Optimizing the feasibility of polyvinyl alcohol-potassium iodine gel for medical dosimeter.

This work aims to improve the post stabilty of reusable potassium iodide hydrogel dosimter. A reusable and low-cost radiochromic dosimeter containing a gel matrix of polyvinyl alcohol, potassium iodide dye, froctose as reducing agent and glutaraldehyde as cross-linking agent was developed for dose calibration in radiotherapy. The gel samples were exposed to different absorbed doses using a medical linear acceleration. UV-vis Spectrophotometry was utilized to investigate the changes in optical-properties of irradiated gels with regard to peak wavelength of 353 nm. The stability of the gel (one of the most limitation of using this dosimeter) was improved significantly by the addition of certain concentrations of dimethyl sulfoxide. The two-dimensional optical imaging system of charge-coupled-device (CCD) camera with a uniform RGB light-emitting-diode (LED) array source was used for diffusion coefficient purpose using two dimensional gel template. The value of diffusion coefficient reported is significant and highly reduced compared with other dosimeters reported in the literatures. Moreover, heating the improved gels to certain temperatures results in resetting their optical properties, which makes it possible to reuse for multiple times.

Precise reconstruction of the aortic valve using glutaraldehyde-treated autologous pericardium in new formula: a case report.

BACKGROUND: The current study presents a novel and precise surgical technique for complete reconstruction of the aortic valve using glutaraldehyde-treated autologous pericardium in a patient with aortic valve disease and endocarditis. The technique aims to provide a more effective and reproducible method for aortic valve repair, with the goal of improving outcomes and quality of life for patients with aortic valve disease. CASE PRESENTATION: A 35-year-old Iranian male with aortic valve disease and endocarditis underwent aortic valve reconstruction surgery. Preoperative echocardiography showed a degenerative aortic valve with severe regurgitation, reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, and specific aortic root dimensions. The surgical technique involved precise measurements and calculations to design the size and shape of the new aortic valve cusps using autologous pericardium, with the goal of optimizing coaptation and function. The surgeon calculated the intercommissural distance based on the aortic annulus diameter to determine cusp size and shape. He tailored the pericardial cusps to have a height equal to 80% of the coaptation margin length. Detailed suturing techniques were used to ensure proper alignment and coaptation of the new cusps. Intraoperative evaluation of the valve function using suction and transesophageal echocardiography showed good coaptation and minimal residual regurgitation. At the 3-year follow-up, the patient had a well-functioning aortic valve with only trivial leak and was in satisfactory clinical condition. CONCLUSIONS: Glutaraldehyde-treated autologous pericardium is a validated leaflet alternative, and the causes of its failure are late annular dilatation and other technique breakdowns. Current evidence reveals that aortic valve reconstruction with glutaraldehyde-treated autologous pericardium is associated with many advantages with the potential to improve patient outcomes and quality of life. Further clinical studies are warranted to evaluate the long-term durability and efficacy of this approach.

Pepsin immobilization on activated carbon and functionalized with glutaraldehyde and genipin for the synthesis of antioxidant peptides of goat casein.

In this article, the synthesis of antioxidant peptides in the enzymatic hydrolysis of caprine casein was analyzed at three different time points (60 min, 90 min, and 120 min) using immobilized pepsin on activated and modified carbon (AC, ACF, ACG 50, ACG 100). The immobilization assays revealed a reduction in the biocatalysts' activity compared to the free enzyme. Among the modified ones, ACG 50 exhibited greater activity and better efficiency for reuse cycles, with superior values after 60 min and 90 min. Peptide synthesis was observed under all studied conditions. Analyses (DPPH, ß-carotene/linoleic acid, FRAP) confirmed the antioxidant potential of the peptides generated by the immobilized enzyme. However, the immobilized enzyme in ACG 50 and ACG 100, combined with longer hydrolysis times, allowed the formation of peptides with an antioxidant capacity greater than or equivalent to those generated by the free enzyme, despite reduced enzymatic activity.

Removal of Cr(VI) by glutaraldehyde-crosslinked chitosan encapsulating microscale zero-valent iron: Synthesis, mechanism, and longevity.

Microscale zero-valent iron (mZVI) has shown great potential for groundwater Cr(VI) remediation. However, low Cr(VI) removal capacity caused by passivation restricted the wide use of mZVI. We prepared mZVI/GCS by encapsulating mZVI in a porous glutaraldehyde-crosslinked chitosan matrix, and the formation of the passivation layer was alleviated by reducing the contact between zero-valent iron particles. The average pore diameter of mZVI/GCS was 8.775 nm, which confirmed the mesoporous characteristic of this material. Results of batch experiments demonstrated that mZVI/GCS exhibited high Cr(VI) removal efficiency in a wide range of pH (2-10) and temperature (5-35°C). Common groundwater coexisting ions slightly affected mZVI/GCS. The material showed great reusability, and the average Cr(VI) removal efficiency was 90.41% during eight cycles. In this study, we also conducted kinetics and isotherms analysis. Pseudo-second-order model was the most matched kinetics model. The Cr(VI) adsorption process was fitted by both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms models, and the maximum Langmuir adsorption capacity of mZVI/GCS reached 243.63 mg/g, which is higher than the adsorption capacities of materials reported in most of the previous studies. Notably, the column capacity for Cr(VI) removal of a mZVI/GCS-packed column was 6.4 times higher than that of a mZVI-packed column in a 50-day experiment. Therefore, mZVI/GCS with a porous structure effectively relieved passivation problems of mZVI and showed practical application prospects as groundwater Cr(VI) remediation material with practical application prospects.

Double crosslinking decellularized bovine pericardium of dialdehyde chondroitin sulfate and zwitterionic copolymer for bioprosthetic heart valves with enhanced antithrombogenic, anti-inflammatory and anti-calcification properties.

Due to the increasing aging population and the advancements in transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), the use of bioprosthetic heart valves (BHVs) in patients diagnosed with valvular disease has increased substantially. Commercially available glutaraldehyde (GA) cross-linked biological valves suffer from reduced durability due to a combination of factors, including the high cell toxicity of GA, subacute thrombus, inflammation and calcification. In this study, oxidized chondroitin sulfate (OCS), a natural polysaccharide derivative, was used to replace GA to cross-link decellularized bovine pericardium (DBP), carrying out the first crosslinking of DBP to obtain OCS-BP. Subsequently, the zwitterion radical copolymerization system was introduced in situ to perform double cross-linking to obtain double crosslinked BHVs with biomimetic modification (P(APM/MPC)-OCS-BP). P(APM/MPC)-OCS-BP presented enhanced mechanical properties, collagen stability and enzymatic degradation resistance due to double crosslinking. The ex vivo AV-shunt assay and coagulation factors test suggested that P(APM/MPC)-OCS-BP exhibited excellent anticoagulant and antithrombotic properties due to the introduction of P(APM/MPC). P(APM/MPC)-OCS-BP also showed good HUVEC-cytocompatibility due to the substantial reduction of its residual aldehyde group. The subcutaneous implantation also demonstrated that P(APM/MPC)-OCS-BP showed a weak inflammatory response due to the anti-inflammatory effect of OCS. Finally, in vivo and in vitro results revealed that P(APM/MPC)-OCS-BP exhibited an excellent anti-calcification property. In a word, this simple cooperative crosslinking strategy provides a novel solution to obtain BHVs with good mechanical properties, and HUVEC-cytocompatibility, anti-coagulation, anti-inflammatory and anti-calcification properties. It might be a promising alternative to GA-fixed BP and exhibited good prospects in clinical applications.

Cyanophycin modifications for applications in tissue scaffolding.

Cyanophycin (CGP) is a polypeptide consisting of amino acids-aspartic acid in the backbone and arginine in the side chain. Owing to its resemblance to cell adhesive motifs in the body, it can be considered suitable for use in biomedical applications as a novel component to facilitate cell attachment and tissue regeneration. Although it has vast potential applications, starting with nutrition, through drug delivery and tissue engineering to the production of value-added chemicals and biomaterials, CGP has not been brought to the industry yet. To develop scaffolds using CGP powder produced by bacteria, its properties (e.g., biocompatibility, morphology, biodegradability, and mechanical strength) should be tailored in terms of the requirements of the targeted tissue. Crosslinking commonly stands for a primary modification method for renovating biomaterial features to these extents. Herein, we aimed to crosslink CGP for the first time and present a comparative study of different methods of CGP crosslinking including chemical, physical, and enzymatic methods by utilizing glutaraldehyde (GTA), UV exposure, genipin, 1-ethyl-3-[3-dimethylaminopropyl] carbodiimide hydrochloride/N-hydroxysuccinimide (EDC/NHS), and monoamine oxidase (MAO). Crosslinking efficacy varied among the samples crosslinked via the different crosslinking methods. All crosslinked CGP were non-cytotoxic to L929 cells, except for the groups with higher GTA concentrations. We conclude that CGP is a promising candidate for scaffolding purposes to be used as part of a composite with other biomaterials to maintain the integrity of scaffolds. The initiative study demonstrated the unknown characteristics of crosslinked CGP, even though its feasibility for biomedical applications should be confirmed by further examinations. KEY POINTS: • Cyanophycin was crosslinked by 5 different methods • Crosslinked cyanophycin is non-cytotoxic to L929 cells • Crosslinked cyanophycin is a promising new material for scaffolding purposes.

Combined cross-linking of Rhizomucor miehei lipase and Candida antarctica lipase B for the effective enrichment of omega-3 fatty acids in fish oil.

The incorporation of a non-specific lipase and a sn-1,3 specific one in a single immobilized system can be a promising approach for the exploitation of both lipases. A one-step immobilization platform mediated by an isocyanide-based multi-component reaction was applied to create co-cross-linked enzymes (co-CLEs) of lipases from Rhizomucor miehei (sn-1,3 specific) and Candida antarctica (non-specific). Glutaraldehyde was found to be effective cross-linker by producing specific activity of 16.9 U/mg and immobilization yield of 99 %. High activity recovery of up to 404 % was obtained for immobilized derivatives. Leaking experiment showed covalent nature of the cross-linking processes. BSA had considerable effect on the immobilization process, providing 87-100 % immobilization yields and up to 10 times improvement in the specific activity of the immobilized derivatives. Scanning electron microscopy images showed flower-like and rod-like structures for the CLEs prepared by glutaraldehyde and undecanedicarboxylic acid, respectively. The prepared co-CLEs were examined in non-selective enrichment of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from fish oil, showing capability of releasing up to 100 % of both omega-3 fatty acids within 8 h of the reaction. The reusability of co-CLEs in five successive cycles presented retaining 63-72 % of their initial activities after the fifth reuse cycle in the hydrolysis reaction.

Exploring sustainable food packaging: Nanocellulose composite films with enhanced mechanical strength, antibacterial performance, and biodegradability.

Food packaging films play a vital role in preserving and protecting food. However, due to their non-biodegradability, conventional packaging materials have led to significant environmental pollution. To overcome this hurdle, we have developed safe, innovative, sustainable and biodegradable packaging materials that can effectively extend the shelf life of food. In this study, two types of cellulose materials cellulose nanofibers (CNF) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) with complementary roles were combined to prepare nanocellulose composite films with high transparency (90.3 %) of a certain thickness (30 ± 0.019 µm) by solution casting method, and their mechanical properties were further optimized by the addition of plasticizer-glycerol (Gly) and cross-linking agent-glutaraldehyde (GA), so as to maintain the strong tensile strength (≈112.60 MPa) and better malleability (4.12 %). In addition, we loaded the natural active agent tea polyphenols (TPs) with different concentrations to study the inhibition effect on E.coli and S.aureus and to simulate food packaging. Finally, we also found that the synthesized nanocellulose composite films can also achieve rapid degradation in a short time through soil burial, water flushing and immersion. The excellent performance demonstrated in this study provides reference value for further replacing petroleum-based materials with biomass materials in the field of food packaging.

Immobilization of recombinant Trametes versicolor aflatoxin B1-degrading enzyme (TV-AFB1D) with montmorillonite for absorption and in situ degradation of aflatoxin B1.

Aflatoxin B1 is a highly carcinogenic and teratogenic substance mainly produced by toxin-producing strains such as Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasitic. The efficient decomposition of aflatoxin is an important means to reduce its harm to humans and livestock. In this study, Trametes versicolor aflatoxin B1-degrading enzyme (TV-AFB1D) was recombinantly expressed in Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) 168. MMT-CTAB-AFB1D complex was prepared by the immobilization of TV-AFB1D and montmorillonite (MMT) by cross-linking glutaraldehyde. The results indicated that TV-AFB1D could recombinantly express in engineered B. subtilis 168 with a size of approximately 77 kDa. The immobilization efficiency of MMT-CTAB-AFB1D reached 98.63% when the concentration of glutaraldehyde was 5% (v/v). The relative activity of TV-AFB1D decreased to 72.36% after reusing for 10 times. The content of AFB1 in MMT-CTAB-AFB1D-AFB1 decreased to 1.1 µg/g from the initial 5.6 µg/g after incubation at 50 °C for 6 h. The amount of 80.4% AFB1 in the MMT-CTAB-AFB1D-AFB1 complex was degraded by in situ catalytic degradation. Thus, the strategy of combining adsorption and in situ degradation could effectively reduce the content of AFB1 residue in the MMT-CTAB-AFB1D complex.

Use of rainbow trout skin treated with glutaraldehyde as a mesh for abdominal hernioplasty in rats

Purpose: To test the use of rainbow trout skin as a surgical mesh in abdominal hernioplasties in rats. Methods: The experiment involved 20 Wistar rats receiving implants of trout skin processed for disinfection in 0.5% glutaraldehyde and preserved in 100% glycerin. The animals were divided into four groups, divided at 7, 15, 30, and 90 days postoperatively. Clinical and infrared thermography evaluations were performed, and after euthanasia, assessments of adhesion formations and sample collection for histological evaluation were conducted. Results: The implant was observed to be intact, ensuring the integrity of the abdominal wall, support for the viscera, and normal mobility for the rats for up to 90 days. Low rates of clinical alterations were observed, with an intense inflammatory reaction up to day 7, chronic inflammation and the onset of angiogenesis at day 15, and a low inflammatory reaction with collagenous infiltrate and fibrosis at day 30. At day 90, the implants showed a collagenous and fibrotic infiltrate with a minimal inflammatory infiltrate. Conclusions: The surgical mesh of trout skin performed well, making it a potential alternative for surgical procedures in muscle aponeurotic corrections in the abdominal wall.

Evaluation of the active concentration of two disinfectants based on glutaraldehyde and benzalkonium chloride and antimicrobial activity in vitro against Salmonella Heidelberg and Salmonella Typhimurium

Biosecurity, cleaning and disinfection of swine and poultry facilities are fundamental for the reduction of pathogenic microorganisms of importance for public and animal health. The objective of this work was to compare the levels of active ingredient described on the label and the real levels detected in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of two disinfectants., then evaluate the antimicrobial activity since, following the Germicidal Sanitizing Action and Disinfectant Detergent (Official Method AOAC 960.09) in four different dilutions with the presence of 3% organic matter during 15 min of contact, against Salmonella Heidelberg and Salmonella Typhimurium (ST). The product "A" presents active levels of agreement according to the label. The content of quantified assets for product "B" was lower than that recorded on the label. The disinfectant "A" was effective in microbiological evaluation while the disinfectant "B" had microbiocidal activity compromised by the deficit of assets.

Oral Use of Phenytoin to Reduce Calcification in Bovine Pericardium and Porcine Aortic Leaflets Implants in Rats

Abstract Introduction: This study aims to test the effect of phenytoin as an inhibitor of the process of dystrophic calcification in bovine pericardium and porcine leaflets implanted in the subcutaneous tissue of rats. Methods: Isolated segments of biomaterials were implanted subcutaneously in young rats. The study groups received 500 mg phenytoin per kilogram of diet per day. After 90 days, samples were collected and quantitative calcification assessment by optical microscopy, radiological studies with mammography, and atomic emission spectrometry were performed. Results: Inflammatory reaction was a frequent finding in all groups when analyzed by optical microscopy. The calcium level assessed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry was significantly lower in the study groups using phenytoin compared to the control groups (control bovine pericardium group X=0.254±0.280 µg/mg; study bovine pericardium group X=0.063±0.025 µg/mg; control porcine aortic leaflets group X=0.640±0.226 µg/mg; study porcine aortic leaflets group X=0.056±0.021 µg/mg; P<0.05). Radiologic studies revealed a statistically significant difference between the groups treated with and without phenytoin (not only regarding the bovine pericardium but also the porcine leaflets). Conclusion: The results obtained suggest that phenytoin reduces the calcification process of bovine pericardium segments and porcine aortic leaflets in subdermal implants in rats; also, the incidence of calcification in bovine pericardium grafts was similar to that of porcine aortic leaflets.

Gasparyan method of total autologous reconstruction of the aortic valve

Abstract In this case report, I describe a new technique for total reconstruction of the aortic valve with autologous pericardium. The parameters of the cusps were calculated using very simple formulas after measurement of the aortic root intercommissural distances. Glutaraldehyde-treated pericardium was trimmed along the marked line, leaving 2 mm of tissue along the fibrous annulus attachment margin for the suture and small wings on both commissural margins to secure the commissural coaptation between right and noncoronary cusps. The annular margin of each pericardial cusp was sutured to the corresponding fibrous annulus with running 4/0 polypropylene suture. The commissures of pericardial patch and the commissural coaptation between right and noncoronary cusps were secured with mattress 4/0 polypropylene sutures. The coaptation of the three cusps was checked with negative pressure on the left ventricular vent before closure of the aortotomy. Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiogram revealed a peak pressure gradient of 10 mmHg and trivial aortic regurgitation.

Immediate outcomes of aortic valve neocuspidization with glutaraldehyde-treated autologous pericardium: a multicenter study

Abstract Objective: To determine the feasibility of aortic valve neocuspidization (AVNeo) with glutaraldehyde-treated autologous pericardium. Methods: One hundred and seventy (170) AVNeo (84 males/86 females) were performed from January 2017 through March 2019 in three centers. All the records were prospectively collected and retrospectively reviewed. Results: Most of the patients were older than 60 years and over 95% were operated for aortic stenosis. Preoperatively, pressure gradients were 69.9±21.3 mmHg for patients with aortic stenosis, and the surgical annular diameter was 21.0±2.0 mm for all patients. Effective orifice area (EOA) and indexed EOA (iEOA) averaged 0.7±0.3 cm2 and 0.4±0.2 cm2/m2 for patients with aortic stenosis before surgery, respectively. There was no conversion to prosthetic aortic valve replacement. Eight patients needed reoperation for bleeding, but no patient needed reoperation due to early infective endocarditis. There were five in-hospital deaths due to noncardiac cause. Compared to preoperative echocardiographic measurements, postoperative peak pressure gradient decreased significantly (-58.7±1.7 mmHg; P<0.001) and reached 11.2±5.6 mmHg, and mean pressure gradient also decreased significantly (-36.8±1.1 mmHg; P<0.001) and reached 6.0±3.5 mmHg. Accordingly, EOA and iEOA increased significantly 2.0 cm2 and 1.0 cm2/m2 (both P<0.001) to reach 2.7±0.6 cm2 and 1.4±0.3 cm2/m2 after surgery, respectively, with minimal significant aortic regurgitation (0.6% > mild). Conclusion: AVNeo is feasible and reproducible with good clinical results. Hemodynamically, AVNeo produces immediate postoperative low-pressure gradients, large EOA, and minimal regurgitation of the aortic valve. Further studies are necessary to evaluate mid- and long-term evolution.

Aortic valve neocuspidization with glutaraldehyde-treated autologous pericardium (ozaki procedure) - a promising surgical technique

Abstract In cases of aortic valve disease, prosthetic valves have been increasingly used for valve replacement, however, there are inherent problems with prostheses, and their quality in the so-called Third World countries is lower in comparison to new-generation models, which leads to shorter durability. Recently, transcatheter aortic valve replacement has been explored as a less invasive option for patients with high-risk surgical profile. In this scenario, aortic valve neocuspidization (AVNeo) has emerged as another option, which can be applied to a wide spectrum of aortic valve diseases. Despite the promising results, this procedure is not widely spread among cardiac surgeons yet. Spurred on by the last publications, we went on to write an overview of the current practice of state-of-the-art AVNeo and its results.

Twenty-four-month clinical performance of different universal adhesives in etch-and-rinse, selective etching and self-etch application modes in NCCL - a randomized controlled clinical trial

Abstract Objective The aim of this randomized, controlled, prospective clinical trial was to evaluate the performances of two different universal adhesives and one etch-rinse adhesive for restoration of non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs). Material and Methods Twenty patients with at least seven NCCLs were enrolled. Lesions were divided into seven groups according to adhesive systems and application modes: GSE: GLUMA Universal-self-etch, GSL: GLUMA Universal-selective etching, GER: GLUMA Universal-etch-and-rinse, ASE: All-Bond Universal-self-etch, ASL: All-Bond Universal-selective etching, AER: All-Bond Universal-etch-and-rinse, SBE (Control): Single Bond2-etch-and-rinse. A total of 155 NCCLs were restored with a nano hybrid composite (Tetric N-Ceram). Restorations were scored with regard to retention, marginal discoloration, marginal adaptation, recurrent caries and post-operative sensitivity using modified United States Public Health Service (USPHS) criteria after one week, 6, 12 and 24 months. Statistical evaluations were performed using Chi-square tests (p=0.05). Results The recall rate was 81.9% after the 24-month follow-up. The cumulative retention rates for self-etch groups (GSE: 72.2%, ASE:75%) were significantly lower than other experimental groups (GSL: 93.7%, GER: 100%, ASL: 94.1%, AER: 100%, SBE: 100%) at the 24-month follow-up (p<0.05). Regarding marginal adaptation and marginal discoloration, GSE and ASE groups demonstrated more bravo scores after 6 and 12-month observations but differences were not significant (p>0.05). Only one restoration from ASL group demonstrated post-operative sensitivity at 6 and 12-month observations. No secondary caries was observed on the restorations at any recall. At the end of 24-month observations, no significant differences were detected among groups regarding any of the criteria assessed, except retention. Conclusion GLUMA Universal and All-Bond Universal showed better results in etch-and-rinse and selective etching mode compared to the self-etch mode regarding retention. Etch-and-rinse and selective etching application modes of the current universal adhesives tended to provide better clinical outcomes considering the criteria evaluated at the end of 24-month evaluation.

Efectividad de Lysol y Glutaraldehído al 2% en piezas de mano de alta velocidad después de ser sometidas a limpieza mecánica / Effectiveness of Lysol and Glutaraldehyde 2 % in high-speed handpieces after being subjected to mechanical cleaning / Eficácia de Lysol e Glutaraldehyde ao 2% em peças de alta rotaçãoapós serem submetidas a limpeza mecânica

La desinfección química es un procedimiento importante utilizado en el ámbito odontológico que tiene como fin evitar la propagación de microorganismos patógenos que puedan afectar a la salud. Objetivo: Determinar la efectividad desinfec-tante del agente Lysol y Glutaraldehído al 2% en aerosol en piezas de mano de alta velocidad en estudiantes de noveno semestre que acuden a Clínica Integral de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Central del Ecuador (FO-UCE) período 2017. Materiales y métodos: Estudio experimental in vitro. La muestra se obtuvo de 40 piezas de mano de alta velocidad antes y después de someter a las turbinas a un proceso de desinfección mediante dos agentes aplicados en aero-sol Lysol y Glutaraldehído al 2%. Las muestras fueron tomadas de dos sitios, cabezal y mango. Después se transportaron las muestras al laboratorio de Microbiología de la FO-UCE en tubos con tioglicolato, posteriormente fueron sembradas en el medio Agar sangre e incubadas por 48 horas a 37° para finalmente observar la formación de Unidades Formadoras de colonias. Fueron utilizados los análisis estadísticos de ANOVA y Tukey con un nivel de significancia de 5%. Resultados: Se observó un efecto en la reducción bacteriana del glutaraldehído de 0,6 UFC y del lysol de 1,3 UFC después de su uso. Tanto el glutaraldehído como el lysol mostraron diferencias significativas antes y después de su uso (p<0.001), sin existir diferencias entre ambos después de la desinfección mecánica con ambas sustancias en aerosol (p=1,0). Conclusión: El Glutaraldehído y el Lysol en aerosol fueron efectivos en la desinfección de piezas de mano de alta velocidad.

Chemical disinfection is an important procedure used in the dental field that aims to prevent the spread of pathogenic micro-organisms that may affect health. Objective: To determine the disinfectant effectiveness of the Lysol and Glutaraldehyde 2% agent in aerosol in high-speed handpieces in ninth semester students who attend the Integral Clinic of the School of Dentistry of the Central University of Ecuador (FO-UCE) period 2017. Materials and methods: In vitro experimental study. The sample was obtained from 40 high-speed handpieces before and after subjecting the turbines to a disinfection process using two agents applied in aerosolized Lysol and Glutaraldehyde 2%. The samples were taken from two sites, head and handle. The samples were then transported to the FO-UCE Microbiology laboratory in tubes with thioglycolate, subsequently seeded in the blood agar medium and incubated for 48 hours at 37 ° to finally observe the formation of colony forming units. The statistical analyzes of ANOVA and Tukey with a significance level of 5% were used. Results: An effect on the bacterial reduction of 0.6 CFU glutaraldehyde and 1.3 CFU lysol was observed after use. Both glutaraldehyde and lysol showed significant differences before and after use (p <0.001), with no differences between the two after mechanical disinfection with both aerosol substances (p = 1.0). Conclusion: Glutaraldehyde and Lysol aerosol were effective in disin-fecting high speed handpieces.

A desinfecção química é um procedimento importante utilizado no campo odontológico que visa prevenir a disseminação de microrganismos patogênicos que podem afetar a saúde. Objetivo: Determinar a eficácia do desinfetante do agente lisol e glutaraldeído ao 2% em aerossol em peças de mão de alta rotação em alunos do nono semestre que freqüentam a Clíni-ca Integral da Faculdade de Odontologia do período 2017 da Universidade Central do Equador (FO-UCE). Materiais e métodos: Estudo experimental in vitro. A amostra foi obtida de 40 peças mão de alta rotação antes e depois de submeter as turbinas a um processo de desinfecção utilizando dois agentes em aerossol aplicados como o Lysol e Glutaraldeído a 2%. As amostras foram retiradas de dois locais, cabeça e alça. As amostras foram então transportadas para o laboratório de Microbiologia da FO-UCE em tubos com tioglicolato, posteriormente semeadas em meio ágar sangue e incubadas por 48 horas a 37 ° para finalmente observar a formação de unidades formadoras de colônias. Foram utilizadas as análises esta-tísticas de ANOVA e Tukey com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Observou-se um efeito na redução bacteriana de 0,6 UFC do glutaraldeído e 1,3 UFC do lysol após o uso. Tanto o glutaraldeído quanto o lisol apresentaram diferenças significativas antes e após o uso (p <0,001), não havendo diferenças entre os dois após a desinfecção mecânica com ambas as substâncias em aerossol (p = 1,0). Conclusão: O glutaraldeído e o aerossol Lysol foram eficazes na desinfecção de peças mão de alta rotação.

Glutaraldehyde test for the rapid diagnosis of pulmonary and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis in an area with high tuberculosis incidence

BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The primary method for controlling TB is the rapid and accurate identification of infected individuals. Immune response exploitation represents one of the main methods used for early TB diagnosis; however, few studies have reported that whole blood originating from TB-infected patients gels faster in the presence of aldehyde than blood originating from healthy subjects, which is the focus of the current study. OBJECTIVES The study objectives are to determine the diagnostic value of a glutaraldehyde test (GT) in pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) and to assess its performance compared with light-emitting diode fluorescence microscopy (LED-FM). MATERIALS AND METHODS This study included 272 specimens (176 suspected PTB specimens and 96 suspected EPTB specimens). Of the 272 patients, 98 patients had TB infection confirmed by culture (64 PTB cases and 34 EPTB cases), and 174 patients had no TB infection. The gold standard technique (culture) was used as reference to verify the GT's performance. RESULTS The GT showed a high sensitivity (96.9%) and specificity (82.1%) for PTB with a good positive predictive value (PPV = 75.6%) and negative predictive value (NPV = 97.9%). For EPTB, the GT showed a sensitivity of 91.2% and a specificity of 77.4%, with PPV = 68.9% and NPV = 94.1%. LED-FM had lower sensitivities for PTB (65.6%) and EPTB (42.1%) and an excellent specificity of 100%, with PPV = 100% and NPV = 100%. CONCLUSION We concluded that GT is rapid, easy, simple and cost-effective and does not require qualified personnel with a specific background or sophisticated equipment like molecular biology or mycobacterium-specific genotyping techniques. These qualities make the GT attractive for use in low- and high-income countries in addition to other conventional methods, particularly culture, which continues to be the gold standard.

Effect of two desensitizing agents on dentin permeability in vitro

Abstract Objective The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the effect of two desensitizing agents and water on hydraulic conductance in human dentin. Material and Methods GLUMA Desensitizer PowerGel (GLU) contains glutaraldehyde (GA) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), and Teethmate Desensitizer (TD) is a powder comprising tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP) and dicalcium phosphate anhydrous (DCPA) that is mixed with water. Deionized water was used as a negative control (CTR). Thirty discs with a thickness of 1.2 mm were cut from the coronal dentin of the third molars and cleaned with 0.5 M EDTA (pH 7.4). After being mounted in a split-chamber device, the discs were pressurized with water at 1 kPa and 3 kPa in order to measure flow rates with a highly sensitive micro-flow sensor and to calculate hydraulic conductance as a baseline value (BL). Following the application of GLU, TD, and CTR (n=10), hydraulic conductance was remeasured with intermittent storage in water after 15 min, 1 d, 1 w, and 1 m. Reduction in permeability (PR%) was calculated from hydraulic conductance. Data were statistically analyzed using nonparametric methods (α<0.05). Representative discs were inspected by SEM. Results PR% for GLU and TD were 30-50% 15 min and 1 m after their application. Post hoc tests indicated that PR% of CTR was significantly greater than those of GLU and TD at all time points tested. The PR% of GLU and TD were not significantly different. SEM examinations showed noncollapsed collagen meshes at the tubular entrances after GLU, and crystalline precipitates occluding the tubular orifices after TD, whereas CTR specimens showed typical patterns of etched dentin. Conclusions The present study on hydraulic conductance in dentin discs treated with two chemically different desensitizing agents and water as a control demonstrated that both products may be characterized as effective.

Gelatin-based microspheres crosslinked with glutaraldehyde and rutin oriented to cosmetics

ABSTRACT Glutaraldehyde (GTA) has been extensively used as a gelatin crosslinking agent, however, new natural ones have been suggested as more biocompatible. Polyphenols are possible candidates and the flavonols, such as rutin (RUT), also exhibit potential synergism with sunscreens and antioxidant agents used in cosmetics. In this work, gelatin microspheres (M0) were obtained and crosslinked with GTA 10 mM (MG) or RUT 10 mM (MR), dissolved in acetone:NaOH 0,01M (70:30 v/v). MG exhibited crosslinking extent of 54.4%. Gelatin, M0, MG and MR did not elicit any signs of skin damage, regarding the formation of erythema, the barrier function disruption and negative interference in the stratum corneum hydration. Oily dispersions containing M0, MG or MR, isolated or combined with benzophenone-3 or octyl methoxycinnamate, suggested that the microspheres, at a 5.0% w/w, had no additional chemical or physical photoprotective effect in vitro. Crosslinking with RUT had occurred, but in a lower degree than GTA. Microspheres had not improved sun protection parameters, although, non-treated gelatin interfered positively with the SPF for both UV filters. The in vivo studies demonstrated that these materials had very good skin compatibility.