Enfermidades em bovinos associadas ao consumo de resíduos de cervejaria / Cattle diseases associated with consumption of beer residues

A utilização de subprodutos de cervejaria na alimentação de bovinos tem crescido nos últimos anos como uma excelente alternativa na manutenção ou aumento da produtividade na bovinocultura, sobretudo na Região Sudeste. Entre os resíduos mais empregados estão o bagaço de malte oriundo da "cevada" e o "levedo de cerveja", um subproduto líquido que contém álcool, muito utilizado no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. O uso incorreto ou sem os devidos cuidados, bem como o armazenamento de forma inadequada, contudo, podem ser responsáveis por quadros de intoxicação por etanol, neurotoxicose por Aspergillus clavatus, acidose ruminal e botulismo. Esse trabalho tem por intuito alertar para a importância dessas condições como causa de sérios prejuízos econômicos à pecuária e fornecer subsídios para o estabelecimento do diagnóstico, diagnóstico diferencial e profilaxia das mesmas...

The use of brewery by-products in cattle feed has grown in recent years as an excellent alternative for maintenance or increase in cattle productivity especially in Southeastern Brazil. Among the most employed by-products are malted barley waste and brewer's yeast, a liquid by-product that contains alcohol and is widely used in the State of Rio de Janeiro. Careless or incorrect use of these products, as well as inadequate storage, can cause ethanol poisoning, neurotoxicosis by Aspergillus clavatus, ruminal acidosis and botulism. This paper highlights the importance of these conditions as causes of severe economic losses to livestock, and provides support for the establishment of diagnosis, differential diagnosis and prophylaxis...

Efeito da lavagem com água na remoçäo de resíduos de agrotóxicos em alimentos / The effect of fwater washing foods for the removal of pesticide residues

Nesta revisäo bibliográfica säo apresentados os efeitos da lavagem com água na remoçäo de resíduos de agrotóxicos em alimentos em alimentos in natura. Na primeira parte foi abordada a remoçäo dos principais agrotóxicos enquadrados em suas respectivas classificaçöes químicas; na segunda, apresenta a percentagem de remoçäo dos resíduos tendo-se como referência o tipo de amostra. Verifica-se que a percentagem de remoçäo dos resíduos näo depende apenas da natureza do agrotóxico, mas também do tipo de amostra, do tempo e das condiçöes em que é executada a lavagem. Conclui-se que todo alimento in natura, quando submetido a uma lavagem criteriosa, sofre uma reduçäo considerável dos resíduos de agrotóxicos presentes em suas superfícies

Quantitative microscopy of hepatic changes induced by phenethyl isothiocyanate in Fischer-344 rats fed either a cereal-based diet or a purified diet.

Hepatic changes induced by phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) in the liver of rats were determined by quantitative microscopy. Groups of male Fischer-344 rats were fed either a standard, cereal-based diet (Wayne rodent meal) or a purified diet (AIN-76A) containing PEITC at concentrations of 0.75 and 6.0 mmol/kg for 13 wk. Severe hepatic lipidosis was observed in control rats fed the purified diet. Addition of PEITC to the purified diet significantly reduced lipid content in hepatocytes. In contrast, lipid content in the liver of the rats fed the cereal-based diet containing PEITC was greater than in control rats maintained on the same diet. In addition, dose-related reductions in hepatocyte, lipid droplet, peroxisome, and mitochondrial volumes were observed in PEITC-treated rats fed the cereal-based diet. These results indicate that PEITC exerts differential effects on the liver of rats fed either the cereal-based or purified diet.

Control de alimentos y las aflatoxinas / Food control and aflatoxics

Entre los microorganismos que producen la contaminacion de los alimentos de consumo humano, se encuentra el Aspergillus flavus, a traves del factor toxico denominado Aflatoxina. las condiciones de temperatura de 20 a 38 grados centigrados los niveles de humedad de 14 a 30 por ciento , la presencia de nutrientes, ogigeno, etc, favorecen el desarrollo de estos hongos y la produccion de toxinas en los alimentos, producto de las inadecuadas condiciones higienico sanitarias. A todo esto se suman las dificultades economicas de los paises en desarrollo, donde existen problemas de desnutricion, patologias gastro-intestinales, enfermedades carenciales y un mayor consumo de hidratos de carbono, que proteinas, lo que incrementa la sensibilidad de la poblacion a las sustancias toxicas. El cancer hepatico es uno de los principales efectos patologicos relacionados con la aflatoxina, cuyo nivel de tolerancia en los productos alimenticios esta entre 3 a 25 mcg/Kg (5mcg/Kg para aflatoxina B1, que es la mas toxica). En Bolivia, INLASA acepta 10 mcg/Kg como nivel de tolerancia. La deteccion de aflatoxinas en el arroz vietnamita introducido al pais, debe ser el punto de partida para implementar un sistema de prevencion y control de alimentos contaminados, con la participacion de la poblacion y una coordinacion interinstitucional decidida

[Cadmium and lead levels in milk, milk-cereal and cereal formulas for infants and children up to 3 years of age]. / Wystepowanie kadmu i olowiu w odzywkach mlecznych, mleczno-zbozowych i zbozowych przeznaczonych dla niemowlat i dzieci do lat 3.

Cd and Pb contents were determined in milk formulae, milk-cereal formulae and cereal formulae produced by Okregowe Zaklady Koncentratów Spozywczych (OZKS) (Regional Food Concentrates Processing Plants) for infants and children up to 3 years of age. The major parts of the assortments were found to contain products whose cadmium and/or lead contents exceeded the admissible norms. These contents were as follows: in milk formulae: from less than 2 to 8 micrograms Cd/kg and from less than 20 to 180 micrograms Pb/kg; in milk-cereal formulae: from less than 2 to 20 micrograms Cd/kg and from less than 20 to 180 micrograms Pb/kg; in cereal formulae from less than 2 to 70 micrograms Cd/kg and from less than 20 to 400 micrograms Pb/kg. Contents of Cd and Pb were the highest in cereal formulae mainly in those produced of wheat flour and buckwheat-rice flour. Determinations of Cd and Pb contents in raw materials and in some cereal intermediate products revealed that the occurrence of excessively high Cd and Pb contents in the cereal-containing formulae was due to contamination of the cereal raw materials with these metals.

Synthesis and in vitro and in vivo activity of a hybrid composed of ricin B chain-barley ribosome-inactivating protein.

In our continued studies on hybrid proteins for use as cytotoxins and possible suicide transport agents, we have begun to investigate the use of ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIP) isolated from grain. The RIP from barley has been purified to homogeneity by modifications of the methods of Roberts and Selitrennikoff and crosslinked to the binding subunit B of the seed toxin ricin (RTB). The resulting hybrid was purified by a combination of gel filtration and affinity chromatography on acid-washed Sepharose 4B. This model suicide transport agent was assayed in vitro against K-562 cells and was found to be cytotoxic in a dose-dependent manner (ID50 = 0.15 micrograms/ml). Lactose inhibited the toxicity of the hybrid, indicating that cytotoxicity was dependent on the cell binding property of the ricin B moiety. In addition, free RIP and free ricin B, either alone or in combination, were nontoxic over this concentration range. The in vivo effects of the RTB-RIP hybrid were assessed by pressure microinjection into the vagus nerves of rats. Injection of 0.18 to 6.5 micrograms of conjugate resulted in death of vagal sensory but not motor neurons after 3-17 days. The cytotoxic changes in vagal sensory neurons were identical to those previously observed with a variety of RIP toxins such as ricin.

Estudio químico-toxicológico de aflatoxinas en cereales / Chemical toxicology study of aflatoxin in cereals

En el presente trabajo se ha determinado por cromatografia en capa fina, la presencia de aflatoxinas en 30 muestras de cereales, arroz, maiz y trigo, procedentes de 3 mercados del Cercado de Lima. Las aflatoxinas pueden causar efectos biológicos de acuerdo a la dosificación y frecuencia de exposición en microorganismos, cultivos de células, plantas, animales y el hombre, pudiendo originar efectos agudos y crónicos (toxigénicos, mutagénicos, teratogénicos y carcinogénicos). Del total de las muestras, el 33.34 por ciento corresponden a muestras contaminadas con aflatoxinas, encontrándose en uno de los mercados el mayor porcentaje de positividad (16.66 por ciento). Teniendo en cuenta la alta toxicidad de las aflatoxinas y la presencia de ellas en muchos alimentos, se hace necesario el empleo de diversos medios de prevención, eliminación y de toxificación, con la finalidad de disminuir y erradicar su presencia.

Grain dust and alveolar macrophages: an experimental study of the effects of grain dust on the mouse lung.

Exposure of mice to grain dust in a dusting chamber for 2-80 days led to a pulmonary macrophage response but no interstitial pulmonary damage. The macrophages contained prominent paracrystalline cytoplasmic inclusions.

Liver cell cancer--intervention studies.

The field studies leading to possible intervention procedures are reviewed. Currently the most promising form of intervention is the prevention of aflatoxin contamination of foodstuffs. It is essential that these are monitored and their efficacy in lowering the incidence of liver cancer measured. The association of liver cancer with hepatitis B infection may be a confounding factor and the impact of this on the study population must also be considered. The imminent production of vaccines for hepatitis B infection may provide an alternative or additional mode of intervention. The possibilities for intervention in liver cell cancer appear one of the brighter prospects for primary prevention of a cancer.