Degradability and sediment sorption of an alcohol polyglycol ether surfactant putatively useful for the control of red swamp crayfish in rice fields.

This work reports studies of the degradation rates of a fatty alcohol polyglycol ether non-ionic surfactant, Genapol OXD-080, putatively useful for the control of red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii Girard) in rice fields under laboratory and field conditions. The influence of temperature, sediment site specificity and sorption were taken into account. The degradation kinetics of the surfactant depends on the experimental conditions: type of inocula and temperature. The distribution of this chemical in aquatic systems was also examined. Genapol OXD-080 was removed into the sediments readily after application, and sorption was considered the major path of removal from the water phase. Data suggest that further studies are required regarding the effects of Genapol OXD-080 in aquatic organisms resident in rice fields, in parallel with the development of technologies related with the use of surfactants to control P. clarkii populations.

A simplified methodology for quantitation of butadiene metabolites. Application to the study of 1,3-butadiene metabolism by rat liver microsomes.

A rapid, simple extraction and GC assay procedure is described that allows quantitation of micromolar concentrations of butadiene bisoxide and 3-butene-1,2-diol in microsomal suspensions exposed to butadiene. Butane-1,4-diol is used as the internal standard. The recovery of these compounds from aqueous media was almost quantitative, and calibrations for each compound were linear from 10(-6) to 10(-3) M. In this system butadiene monoxide and crotonaldehyde can be rapidly quantitated at micromolar concentration by headspace sampling, using methanol or n-butanol as the internal standard. In addition, the synthesis and chemical characterization of diastereomeric 3,4-epoxybutane-1,2-diols are described. It is demonstrated that the epoxy diol, although not extractable from aqueous solutions by ethyl acetate, can be recovered upon evaporation of aqueous media, followed by ethyl acetate extraction. Direct GC quantitation of the epoxy diol was linear from 10(-5) to 10(-3) M. This procedure facilitated the examination of butadiene metabolism by rat liver microsomes. Exposure of microsomes to butadiene resulted in the NADPH-dependent formation of butadiene monoxide, crotonaldehyde, 3-butene-1,2-diol, and one diastereomer of 3,4-epoxybutane-1,2-diol.

Concurrent separation of catecholamines, dihydroxyphenylglycol, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and neuropeptide Y in superfusate and tissue extract.

A method is described for separation and quantification of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol (DO-PEG), norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and neuropeptide Y (NPY) from single samples of tissue homogenate and from superfusate from in vitro dog blood vessel preparations using cartridges containing 0.4 g of octadecylsilane (Sep-Pak C-18). Samples were passed through the cartridge at pH 7.4. A step-gradient system was used to first selectively desorb the catechols (DOPEG, NE, DA) with a moderately polar eluent; subsequently VIP and NPY were eluted with 2.5 ml of a mixture of 1% trifluoroacetic acid, 80% acetonitrile. Five Sep-Pak catechol eluents were tested. Catechols were quantified by HPLC with electrochemical detection and peptides by radioimmunoassay. An HPLC solvent system is described which is particularly useful for chromatography of the more hydrophilic catechols DOPEG, 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine concurrently with catecholamines. For superfusion studies, sample cleanup time was reduced to about 4 min per sample by attachment of the cartridges directly to the bottom of the superfusion chamber. Superfusate was subsequently pulled through the cartridges immediately after they were passed over the tissue. Batches of 12 high-speed tissue supernates were processed through the method in about 30 min. The method was used to analyze DOPEG, NE, DA, VIP, and NPY in various rat and dog tissues. The values obtained were similar to values obtained previously by other methods. Because the catechols and peptides are separated from a single sample, the method has several advantages over those described previously; e.g., it is rapid, simple, and more sensitive.

A gas-liquid chromatographic method for quantitation of 1,3-butylene glycol in whole blood or plasma and the separation of the short chain glycols.

A microanalytical method with direct on-column specimen injection for determination of 1,3-butylene glycol (1,3-butanediol) in whole blood or plasma using gas-liquid chromatography with flame ionization is described. Whole blood or serum (minimum of 10 microL) was mixed with an equal volume of internal standard (1,2-propanediol, 50 mg/dL) and a 2-microL aliquot was injected onto the column without prior derivatization or extraction. The other short chain (C2 to C4) alkyldiols were separated by this method and did not interfere with the quantitation of 1,3-butylene glycol. The method was linear (y = 0.0206x + [-0.0073], r = 0.9990) over the range of 25 to 100 mg/dL and the coefficient of variation varied between 0.74 and 6.03%. Minimum detectable concentration of 1,3-butylene glycol was 5.0 mg/dL. The method described is suitable for the rapid detection of potentially toxic blood or plasma levels of 1,3-butylene glycol, as well as for the detection of other short chain glycols.

Naturally occurring diol lipids: dialkoxypentanes in porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) jaw oil.

Dialkyl ethers of diols (dialkoxyalkanes), naturally occurring lipids, have been isolated from the jaw oil of the porpoise Phocoena phocoena. The principal constituents are dialkoxypentanes containing two 18-carbon chains. The alkoxy linkage may play an important role in the metabolism of the diol lipids.