat aggression in multi-cat households is important for all veterinarians and behavior counsellors dealing with feline behavior cases. CLINCAL CHALLENGES: Feline conflicts are common, perhaps not helped by many owners' assumption that this is the norm. Interventions can be complex in multi-cat households with large numbers of cats as there are more interactions to evaluate and monitor, and care needs to be taken not to negatively affect the other cats. There may be limitations due to the environment or the people involved and so behavior guidelines should always be tailored to the individual situation. AIMS: This article reviews the main forms of aggression in multi-cat households and the appropriate behavioral interventions, considering both the typical scenarios and emotions/motivations most likely involved. It details essential environmental management for multi-cat homes, as well as an approach to friendly cat introductions. AUDIENCE: This article is aimed at veterinarians dealing with feline behavior cases as well as behavior counsellors, as both professionals are likely to experience cases of aggression in multi-cat households. EVIDENCE BASE: The author draws on the published literature where available and, where there is a lack of research, on hypotheses derived from her own clinical behavior experience.

Preference of kittens for scratchers.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to determine kitten preferences towards different scratchers and the effects of catnip and cat odor on kitten scratching behaviors. METHODS: Two-choice preference tests were conducted to compare scratchers and preferred scratchers with or without additives (ie, catnip, catnip oil, cat hair) in six studies. Kittens (n = 40, <8 weeks old) had access to two scratchers on the floor of a simulated living room for 20 mins and interactions were video-recorded. The time each kitten spent scratching each scratcher was compared. RESULTS: In study 1, the S-shaped cardboard was preferred over a hemp post with a toy on top, and no difference was observed in the other pairs of scratchers compared. In study 2, the S-shaped cardboard was preferred by kittens compared with a raised scratcher covered with window screen or with carpet, and no differences were observed between the latter two scratchers. In study 3, the scratcher covered with window screen set upright was preferred over the same scratcher laid horizontally on the floor. The S-shaped cardboard was preferred over the scratcher covered with bubble wrap. In study 4, kittens preferred the S-shaped cardboard over the scratchers covered with window screen or short-fiber carpet but not over the scratcher covered with long-fiber carpet. In study 5, the S-shaped cardboard was strongly preferred over the long cardboard and rectangular cardboard but not over the boat-shaped cardboard. In study 6, dried catnip plant, catnip oil spray or the hair from other cats did not alter the scratching behavior exhibited by the kittens vs the control S-shaped cardboard alone. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The S-shaped cardboard scratcher was a preferred scratcher for kittens. Catnip or odor of other cats did not alter this behavior in kittens. S-shaped cardboard may be a preferred scratching device for kittens.

Tools for Managing Feline Problem Behaviours Psychoactive medications.

PRACTICAL RELEVANCE: When a cat is presented for evaluation of a problem behaviour, it is likely that the cat's wellbeing is negatively affected by the condition. In addition, the owners and any other animals around the cat may also be experiencing negative consequences. When managing these cases, it is important to consider all options (including behaviour modification, environmental changes, medications) that can help to reach an optimal solution. Medication cannot teach the cat how to behave or change a particular behaviour; it can, however, reduce arousal, excitability, reactivity and anxiety. RATIONALE: The rationale for using psychoactive medications in behavioural medicine, or veterinary psychiatry, is to increase the wellbeing of the animal and to aid the owner and practitioner in managing problem behaviours. Medications should always be used as an adjunct to behavioural and environmental modification. CLINICAL CHALLENGES: Many psychoactive medications cannot be used in the face of certain physical illnesses or concurrently with other medications. Some medications may also have side effects, not be effective at the recommended dose or have a paradoxical effect. Furthermore, success is reliant on the owner being able to administer the medication. AIMS: This article aims to guide practitioners by discussing questions such as how to choose the appropriate medication, how to dose it and how long to use it. The psychoactive medications most commonly used in feline medicine are reviewed, as well as some that are newer or less common. EVIDENCE BASE: Data for the use of medications in cats is limited, with just a small number of clinical-, species- and problem-directed studies available, and a few more case series and case reports. Where feline-specific research is not available, the authors have drawn upon research published in other species, such as humans, dogs and rats, as well as anecdotal reports and expert opinions.

Tools for Managing Feline Problem Behaviors: Pheromone therapy.

PRACTICAL RELEVANCE: Cats are one of the most common companion animals in the world. However, relatively little scientific research has been conducted on cat behavior. With problem behaviors a leading reason for relinquishment of cats to shelters, or abandonment outdoors, solutions to address feline behavioral problems can have important welfare benefits. Because naturally occurring pheromones produce measurable species-specific responses in cats, the use of synthetic pheromone products consisting of the same compounds may activate a specific behavioral response in the receiving individual, allowing humans to better communicate with cats and manage feline problem behavior. AIMS: In this article the scientific background for naturally occurring feline pheromones and semiochemicals and their impact on cat behavior is reviewed. This is used as a foundation to explore the three feline synthetic pheromones currently available and the empirical evidence that exists for their effectiveness. From this information, several recommendations for veterinarians and behavior professionals on the application of feline pheromone therapy in the home and veterinary clinic setting are presented. EVIDENCE BASE: The efficacy of synthetic pheromones as a tool for the management of problem behaviors is a relatively new area of research and only fairly recently has the need to implement more rigorous research methodology been recognized.

Tools for Managing Feline Problem Behaviours: Owner understanding and involvement.

PRACTICAL RELEVANCE: Good communication skills are at the heart of best practice for veterinarians and behaviourists (be they veterinarians/nurses/technicians with specialist behaviour training and qualifications or clinical animal behaviourists). Hence gaining an understanding of how to engage clients to become involved in their pets' treatment, both medical and behavioural, is relevant to all who work in this field. CLINICAL CHALLENGES: Poor communication skills can be responsible for owners' lack of compliance regarding both medical treatment and implementation of behavioural protocols. EVIDENCE BASE: Much of the evidence-based information on effective communication comes from the fields of human psychology and psychotherapy, human medicine and business, with only a limited amount coming from the veterinary field. Therefore, some opinions expressed in this article are based on the author's experience of treating cases in a cat-specific behaviour referral practice over the past 20 years and her work as a humanistic counsellor. AUDIENCE: Any veterinarians, veterinary nurses or technicians who are involved in the diagnosis or treatment of problem feline behaviour in practice would benefit from knowledge of what promotes and also hinders owner understanding and involvement.

Tools For Managing Feline Problem Behaviours: Environmental and behavioural modification.

PRACTICAL RELEVANCE: Problem feline behaviour can be managed successfully by early diagnosis and intervention, good first-aid advice in veterinary practice and then, if necessary, a referral to a suitably qualified behaviourist for those cases that are complex. There are a number of tools available to assist in the resolution of problem feline behaviour and this article will cover environmental modification and behavioural modification. CLINICAL CHALLENGES: Problem feline behaviours are not uncommon and the veterinary team often have to rely on their own knowledge to assist clients if a specialist behaviourist is not available. EVIDENCE BASE: There is a lack of evidence-based information regarding how best to work-up and treat cases of problem feline behaviour in practice; therefore, some recommendations within this article are based on the author's experience of treating cases in a cat-specific behaviour referral practice over the past 20 years. However, there is evidence available regarding how best to enrich a cat's environment and how to ensure a cat's environmental needs are met. AUDIENCE: Any veterinarians, veterinary nurses or technicians who are involved in the diagnosis or treatment of problem feline behaviour in practice would benefit from understanding the principles of environmental and behavioural modification.

Behavioral awareness in the feline consultation: Understanding physical and emotional health.

Practical relevance: Awareness of the strong connection between observed behavior and physical and emotional health is essential for patient welfare. It is often a change in the individual's normal behavior that informs owners and veterinarians of the possibility of illness, pain and stress/distress. There is ample evidence in the feline literature that medical and behavioral health go hand in hand. In most feline cases, medical and behavioral conditions contribute concurrently to clinical signs. Clinical challenges: Our domestic cats do not express change in physiological and emotional states in a way that is easily recognized. Therefore, it can be difficult to diagnose medical and behavioral illnesses and ascertain contributions from each one to the final diagnosis. When various levels of stress are present, especially distress, this compromises behavioral and physical health, and influences treatment outcomes. AIMS: This review is intended to help veterinarians recognize physical and behavioral changes associated with acute stress through to chronic distress, including stress-associated diseases. An emphasis on thorough history-taking will allow the clinician to ascertain which signs are behavioral and which are medical, with the understanding that they are not mutually exclusive. Equally important is the contribution of pain, chronic disease and poor environmental situations to behavioral changes and the expression of medical disorders. Evidence base: There is an increasing amount of evidence that stress and distress have profound effects on feline health, behavior and welfare. The authors have drawn on a substantial body of published veterinary research in producing this review.

Understanding feline emotions: and their role in problem behaviours.

Practical relevance: Despite its importance, emotional health is a subject that is sadly neglected in the context of companion animals. Understanding emotions is at the heart of veterinary behavioural medicine and is key to preventing, managing and treating reported behavioural problems in domestic cats. Clinical challenges: On a daily basis, veterinary practices are presented with the physical health impact of emotional health and with emotionally motivated behaviours that are undesirable to owners and/or detrimental to the cat. Emotional health is of equal importance to physical health and lies at the very core of veterinary medicine. Clinically, the emotional motivation for a behaviour must be identified before an assessment is made of whether the motivation is contextually appropriate and whether the cat's response is justified and normal, or abnormal in the circumstances. Evidence base: The majority of referenced evidence for our understanding of emotional motivations in mammals has come from the human field, but recently there has been increasing interest in the emotional health of non-human animals and a resulting growth in research. This review draws on the published literature and the author's personal experience to explore how emotions can influence feline behaviours. Global importance: Understanding the importance of emotional health is a major factor in ensuring positive welfare for cats, wherever they are kept as companion animals. It impacts on their physical health and their quality of life, and also on the relationship between cat and owner.

Vertical or Horizontal? Diagnosing and Treating Cats Who Urinate Outside the Box.

Feline elimination problems are commonly presented to general practitioners and behavioral medicine specialists. The correct diagnosis is often missed by veterinarians owing to individual variation and multifactorial cases. Three diagnostic umbrellas need to be considered: medical problems, toileting behavior outside of the litter box, and urine marking. The treatment plan for most cases, regardless of etiology, involves optimum litter box management, fulfilling cats' environmental needs, stress reduction, behavior therapy techniques, and trigger removal. Medical management with psychoactive medication might be necessary in cases where chronic stress, fear, and anxiety play a role in the feline patient's symptomatology.

Fatores relacionados a problemas de comportamento em gatos / Factors associated with behavior problems in cats

Os problemas de comportamento apresentam importância não só no bem estar animal e na qualidade da relação humana-animal como também em saúde publica. Problemas de comportamento são uma das principais razões de abandono e subsequentemente o destino destes animais são abrigos ou até mesmo eutanásia. Além disso, a agressividade é um fator de risco para transmissão de zoonoses. Com o objetivo de avaliar a frequência de fatores relacionados a problemas de comportamento em gatos, foram coletadas informações de 229 gatos através de um questionário aplicado em tutores que aguardavam atendimento no Hospital de Clínicas Veterinária da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (HCV-UFRGS). Dentre os comportamentos arranhadura em móveis foi o problema comportamental mais frequente (65,1%- IC 95%: 58,5-71,4%) seguido de agressividade (61,3%- IC 95%: 54,2-67,1%), eliminação inapropriada (37,1%- IC 95%: 31,3-42,1%) e vocalização excessiva (23,6%- IC 95%: 20,1-29,8%). Os dados foram analisados por regressão logística com uma função de ligação logit. De acordo com a análise univariada, a presença de um arranhador teve uma relação significativa protetiva, podendo contribuir para a redução do comportamento de arranhar móveis (risco relativo [RR]=0.31- IC 95%:0.19 - 0.53). Fêmeas e gatos assustados foram identificados com maior dificuldade de ter uma relação amigável com outros gatos RR=3.56 (IC 95%:1.78 - 7.11), RR=2.84( IC 95%:1.60 - 5.04) respectivamente também quanto maior o número de gatos na residência, maiores as chances de haver eliminação inapropriada. Os gatos castrados antes da puberdade apresentaram menos chances de desenvolver eliminação inapropriada RR=0.43 (IC 95%:0.21-0.88) e, finalmente, a vocalização excessiva foi relacionada com busca de atenção RR=2.62 (IC 95%:1.54 - 4.45). Os resultados desse estudo podem ajudar a prevenir problemas comportamentais em felinos domésticos.(AU)

Behavioral problems have importance not only in animal welfare and the quality of human-animal relationship, but also in public health. Behavior problems are a major reason of abandonment and subsequently the fate of these animals are shelters or even euthanasia. Furthermore, the aggressiveness is a risk factor for zoonoses transmission. In order to assess the frequency of factors related to behavior problems, information from 229 cats were collected through a questionnaire applied to tutors awaiting for care in clinics in Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (HCV-UFRGS). Among the behaviors scratch furniture was the most common problem (65.1% - CI95%: 58.5 to 71.4%), followed by aggressiveness (61.3% - CI95%: 54.2 to 67, 1%), inappropriate elimination (37.1% - 9 CI95%: 31.3 to 42.1%) and excessive vocalization (23.6% - CI95%: 20.1 to 29.8%). Data were analyzed by logistic regression with a logit link function. Univariate analysis identified the presence of scratching as significant protective factor, that may contribute to the reduction of scratching furniture (Relative risk [RR] = 0.31- CI95%: 0:19 to 0:53). Females and frightened cats were identified as having more difficulty were for friendly relationship with other cats RR = 3.56 (CI95%: 1.78-7.11), RR = 2.84 (95% CI: 1.60-5.04) respectively; also the higher the number of cats in a residence, the greater the chance for inappropriate elimination. Neutered cats before puberty had less chance of developing inappropriate elimination RR = 0:43 (CI95%: 0.21-0.88), and finally, excessive vocalization was related to obtain tutor attention RR = 2.62 (CI95%: 1:54 to 4:45). The results of this study may help prevent behavioral problems in domestic cats.(AU)

Perceptions and opinions of Canadian pet owners about anaesthesia, pain and surgery in small animals.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the perceptions and opinions of Canadian pet owners about anaesthesia, pain and surgery in dogs and cats. METHODS: Six Canadian veterinary hospitals participated. Each practice received 200 copies of a questionnaire that were distributed to pet owners. Questions regarding the use of analgesics, anaesthesia, surgery and onychectomy (cats) were included. Responses were transformed into ordinal scores and analysed with a Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test. RESULTS: A total of 849 out of 1200 questionnaires were returned. Owners believed more frequently that analgesics are needed for surgical procedures than for the medical conditions. Owners rated as very important/important: "knowing what to expect during illness/injury/surgery" (99·3%), "being assured that all necessary analgesic drugs/techniques will be used" (98·6%), "being informed about procedures/risk" (98·5%), and having a board-certified anaesthesiologist (90·5%). Most owners agreed/partly agreed that pain impacts quality of life (94·2%), and affects their pet's behaviour (89·5%). Most respondents (69%) were women; they were significantly more concerned than men about anaesthesia, pain, cost and client-communication. Cat owners believed that analgesics were necessary for some procedures/conditions significantly more often than canine-only owners. Pet owners with previous surgery disagreed more frequently that "pain after surgery can be helpful" and that "pain in animals is easy to recognize" than those without previous surgery. Most owners think onychectomy should be banned in cats (56·4%). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: This study identified important areas of client communication regarding pain and its control in pets.

Avaliação de sintomas psicológicos no transtorno da acumulação: um estudo de caso / Psychological symptom evaluation in accumulation disorder: a case study / Evaluación de síntomas psicológicos en trastorno de acumulación: estudio de un caso

O Transtorno da Acumulação (TA) caracteriza-se pela aquisição de itens desnecessários, dificuldade em se desfazer de objetos e a desorganização do ambiente de convívio. O estudo de caso analisa as características de personalidade e os sintomas psicológicos comórbidos em uma paciente com diagnóstico de TA. Para o levantamento de dados, utilizou-se uma entrevista semiestruturada, o Questionário dos Esquemas de Young (QEY-S2), o Inventário dos Estilos Parentais de Young (IEP), o Inventário de Depressão e Ansiedade de Beck (BDI-II e BAI, respectivamente), o Inventário de Sintomas de Stress de Lipp (ISSL) e o Método de Rorschach. Nos resultados, observou-se a presença de Esquemas Iniciais Desadaptativos (EIDs) pertencentes ao domínio de desconexão e rejeição, sugerindo uma conexão entre os sintomas do TA e experiências emocionais negativas vivenciadas pela paciente durante a infância. Futuramente, recomenda-se a realização de novos estudos com delineamento transversal no intuito de substanciar os resultados obtidos pela presente pesquisa. (AU)

Accumulation disorder (AD) is characterized by the acquisition of unnecessary items, difficulty in disposing objects, and disorganization of the convivial environment. The case study analyzes personality characteristics and comorbid psychological symptoms in a patient diagnosed with AD. For data collection, a semi-structured interview was used, the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ-S2), the Young Parenting Styles Inventory (PSI), the Beck Depression Inventory and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BDI-II and BAI, respectively), the Lipp Stress Symptoms Inventory (LSSI), and the Rorschach Method. In the results, we observed the presence of Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMS) belonging to the disconnection and rejection domain, suggesting a connection between AD symptoms and negative emotional experiences experienced by the patient during childhood. In the future, new studies with a cross-sectional design are recommended in order to substantiate the results obtained by the present research. (AU)

El trastorno de acumulación (TA) se caracteriza por adquisición de artículos desnecesarios, dificultad de deshacerse de objetos y desorganización en el ambiente de convivencia. El estudio de caso analiza las características de personalidad y los síntomas psicológicos comórbidos en un paciente con diagnóstico de TA. Para el levantamiento de datos se ha utilizado una entrevista semiestructurada, el cuestionario de los Esquemas de Young (QEY-S2), el Inventario de los Estilos Parentales de Young (IEP), el Inventario de Depresión y Ansiedad de Beck (BDI-II e BAI, respectivamente) el Inventario de Síntomas de Stress de Lipp (ISSL) y el Método de Rorschach. En los resultados, se ha observado presencia de Esquemas iniciales desadaptativos (EIDs) pertenecientes al dominio de desconexión y rechazo, sugiriendo una conexión entre los síntomas del TA y experiencias emocionales negativas vividas por el paciente durante la infancia. Futuramente, se recomienda la realización de nuevos estudios con delineamiento transversal con el fin de sustanciar los resultados obtenidos por esta investigación. (AU)

Food puzzles for cats: Feeding for physical and emotional wellbeing.

PRACTICAL RELEVANCE: Many pet cats are kept indoors for a variety of reasons (eg, safety, health, avoidance of wildlife predation) in conditions that are perhaps the least natural to them. Indoor housing has been associated with health issues, such as chronic lower urinary tract signs, and development of problem behaviors, which can cause weakening of the human-animal bond and lead to euthanasia of the cat. Environmental enrichment may mitigate the effects of these problems and one approach is to take advantage of cats' natural instinct to work for their food. AIM: In this article we aim to equip veterinary professionals with the tools to assist clients in the use of food puzzles for their cats as a way to support feline physical health and emotional wellbeing. We outline different types of food puzzles, and explain how to introduce them to cats and how to troubleshoot challenges with their use. EVIDENCE BASE: The effect of food puzzles on cats is a relatively new area of study, so as well as reviewing the existing empirical evidence, we provide case studies from our veterinary and behavioral practices showing health and behavioral benefits resulting from their use.

Guardians' Knowledge and Husbandry Practices of Feline Environmental Enrichment.

Feline environmental enrichment can prevent numerous disorders including anxiety, stress, obesity, and feline idiopathic cystitis. Despite its easy implementation and low cost, it has received little attention. The main goal of this study was to assess guardians' knowledge concerning feline environmental enrichment and husbandry practices. A questionnaire was given to 130 companion animal guardians at the Lisbon Veterinary Faculty's Teaching Hospital. The applications of 22 environmental enrichment measures related to food/water, litter box, and space/entertainment areas were evaluated. The majority of the households studied (74.6%) had a moderately enriched environment. Hygiene-related measures were those most adopted by guardians, while those requiring guardians' commitment or previous awareness were the least implemented. A rating scale was proposed and applied to assess feline domestic environmental quality.

Improving the feline veterinary consultation: the usefulness of Feliway spray in reducing cats' stress.

OBJECTIVES: Going to the veterinary clinic is a stressful experience for most cats as they feel threatened when entering a new and confined environment. The aim of this research was to investigate if Feliway spray, when used on the table in the consultation room, can decrease cats' stress and ease their handling. METHODS: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was developed, using a total sample of 87 cats of both sexes, castrated or intact, of any breed, aged >26 weeks. A Feliway spray and a placebo solution spray were tested in two different consultation rooms. During the first phase, Feliway spray was applied to the examination table of one room and the placebo spray in the other. After a washout period of 15 days the spray allocation was switched. After the first 15 mins of general questioning and physical examination carried out by the veterinarian, the observer assessed the stress levels of the cats based on a seven-level 'cat stress score', and the ease of handling based on a five-point 'scale of handling' developed by the authors. RESULTS: The study demonstrated that the use of Feliway spray leads to significant (P = 0.01) differences in cats' usual behaviour, according to their owners. With regard to stress, animals exposed to Feliway spray showed significantly lower stress levels than those treated with placebo (P = 0.02). Regarding the scale of handling, the scoring did not differ significantly between cats under the effect of Feliway spray and cats receiving placebo (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This research shows that the use of Feliway spray on the examination table improves the welfare of cats by reducing their stress during veterinary consultations. Feliway spray significantly changed the behaviour of the cats in this study, and offers a simple and effective way to help decrease stress in cats during the consultation.

A pilot study exploring the effects of musical genres on the depth of general anaesthesia assessed by haemodynamic responses.

OBJECTIVES: This pilot study aimed to investigate whether and how music and musical genres may influence the depth of anaesthesia, as measured using changes in arterial blood pressure (ABP), including systolic blood pressure (SBP), and heart rate (HR) across three different surgical time points. METHODS: This work focused on a sample of 12 female cats (Felis catus) that were subjected to an elective ovariohysterectomy (OVH), and three different surgical time points were considered (T1, coeliotomy; T2, ligature placement and transection of the ovarian pedicle; and T3, ligature placement and transection of the uterine body). All of the cats were subjected to stimulation with 2 min segments of three music tracks from different genres (pop [PM], classical [CM] and heavy metal [HM]). At the same time, ABP and HR measurements were obtained using a multi-parametric monitor. For statistical analysis, P values <0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: For all cats, music exposure induced statistically significant changes in the parameters under study; the same finding was observed for the genre of music. The majority of cats experienced the same variation pattern, with lower values when exposed to CM, intermediate values when exposed to PM and higher values when exposed to HM. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Our results indicate that the development of sensory processing of acoustic stimuli is maintained by cats under general anaesthesia and reveal the influence of music on the autonomous nervous system, as measured using HR and SBP.