Assessing related factors to fasting blood sugar and glycosylated hemoglobin in patients with type 2 diabetes simultaneously by a multivariate longitudinal marginal model.

The multivariate marginal model can be used to simultaneously examine the factors affecting both FBS and HbA1c using longitudinal data. The model fitted to multivariate longitudinal data should prevent redundant parameter estimation in order to have greater efficiency. In this study, a multivariate marginal model is used to simultaneously investigate the factors affecting both FBS and HbA1c with longitudinal data for patients with type 2 diabetes in Northern Iran. The present research is a retrospective cohort study. Overall, 500 medical records with complete information were reviewed. The multivariate marginal model is used to determine the factors associated with FBS and HbA1c using longitudinal data. Data have been analyzed in R-3.4.0 using 'mmm2' package. Given that the coefficients for the interactions of rtype with the intercept, time, family history of diabetes, history of hypertension, history of smoking, insulin therapy, systolic/diastolic blood pressure and duration of disease at first visit are significantly different from zero (P < 0.05), the effect of the independent variables on the two response variables is different and different coefficients should be used for each. Therefore, the interactions of these variables with rtype are kept in the final model. The coefficients for the interactions of rtype with sex, age at first visit, history of high cholesterol, and weight are not significantly different from zero (P > 0.05), indicating that their effect on the two response variables is similar and only one coefficient should be used for each. We examined the similarity of coefficients when fitting the longitudinal multivariate model for the relationship between FBS/HbA1c and sex, age, history of high blood cholesterol, and body weight. If an independent variable has similar effects on both responses, only one coefficient should be estimated, which will increase the efficiency of the model and the reliability of the results.

The relationship between papillary thyroid cancer and triglyceride/glucose index, which is an indicator of insulin resistance.

OBJECTIVE: The incidence of thyroid cancer and metabolic syndrome has been increasing at the same rate over the past few decades. We hypothesized that there would be a direct relationship between thyroid papillary cancer and triglyceride/glucose index (TyG). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 382 operated patients were divided into two groups: patients operated on for papillary thyroid cancer and for non-malignant reasons. Each patient's age, gender, operation times, presence of neck dissection, serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT3) and free thyroxine (FT4), fasting blood glucose and triglyceride levels were scanned retrospectively from the archive system. RESULTS: TyG index was statistically higher in the malignant group. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves obtained for TyG levels at the time of diagnosis of thyroid papillary cancer were AUC: 0.608. The threshold value for TyG was 6,252. The sensitivity of this value was 62.8% and the specificity was 49.2%. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we investigated the predictive effect of the TyG index in differentiating thyroid papillary carcinoma from non-malignant thyroid lesions. We concluded that the TgY index can be used to identify people at high risk of thyroid papillary cancer and to plan treatment.

Abnormal glucose regulation in Chinese patients with coronary artery disease: a gender analysis.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes and impaired glucose regulation are very common in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). In this study, we aim to investigate the prevalence of abnormal glucose regulation in men and women in Chinese CAD patients. METHODS: In this retrospective study, 4100 patients (male, n = 2873; female, n = 1227)with CAD were enrolled. The mean age of these patients was 63 years. The demographic data, medical history, echocardiography findings and blood investigations were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: In this population, 953 (24%) patients had definite diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus, including 636 males (23%) and 317 females (27%). There was a higher prevalence of diabetes in females than men (p < 0.05). For the remaining patients, 48% (n = 959) undergone an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), which revealed that 83 male patients (12%) and 41 female patients (16%) suffered from the type 2 diabetes (p > 0.05). 283 men (40%) and 105 women (41%) had impaired glucose regulation (IGR) (p > 0.05). Only 338 men (25%) and 109 women (19%) showed the normal glucose regulation, implying a higher prevalence of abnormal glucose regulation in females (p < 0.01). The odd ratio (OR) showed that women were more prone to have diabetes mellitus or IGT than men and the OR was 1.44 and 1.43 respectively. CONCLUSION: Abnormal glucose regulation is highly prevalent in CAD patients. The women are more prone to have diabetes mellitus or IGT than men.

Antioxidants other than vitamin C may be detected by glucose meters: Immediate relevance for patients with disorders targeted by antioxidant therapies.

Owing to their ease of use, glucose meters are frequently used in research and medicine. However, little is known of whether other non-glucose molecules, besides vitamin C, interfere with glucometry. Therefore, we sought to determine whether other antioxidants might behave like vitamin C in causing falsely elevated blood glucose levels, potentially exposing patients to glycemic mismanagement by being administered harmful doses of glucose-lowering drugs. To determine whether various antioxidants can be detected by seven commercial glucose meters, human blood samples were spiked with various antioxidants ex vivo and their effect on the glucose results were assessed by Parkes error grid analysis. Several of the glucose meters demonstrated a positive bias in the glucose measurement of blood samples spiked with vitamin C, N-acetylcysteine, and glutathione. With the most interference-sensitive glucose meter, non-blood solutions of 1 mmol/L N-acetylcysteine, glutathione, cysteine, vitamin C, dihydrolipoate, and dithiothreitol mimicked the results seen on that glucose meter for 0.7, 1.0, 1.2, 2.6, 3.7 and 5.5 mmol/L glucose solutions, respectively. Glucose meter users should be alerted that some of these devices might produce spurious glucose results not only in patients on vitamin C therapy but also in those being administered other antioxidants. As discussed herein, the clinical relevance of the data is immediate in view of the current use of antioxidant therapies for disorders such as the metabolic syndrome, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and coronavirus disease 2019.

Nickel sulfide nanoworm network architecture as a binder-free high-performance non-enzymatic glucose sensor.

Nickel sulfide nanoworm (Ni3S2 NW) network architecture was directly grown on the poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-reduced graphene oxide hybrid films (PEDOT-rGO HFs) modified on glassy carbon electrode (GCE), acting as a binder-free sensor for high-performance non-enzymatic glucose monitoring. The sensor exhibited the satisfactory sensitivity (2123 µA mM-1 cm-2), wide linear range (15~9105 µM), low detection limit (0.48 µM), and rapid response time (< 1.5 s) at a potential of 0.5 V (vs. SCE) in 0.1 M NaOH and possessed good selectivity, reproducibility, and stability. The enhanced electrocatalytic activity of the sensor towards glucose oxidation was attributed to the particular morphology, satisfying hydrophilic nature, strong combination between Ni3S2 NWs, PEDOT-rGO, and bare GCE. Moreover, it can be used for assaying glucose in human serum samples without dilution, indicating potential for clinical diagnostic applications. Graphical abstract Nickel sulfide nanoworms (Ni3S2 NWs)/poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-reduced graphene oxide hybrid films (PEDOT-rGO HFs) were used to construct a binder-free high-performance non-enzymatic glucose sensor with satisfactory sensitivity, wide linear range, low detection limit, good selectivity, amazing reproducibility, and stability.

Iron-Mineralization-Induced Mesoporous Metal-Organic Frameworks Enable High-Efficiency Synergistic Catalysis of Natural/Nanomimic Enzymes.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have become a promising accommodation for enzyme immobilization and protection. However, the integration of multienzymes into MOFs may result in compromise of individual enzymatic activity. In this work, we report an iron mineralization strategy to facilely construct a mesoporous MOF, possessing excellent peroxidase-mimic bioactivity. Furthermore, the feasibility of in situ encapsulating natural enzymes within the developed mesoporous MOF nanozymes endows these natural/nanomimic enzyme hybrids with remarkably enhanced synergistic catalysis ability. Such activity enhancement is mainly due to (1) the fast flux rate of substances through the interconnected mesoporous channels and (2) the simultaneously increased loading amount of enzymes and iron within the MOFs caused by the iron mineralization process.

Two-dimensional iron MOF nanosheet as a highly efficient nanozyme for glucose biosensing.

Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials are attractive in catalysis due to their rich accessible active sites. Iron-based metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are promising nanozymes because of their iron center and pore structure. However, it is challenging to obtain iron-based 2D MOF nanozymes due to the coordinated form of iron. Herein, we report a cation substitution strategy to transform an easily obtained Cu(HBTC)(H2O)3 (represented as Cu(HBTC)-1, the product of only two carboxylate groups in 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid (H3BTC) ligands linked by Cu ions) nanosheet into a 2D Fe-BTC nanosheet, which was characterized by SEM (scanning electron microscopy), AFM (atomic force microscopy), XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy), FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), and XRD (X-ray diffraction). The 2D Fe-BTC nanosheet can catalyze TMB (3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine) oxidation by H2O2, showing its intrinsic peroxidase mimetic characteristic. The catalytic performance of 2D Fe-BTC was superior to those of its template Cu(HBTC)-1 nanosheet and 3D MIL-100(Fe). Their catalytic activities follow the order of 2D Fe-BTC > MIL-100(Fe) > 2D Cu(HBTC)-1. The peroxidase-like activity of 2D Fe-BTC is 77 times that of its template Cu(HBTC)-1, and 2.2 times that of MIL-100(Fe), a well known 3D crystalline form of iron trimesates. The Km values of 2D Fe-BTC for TMB and H2O2 were 0.2610 mM and 0.0334 mM, which were 1.6 and 1.9-fold lower than those of 3D MIL-100(Fe), respectively. The TMB oxidation rate and H2O2 reduction rate at unit mass concentration of the catalyst (Kw) for 2D Fe-BTC were 2.7-72.3 and 1.5-37.9 times those for the previously reported 3D MOF nanozymes, respectively. In terms of the excellent peroxidase mimetic characteristic of 2D Fe-BTC, a sensitive and selective colorimetric biosensing platform for hydrogen peroxide and glucose was developed. The linear ranges are 0.04-30 µM and 0.04-20 µM for H2O2 and glucose, with a low detection limit of 36 nM and 39 nM, respectively. The assay was satisfactorily applied to glucose determination in biological matrices.

Alpinia zerumbet and Its Potential Use as an Herbal Medication for Atherosclerosis: Mechanistic Insights from Cell and Rodent Studies.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) Burtt. et Smith has been used as a flavor additive in food and a traditional medicine for centuries, especially in Guizhou Province, China, and it prolongs people's lives with multiple beneficial effects. Thus, one of the aims of this review was to expound the chemical constituents of this plant, especially its fruits. Since cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, pose a health threat to humans, another aim was to expound the possible mechanisms of its potential use as an herbal medication for atherosclerosis. METHODS: In this study, 10 reports are cited to expound the potential bioactive compounds. Moreover, 33 reports explain the antihypertensive and antiatherosclerotic effects of the plant by ameliorating inflammation and endothelial dysfunction, increasing vasodilation, improving hyperlipidemia, downgrading the glucose status, and working as an antioxidant. RESULTS: A. zerumbetis rich in terpenes, essential oils, flavonoids, polyphenolics, and sterols. Pharmacological experiments showed that A. zerumbet has antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects on the NF-κB signaling pathway and can ameliorate oxidative stress in the NOS-NO signaling pathway. Moreover, A. zerumbet demonstrates antihypertensive effects by accelerating vasorelaxant response and increasing 3T3-L1 intracellular cAMP, which has promising antiobesity properties, as well as hypolipidemic and anti-diabetic complication effects. CONCLUSIONS: A. zerumbet has potential functions and applications in the prevention of atherosclerosis, but further studies are required before clinical trials.

Cadmium cobaltite nanosheets synthesized in basic deep eutectic solvents with oxidase-like, peroxidase-like, and catalase-like activities and application in the colorimetric assay of glucose.

Cadmium cobaltite (CdCo2O4) nanosheets were ultra-fast synthesized based on a new basic deep eutectic solvent (DES) which served simultaneously as reactant, solvents, and template. Interestingly, the nanosheets were found to exhibit triple-enzyme mimetic activities including oxidase-like activity, peroxidase-like activity, and catalase-like activity. Their catalytic activity followed the typical Michaelis-Menten kinetics, and high affinity for H2O2 and TMB was observed. Based on the superior peroxidase-like catalytic activity of CdCo2O4 nanosheets, a highly sensitive and selective colorimetric strategy for the determination of glucose was established. Under optimized conditions, the absorbance at 652 nm increases linearly in the 0.5 to 100 µM concentration range, and the limit of detection is 0.13 µM (S/N = 3). Finally, the method was successfully used for determination of glucose in serum samples. Graphical abstract The CdCo2O4 nanosheets were ultra-fast synthesized with a basic deep eutectic solvent, and this nanomaterial exhibited triple-enzyme mimetic activities: oxidase-like activity, peroxidase-like activity, and catalase-like activity. Based on the peroxidase-like activity, a highly sensitive and selective glucose colorimetric sensor was established.

Voltammetric nonenzymatic sensing of glucose by using a porous nanohybrid composed of CuS@SiO2 spheres and polypyrrole.

Porous spheres of CuS@SiO2 were obtained by deposition of CuS on silica spheres through a one-step chemical method. Subsequently, polypyrrole (PPy) was deposited on the CuS@SiO2 spheres. The formation of the porous spheres was elucidated by control experiments and physical characterizations. The nanohybrid was placed on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface where it displays good electrocatalytic activity in terms of glucose electrooxidation with an optimum at a working potential of 0.55 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) in 0.1 M NaOH solution. The PPy-CuS@SiO2 achieves an extremely high sensitivity (505.3 µA mM-1 cm-2), wide linear range (10 µM-4.2 mM), low detection limit (1.0 µM), short response time (˂ 0.5 s), high selectivity, long-term durability, and reproducibility. The fabricated electrode based on PPy-CuS@SiO2 was further used for the determination of glucose in blood sample with good recoveries. Graphical abstract Schematic representation of the method for fabrication of polypyrrole-coated porous CuS@SiO2 sphere.

Effect of tomato consumption on fasting blood glucose and lipid profiles: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) phytochemicals, which include phytoene, phytofluene, beta-carotene, flavonoids, lycopene, and polyphenols, have been shown to improve the effects of fasting on plasma triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), total cholesterol (TC), and fasting blood sugar (FBS). The aim of this study was to systematically evaluate the effects of Tomato TC, TG, HDL, LDL, and FBS in humans. A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of sciences, and SCOPUS databases by two researchers for studies published until August of 2019 without language and time limitations. Results were combined with random effect models. Six studies were included in this meta-analysis. Combined results reveal a significant reduction in cholesterol (weighted mean difference [WMD]: -4.39 mg/dl, 95% CI: -7.09, -1.68, I2 = % 48, p heterogeneity: .05), TG (WMD: -3.94 mg/dl, 95% CI: -7.67, -0.21, I2 = % 90, p heterogeneity: .001), LDL levels (WMD: -2.09 mg/dl, 95% CI: -3.73, -0.81, I2 = % 78, p heterogeneity: .001), and increasing in HDL levels (WMD: 2.25 mg/dl, 95% CI: 0.41, 4.10, I2 = % 97, p heterogeneity: .001). Tomato was found to have a higher reduction effect on TG and LDL in younger participants. While pooled results indicate no significant effect on FBS levels (WMD: 0.59 mg/dl, 95% CI: -0.28, 1.46, I2 = % 95, p heterogeneity: .001). In conclusion, the results indicate a significant reduction in total cholesterol, TG, and LDL and increase in HDL levels that is caused by tomato consumption.

A bio-inspired highly selective enzymatic glucose sensor using a red blood cell membrane.

In the development of enzymatic glucose sensors, accurate glucose sensing has been a challenging task because of the existence of numerous interfering molecules in the blood. Meanwhile, red blood cells (RBCs) selectively uptake glucose via a membrane protein called glucose transporter-1. In this study, we developed the RBC membrane (RBCM)-coated enzymatic glucose sensors that mimic the glucose uptake. The RBCM-coated sensors were examined via scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and ATR-FTIR. We optimized the glucose permeability of the RBCM filter by controlling the thickness of the filter. The sensing range of the optimized sensor was 1-15 mM, the detection limit was 0.66 mM, and the sensitivity was 2.978 µA mM-1. Intriguingly, the RBCM-coated sensor was highly accurate and precise, despite the coexistence of glucose and interfering molecules (e.g., mannose, galactose, ascorbic acid, uric acid, and cysteine). For each interfering molecule, the errors of our sensor were 0.8 to 2.3%, which was 4.8-14.2 times more accurate than the uncoated one. A similar result was verified for a human serum sample containing countless interfering molecules. Also, the sensing performance of the sensor was consistent after 4 weeks of storage. The results suggest that applying RBCM may improve the selectivity of various types of glucose sensors including the continuous monitoring system.

A novel and ultrasensitive nonenzymatic glucose sensor based on pulsed laser scribed carbon paper decorated with nanoporous nickel network.

Functional laser scribing carbon paper (LSCP) decorated with highly uniform Ni nanoparticles were constructed through a facile electroless plating. The nanocomposites were characterized by high resolution scanning electron microscope, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. The results showed high electron transferring kinetics of this sensor, which can be ascribed to their excellent properties such as rich pore channels, excellent structural durability, and large surface area. These properties facilitated mass transfer and electron conductions. Notably, a systematical response surface methodology simulating-modeling-predicting-optimizing design was employed to simulate, model and optimize processing parameters to gain the optimal conductivity of 8.52 × 106 S m-1. The obtained sensor owned high electrochemical activity and wide linear responses (0.80 µM-2.50 mM and 4.50 mM-15.20 mM), low detection limit of 20 nM (S/N = 3) to the glucose detection. The glucose determination in human serum and perspiration samples are also successful. Therefore, LSCP/NN provides an excellent sensing platform towards flexible biosensors in monitoring physical conditions.

A hypothetical method for controlling highly glycolytic cancers and metastases.

Most proliferating cancer cells and cancer-associated tumor stroma have an upregulated glucose energy demand in relation to normal cells. Cancer cells are further less metabolically flexible than normal cells. They can therefore not survive metabolic stress as well as normal cells can. Metabolic deprivation thus provides a potential therapeutic window. Unfortunately, current glucose blockers have toxicity problems. An alternative way to reduce a cancer patient's blood glucose (BG), for a short-term period to very low levels, without the concomitant toxicity, is hypothesized in this paper. In vitro tests have shown that short-term BG deprivation to 2 mmol/L for 180 min is an effective cancer treatment. This level of hypoglycaemia can be maintained in vivo with a combination of very low-dose insulin and the suppression of the glucose counter-regulation system. Such suppression can be safely achieved by the infusion of somatostatin and a combination of both α and ß-blockers. The proposed short-term in vivo method, was shown to be non-toxic and safe for non-cancer patients. The next step is to test the effect of the proposed method on cancer patients. It is also suggested to incorporate well-known, long-term BG deprivation treatments to achieve maximum effect.

Laboratory sample stability. Is it possible to define a consensus stability function? An example of five blood magnitudes.

BACKGROUND: The stability limit of an analyte in a biological sample can be defined as the time required until a measured property acquires a bias higher than a defined specification. Many studies assessing stability and presenting recommendations of stability limits are available, but differences among them are frequent. The aim of this study was to classify and to grade a set of bibliographic studies on the stability of five common blood measurands and subsequently generate a consensus stability function. METHODS: First, a bibliographic search was made for stability studies for five analytes in blood: alanine aminotransferase (ALT), glucose, phosphorus, potassium and prostate specific antigen (PSA). The quality of every study was evaluated using an in-house grading tool. Second, the different conditions of stability were uniformly defined and the percent deviation (PD%) over time for each analyte and condition were scattered while unifying studies with similar conditions. RESULTS: From the 37 articles considered as valid, up to 130 experiments were evaluated and 629 PD% data were included (106 for ALT, 180 for glucose, 113 for phosphorus, 145 for potassium and 85 for PSA). Consensus stability equations were established for glucose, potassium, phosphorus and PSA, but not for ALT. CONCLUSIONS: Time is the main variable affecting stability in medical laboratory samples. Bibliographic studies differ in recommedations of stability limits mainly because of different specifications for maximum allowable error. Definition of a consensus stability function in specific conditions can help laboratories define stability limits using their own quality specifications.

A selective glucose sensor based on direct oxidation on a bimetal catalyst with a molecular imprinted polymer.

A selective nonenzymatic glucose sensor was developed based on the direct oxidation of glucose on hierarchical CuCo bimetal-coated with a glucose-imprinted polymer (GIP). Glucose was introduced into the GIP composed of Nafion and polyurethane along with aminophenyl boronic acid (APBA), which was formed on the bimetal electrode formed on a screen-printed electrode. The extraction of glucose from the GIP allowed for the selective permeation of glucose into the bimetal electrode surface for oxidation. The GIP-coated bimetal sensor probe was characterized using electrochemical and surface analytical methods. The GIP layer coated on the NaOH pre-treated bimetal electrode exhibited a dynamic range between 1.0µM and 25.0mM with a detection limit of 0.65±0.10µM in phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.4). The anodic responses of uric acid, acetaminophen, dopamine, ascorbic acid, L-cysteine, and other saccharides (monosaccharides: galactose, mannose, fructose, and xylose; disaccharides: sucrose, lactose, and maltose) were not detected using the GIP-coated bimetal sensor. The reliability of the sensor was evaluated by the determination of glucose in artificial and whole blood samples.

Polyelectrolyte complexes as prospective carriers for the oral delivery of protein therapeutics.

The oral administration of protein therapeutics is hindered by the multitude of barriers confronted by these molecules along the gastrointestinal tract (i.e., acidic environment, proteolytic degradation, mucosal barrier, etc.). Their unique properties (e.g., high molecular weight, hydrophilicity, charge, etc.) and labile structure are mainly responsible for their instability in the harsh conditions along the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and dictate the employment of alternative routes for their administration (e.g., parenteral). The association of proteins with colloidal carriers represents an interesting approach to overcome the aforementioned issues. However, certain requirements, such as stability in the GIT, stimuli-responsiveness, protection of the encapsulated biomolecule from enzymatic degradation and permeability of the mucosa, have to be met in order to efficiently deliver the sensitive payload to the intended site of action, thus resulting in enhanced bioavailability. The formation of colloidal polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) seems to be a promising strategy towards this direction, and the present review aims to provide an insight into PECs (e.g., preparation methods, characteristics) along with their advantages and drawbacks as drug delivery vehicles for the oral administration of protein-based therapeutics.

[Association of colorectal adenoma and metabolic syndrome and relevant parameters].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association of colorectal adenoma with metabolic syndrome (MS) and relevant parameters. METHODS: Clinical data of 289 subjects who underwent screening colonoscopy in the University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital from January 2014 to June 2015 were retrospectively analyzed, including 130 normal subjects (normal group) and 159 cases with colorectal adenoma confirmed by pathology(adenoma group). Levels of MS-associated parameters were compared between the two groups, and the association of metabolic diseases with colorectal adenoma was examined. RESULTS: The gender, smoking and drinking habit, regular physical activity, family history of colorectal cancer, and consumption history of long-term non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were not significantly different between two groups (all P>0.05). As compared to normal group, adenoma group had higher body mass index (BMI) [(23.5±3.2) kg/m(2) vs. (22.7±2.8) kg/m(2), t=1.97, P=0.050], larger abdominal circumference [(83.4±10.3) cm vs. (79.6±13.8) cm, t=2.46, P=0.015], higher serum high-density lipoprotein level [(1.3±0.3) mmol/L vs. (1.2±0.3) mmol/L, t=2.03, P=0.044], and higher serum cholesterol [(5.4±1.0) mmol/L vs. (5.0±1.1) mmol/L, t=2.39, P=0.018]. No significant difference was demonstrated in comparing hip circumference and waist-hip ratio, as well as serum fasting glucose and triglyceride(all P>0.05). Higher incidence of colorectal adenoma was found in subjects with MS [69.8%(37/53) vs. 1.7%(122/236), P=0.017], overweight or obesity [65.1% (56/86) vs. 50.7%(103/203), P=0.025], hypertension [67.3%(37/55) vs. 52.1%(122/234), P=0.046] and hypercholesterolemia [66.7%(64/96) vs. 49.2%(95/193), P=0.005]. CONCLUSIONS: Metabolic syndrome increased the risk of developing colorectal adenoma. The mechanism may be related to higher serum cholesterol and high density lipoprotein, which may lead to the elevated catabolism of serum cholesterol. Screening colonoscopy should be performed for patients diagnosed as metabolic syndrome, especially for those with central obesity and hypercholesterolemia, thus early diagnosis and treatment of colorectal adenoma may be available.

Sensing Glucose in Urine and Serum and Hydrogen Peroxide in Living Cells by Use of a Novel Boronate Nanoprobe Based on Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy.

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is known as a key molecule in a variety of biological processes, as well as a crucial byproduct in many enzymatic reactions. Therefore, being able to selectively and sensitively detect H2O2 is not only important in monitoring, estimating, and decoding H2O2 relevant physiological pathways but also very helpful in developing enzymatic-based biosensors for other analytes of interest. Herein, we report a plasmonic probe for H2O2 based on 3-mercaptophenylboronic acid (3-MPBA) modified gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) which is coupled with surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) to yield a limit of detection (LOD) of 70 nM. Our probe quantifies both exogenous and endogenous H2O2 levels in living cells and can further be coupled with glucose oxidase (GOx) to achieve quantitative and selective detection of glucose in artificial urine and human serum.

Hematological and biochemical reference values for C57BL/6, Swiss Webster and BALB/c mice / Valores de referência hematológicos e bioquímicos para camundongos das linhagens C57BL/6, Swiss Webster e BALB/c

The use of animals in scientific research has contributed significantly to the development of science, promoting various advances in understanding the metabolic machinery and the discovery of treatments and preventive measures applied to human and veterinary medicine. The development and use of alternative methods is encouraged; however, in some situations, the use of animals in accordance with ethical policies is still required. Established hematological and clinical chemistry reference values in laboratory animals are essential to evaluate functional changes; however, there are few data in the literature on these values, being fundamentally a comparative basis. The aim of this investigation was the establishment of hematological and clinical chemistry reference values in common strains/stocks of mice used in animal experimentation. Blood profile (hemogram, reticulocytes and myelogram) and clinical chemistry serum determination of total protein, albumin, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, calcium and phosphorus were evaluated using C57BL/6, BALB/c and Swiss Webster mice, male, 2-3 months old. The results standardize reference intervals in animals reared in Laboratory Animal Facility, reflecting the expected condition in rodents subjected to scientific research...

O uso de animais na pesquisa científica tem contribuído significativamente para o desenvolvimento da ciência, promovendo vários avanços na compreensão da maquinaria metabólica, bem como a descoberta de tratamentos e medidas preventivas aplicadas à medicina humana e veterinária. O desenvolvimento e utilização de métodos alternativos é encorajado, no entanto, em algumas situações, ainda é necessária a utilização de animais em conformidade com termos éticos. Estabelecer valores de referência hematológicos e bioquímicos para animais de laboratório é essencial para avaliar alterações funcionais, no entanto, existem poucos dados na literatura sobre estes valores, sendo fundamentalmente uma base comparativa. O presente trabalho foi delineado para estabelecer valores de referência hematológicos e bioquímicos em linhagens camundongos utilizados em pesquisa científica. Foram avaliados o perfil sanguíneo (hemograma, reticulócitos e mielograma) e a determinação bioquímica sérica de proteínas totais, albumina, glicose, colesterol, triglicerídeos, cálcio e fósforo. Foram utilizados camundongos C57BL/6, BALB/c e Swiss Webster, do sexo masculino, 2-3 meses de idade. Os resultados padronizam intervalos de referência em camundongos criados em Biotério, refletindo a condição esperada nesses animais submetidos à investigação científica...