Agaricus bisporus mannose binding protein is not an agglutinating protein.

Agaricus bisporus mannose binding protein (Abmb) demonstrates permeability to epithelial monolayer barrier of the intestine, resistance to gastrointestinal tract conditions and to proteolysis therefore it holds potential as a drug carrier for oral route administration. Abmb also display antiproliferative activity to breast cancer cells and stimulation of immune system thus could potentially be also developed for therapeutic purpose. It is not immunogenic or toxic thereby safe for use. In this paper we further provide evidence that Abmb also lacks of agglutinating activity despite sharing high structural homology to lectins. Abmb is thereby the only mannose specific binding protein that is not member of lectin family. This evidence provides further support on the use of Abmb as pharmaceutical or medicinal agent. Its molecular globularity that may contribute to its lack of agglutination capacity was also evaluated.

Comparative analysis of virulence factors & biotypes of Gardnerella vaginalis isolated from the genital tract of women with & without bacterial vaginosis.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: : Bacterial vaginosis (BV) involves the presence of a thick vaginal multispecies biofilm, where Gardnerella vaginalis is the predominant species. The reason for an increase in the number of G. vaginalis which are usually present as normal flora of the female genital tract in cases of BV, is not known. Hence, the objective of the present study was to compare the biotypes and virulence factors of G. vaginalis isolated from the genital tract of women with and without BV. METHODS: : High vaginal swabs collected from 811 women of reproductive age were cultured. G. vaginalis isolates were biotyped and tested for adherence to vaginal epithelial cells, biofilm formation, agglutination of human red blood cells (RBCs), protease production, phospholipase production and surface hydrophobicity. RESULTS: : Of the isolates from women with BV, 83.3 per cent (60/72) showed good adherence, 78.4 per cent (58/74) produced biofilm, 82.9 per cent (63/76) produced phospholipase, 67.1 per cent (51/76) produced protease, 77.3 per cent (58/75) were positive for surface hydrophobicity and 61.6 per cent (45/73) were positive for haemagglutination of human RBC. In case of G. vaginalis from non-BV women, 25 per cent (15/60) isolates showed good adherence, 18.4 per cent (9/49) biofilm production, 35 per cent (21/60) phospholipase, 36.6 per cent (22/60) protease, 41.7 per cent (25/60) surface hydrophobicity and 10.1 per cent (6/59) agglutination of human RBCs. Maximum number of isolates belonged to biotypes 6, 2 and 3. Biotype 3 was more associated with non-BV rather than BV; biotype 6, 2 and 1 were more associated with cases of BV. Maximum virulence factors were expressed by biotypes 6, 2 and 1. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS: : Virulence factors were more expressed by G. vaginalis isolates obtained from women with BV rather than from non-BV. Biotypes 6, 2 and 1 were more associated with cases of BV and expressed maximum virulence factors.

Prospects for Broadly Protective Influenza Vaccines.

The development of vaccines that could provide broad protection against antigenically variant influenza viruses has long been the ultimate prize in influenza research. Recent developments have pushed us closer to this goal, and such vaccines may now be within reach. This brief review outlines the current approaches to broadly protective vaccines, and the probable hurdles and roadblocks to achieving this goal.

Assessment of the efficacy of commercially available and candidate vaccines against a pandemic H1N1 2009 virus.

BACKGROUND: The emergence and global spread of the pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza virus have raised questions regarding the protective effect of available seasonal vaccines and the efficacy of a newly produced matched vaccine. METHODS: Ferrets were immunized with the 2008-2009 formulations of commercially available live attenuated (FluMist; MedImmune) or split-inactivated (Fluviral; GlaxoSmithKline) vaccines, a commercial swine vaccine (FluSure; Pfizer), or a laboratory-produced matched inactivated whole-virus vaccine (A/Mexico/InDRE4487/2009). Adaptive immune responses were monitored, and the animals were challenged with A/Mexico/InDRE4487/2009 after 5 weeks. RESULTS: Only animals that received the swine or matched vaccines developed detectable hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies against the challenge virus, whereas a T cell response was exclusively detected in animals vaccinated with FluMist. After challenge, all animals had high levels of virus replication in the upper respiratory tract. However, preexisting anti-pandemic H1N1 2009 antibodies resulted in reduced clinical signs and improved survival. Surprisingly, FluMist was associated with a slight increase in mortality and greater lung damage, which correlated with early up-regulation of interleukin-10. CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrates that a single dose of matched inactivated vaccine confers partial protection against a pandemic H1N1 2009 virus, and it suggests that a higher dose or prime-boost regimen may be required. The consequences of mismatched immunity to influenza merit further investigation.

Novel single-nucleotide change in GYP*A in a person who made an alloantibody to a new high-prevalence MNS antigen called ENEV.

BACKGROUND: Alloantibodies that define some high-prevalence MNS antigens are made by people with glycophorin A (GPA) altered by a single-amino-acid change or replacement of amino acids from part of the Pseudoexon 3 of GYP*B. The finding of a patient whose plasma contained a novel alloanti-En(a)FR prompted this study. RESULTS: The patient's serum contained an alloantibody to a high-prevalence antigen, resistant to papain, ficin, trypsin, alpha-chymotrypsin, or dithiothreitol. The antibody was strongly reactive with all panel red blood cells (RBCs) tested, showed reduced reactivity with ENEP- and ENAV- RBCs, and was nonreactive with M(k)M(k), En(a-), GP.Hil/GP.Hil, and GP.JL/M(k) RBCs. The patient's RBCs typed M+N-S+s-, Wr(a-b+(w)), ENEP-, and ENAV-. These results indicated that the antibody recognized a new high-prevalence antigen in the MNS system. Sequencing of DNA prepared from the patient's white blood cells revealed a GYP*A nucleotide substitution of 242T>G (predicted to change Val62 of GPA to Gly). This change ablates an RsaI restriction enzyme site and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism confirmed that the proband was homozygous for Nucleotide 242G. CONCLUSIONS: We describe a novel high-prevalence MNS antigen, characterized by Val62 in GPA and named ENEV. The absence of the antigen is associated with Gly62. The change explains the weakened reactivity of the patient's serum with ENEP- and ENAV- RBCs and nonreactivity with anti-ENEP and anti-ENAV against her RBCs. The ENEV antigen has been assigned the ISBT number MNS45.

Ascaris lumbricoides: epitopes del Sistema P por método de cinética de la hemaglutinación / Ascaris lumbricoides: P system epithopes by haemogglutination kinetics method

Experiencias previas demostraron epitopes P1 en Ascaris lumbricoides por inhibición de la aglutinación. La cinética de la hemaglutinación aplica la extinción óptica relativa producida por un haz de luz trasmitido a través de una suspensión de pequeñas partículas, y permite obtener una estimación paramétrica de la tasa de hemaglutinación. El objetivo de este trabajo fue utilizar este método para demostrar la presencia de epitopes del Sistema P en extractos de A. lumbricoides. La técnica de inhibición de la aglutinación permitió seleccionar 10 extractos: 3 con y 7 sin epitopes P1. Se registró la cinética de la reacción Control: anti- P1- eritrocitos - P1 y la cinética de la misma reacción, previo contacto del anticuerpo con el extracto. Se calcularon y se compararon los valores de ³ EOR % (variación en el porcentaje de extinción óptica relativa) para ambas reacciones. Los resultados evidenciaron la presencia de epitopes P1, que no habían sido detectados por inhibición de la aglutinación, en 3 extractos. Para los extractos restantes, hubo coincidencia entre los resultados obtenidos por los dos métodos. La cinética de la hemaglutinación es sencilla, rápida y fácilmente adaptable para las experiencias en que se necesite evaluar una reacción antígeno-anticuerpo a través de la hemaglutinación.

Summary Previous experiences have demonstrated P1 epithopes in Ascaris lumbricoides by inhibition agglutination. Haemogglutination kinetics applies the relative optical extinction produced on a light beam transmitted through a suspension of small particles, giving a parametric estimate of the haemagglutination rate.The aim was to use this method for the demonstration of P System epithopes presence in A. lumbricoides extracts. inhibition agglutination test enabled the selection of 10 extracts: 3 with and 7 without P1 epithopes. Kinetics of anti- P1 - P1 erythrocyte control reaction and kinectics of the same reaction with a previous contact between antibody and extract were registered. ³ EOR % values (relative optical extinction variation) for both reactions were calculated and compared between themselves. The results proved P1 epithopes presence in 3 extracts, which had not been detected by inhibition agglutination. The results coincided for the remaining extracts by both methods. Haemogglutination kinetics is simple and fast and it is easily adapted for experiences in which the investigator needs to assess the antibody-antigen reaction by haemogglutination.

Aplicación de una cámara de flujo para el análisis de la aglutinación eritrocitaria mediada por anticuerpos monoclonales / Application of the flow chamber technique to the analysis of the erythrocyte agglutination mediated by monoclonal antibodies

El conocimiento de la energía involucrada en las interacciones célula-célula tiene importantes implicaciones en las ciencias biológicas y médicas. Los glóbulos rojos se adhieren entre si cuando macromoléculas específicas o no específicas (aglutininas) enlazan células adyacentes de manera irreversible o reversible. La técnica de la cámara de flujo fue utilizada para evaluar la afinidad de un anticuerpo monoclonal analizando la disociación de un doblete (dos células aglutinadas por el anticuerpo) determinando la energía de adhesión. Esta técnica permite aplicar una tensión de corte uniforme paralela a la interfase de adhesión de un aglutinado de dos células fijado sobre la superficie inferior de un microcanal. La tensión produce el desprendimiento progresivo de la célula superior del doblete. La observación microscópica de la separación producida en el aglutinado aislado y la obtención de imágenes secuenciales con una cámara CCD (Charged Coupled Device), permite determinar la relación entre la tensión de corte aplicada (sigma) y el porcentaje de separación de las células del doblete. A partir de estos resultados calculamos la energía de disociación por unidad de área membranal adherida(gamma d), valor igual a 8.92 x 10 elevado a -19 N.cm por moléculas de anticuerpo. Del análisis de los resultados, se concluye que la tensión de corte necesaria para disociar el doblete es proporcional a la densidad superficial de moléculas de anticuerpo y a la densidad antigénica de los eritrocitos.

Induction of immune responses against human papillomaviruses by hypervariable epitope constructs.

An ideal prophylactic vaccine against human papillomaviruses (HPV) would be one that can induce broadly reactive antibody titres to at least the major oncogenic strains of HPV. It has been previously shown that HPV structural proteins are highly immunogenic but fail to elicit cross-reactive immune responses against heterologous strains of HPV. Recent studies have demonstrated that the immunity induced by virus-like particles is mostly type specific. In the present study, we determined the breadth of reactivity of antibodies induced in mice immunized with hypervariable epitope constructs (HECs), which represent sequence variants of immunodominant B-cell epitopes of the major capsid protein L1 of HPV. In order to test the breadth of reactivity, sera from immunized mice were tested against peptides representing analogous sequences of HPV types 16, 18, 31 and 45. Mice immunized with HECs based on two epitopes mounted antibody responses that cross-reacted with two different analogues, 16 and 18. Significantly, antibodies from mice immunized with HECs also inhibited haemagglutination mediated by HPV-16 L1 VLPs, suggesting that immunization resulted in the development of antibodies that could bind to viral capsid proteins in their native conformation. Our observations suggest that HECs may overcome the restriction of type specific immunity against HPV.

Correlation between serum estradiol in the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle and decay acceleration factor (DAF) expression on red blood cells and coxsackiervirus B-3 induced hemagglutination in young cycling women.

Decay accelerating factor (DAF) is a widely distributed glycoprotein which aids in the inactivation of complement. DAF is also a cellular receptor for certain group B coxsackieviruses (CVB) and is responsible for the viral hemagglutinating activity for human red blood cells (RBC). Healthy, young female volunteers donated blood on days 11 and 22 of the ovarian cycle. Samples were categorized into luteal and follicular phases based on serum progesterone level (P4 either < 2.0 ng/mL, follicular; P4 > or = 2.0 ng/mL, luteal) and analyzed by flow cytomtery for DAF expression on RBC and CD21 + B lymphocytes. Cycling females showed significant variation in CVB-induced hemagglutination and % RBC or CD19 + cells which were DAF +. There was a strong correlation between serum estradiol levels and % RBC expressing DAF (P < 0.01) in the follicular, but not in the luteal ovarian phase. Infection of white blood cells with green-fluorescent protein CVB (GFP-CVB) showed a correlation between infectivity of CD19+ cells and DAF expression. This indicates that women may show differential susceptibility to CVB infection in the luteal and follicular phases of the ovarian cycle.

Tk, a new colon tumor-associated antigen resulting from altered O-glycosylation.

Erythrocyte polyagglutination antigens T and Tn are truncated O-glycan chains that are also carcinoma-associated antigens. We investigated whether Tk polyagglutination antigen could similarly be a carcinoma-associated marker and a target of immunotherapy. Monoclonal antibody LM389 was raised against Tk erythrocytes and tested by immunohistochemistry. LM389 strongly reacted with 48% human colorectal carcinomas. Labeling of normal tissues was visible on epithelial cells, mainly digestive, but was confined at a supranuclear level. Expression of the antigen on cloned human carcinoma cells correlated with sialosyl-Tn expression. O-Sialoglycoprotein endopeptidase treatment revealed that on carcinomas and cell lines, the epitope was present on O-glycans. Antibody specificity was determined using synthetic carbohydrates. Direct binding and inhibition studies indicated that LM389 best ligands were terminated by two branched N-acetylglucosamine units. Screening of murine cellular cell lines with LM389 allowed development of an experimental model with Tk-positive and -negative cells in syngeneic BDIX rats. Vaccination of rats with Tk erythrocytes provided a protection against growth of rat Tk-positive, but not of Tk-negative, tumor cells in association with the development of antibodies. Taken together, the results indicate that Tk polyagglutination antigen is a new colorectal carcinoma-associated antigen, absent from the normal cell surface, resulting from alteration of O-glycans biosynthesis and with potential as a target of immunotherapy.

Red blood cell polyagglutination: clinical aspects.

Polyagglutination is the term applied to red blood cells (RBCs) that are agglutinated by almost all samples of human sera from adults but not by autologous serum or sera of newborns. The polyagglutinable state may be transient or persistent. Transient polyagglutinability results from the exposure of normally cryptic antigens by bacterial enzymatic activity during the course of an infectious process. RBCs are polyagglutinable because most sera from adults contain agglutinins for the exposed antigens. This type of polyagglutination can often be reproduced in vitro with bacterial culture fluids or isolated enzymes. Persistent polyagglutination may be a consequence of somatic mutation leading to a cellular lineage characterized by an enzyme deficiency that results in exposure of a normally cryptic antigen, Tn. Most human sera contain anti-Tn. Tn polyagglutination is regularly accompanied by leukopenia and thrombocytopenia and has been associated with leukemia. Other forms of persistent polyagglutination are due to the inheritance of rare blood groups or are associated with a hematologic dyscrasia.

Severe cold agglutinin disease and cryoglobulinemia secondary to a monoclonal anti-Pr2 IgM lambda cryoagglutinin.

OBJECTIVE: To present a case of cold agglutinin disease/cryoglobulinemia secondary to a monoclonal anti-Pr2 IgM lambda antibody, and review the literature on the occurrence of this antibody in cold-induced disease and the clinical disease associated with it. METHODS: Cryoantibody characteristics were evaluated by cold precipitation. The antigen specificity of the monoclonal IgM lambda antibody was evaluated using techniques of selective red blood cell absorption. RESULTS: In our patient, we were able to identify an antibody with both cryoglobulinemic and cold agglutinin (cryoagglutinin) properties. This antibody was found to be monoclonal IgM lambda with specificity to the Pr2 antigen on red blood cells. CONCLUSIONS: Monoclonal IgM lambda anti-Pr is a rarely found cold agglutinin antibody. In this report we describe the clinical course of a patient who had this antibody, which not only agglutinated red cells in the cold but also had cryoglobulin properties. The clinical illness of this man was characterized by severe acrocyanosis and digital necrosis with eventual organ necrosis and death. We also review the literature on cold induced disease due to monoclonal anti-Pr IgM lambda antibody. Our patient was found to be unique among the reports reviewed. Our case is the first to report both cold agglutinin and cryoglobulinemic properties with the evaluation of the thermal amplitudes of these activities of the antibody. Also, unlike the lymphoproliferative malignancy observed in the cold agglutinin-associated disease in the other reports, our patient's disease was associated with a monoclonal B-cell expansion on the spectrum between benign monoclonal gammopathy and a low grade lymphoproliferative disorder.

Pancreatic tumour marker anti-mucin antibody CAM 17.1 reacts with a sialyl blood group antigen, probably I, which is expressed throughout the human gastrointestinal tract.

CAM 17.1 is an antimucin monoclonal antibody which has recently been proven valuable as a reagent for serological diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. A series of studies have been performed to characterise its epitope. First it was screened immunohistochemically against a wide range of formalin-fixed normal and neoplastic human tissues and showed widespread binding to mucin throughout the gastro-intestinal tract, in both normal and malignant tissues. In pancreas, strong intracellular staining of acinar and ductal cells was found in normal tissue and in carcinoma cells in tumours. Normal stomach showed only weak staining (n = 6), but gastritis with metaplasia showed strong staining (n = 4). Staining of colonic mucosa from patients of known Lewis phenotype showed Le(a+b-) (7/8) and Le(a-b+) (4/6) samples to be positive, but not Le(a-b-) (0/3) samples. CAM 17. 1 agglutinated all donor erythrocytes tested at 4 degreesC regardless of blood group, whereas cord blood red cells were not agglutinated. Since I antigen is the only antigen known to be present on all adult red blood cells but absent from cord blood, this suggests probable involvement of this antigen in the binding site. The agglutination was abolished by sialidase treatment of the red cells and immunoblotting with slot-blotted mucin showed that binding was both acid and sialidase sensitive indicating the involvement of sialic acid in the binding site. These studies show that CAM 17.1 binds to a sialic-acid-containing determinant of mucin, probably sialyl-I, which epitope shows wide distribution throughout the gastro-intestinal tract.

Inmunodiagnostico de la toxoplasmosis: hemaglutinación indirecta e inmunoanalisis enzimatico IgM e IgG / Immunodiagnosis of the toxoplasmosis: indirect hemagglutination IgM and IgG enzime linked immunosorbent assay

En el presente trabajo se compararon los métodos de Hemaglutinación Indirecta (HAI) e Inmunoanálisis Enzimático (ELISA, IgM e IgG) para investigar anticuerpos antitoxoplasma en 54 muestras sanguíneas. Los resultados obtenidos muestran una concordancia del 62.96 por ciento entre HAI y ELISA. IgM y del 83.33 por ciento entre HAI y ELISA. IgG. El análisis estadístico mediante el chi cuadrado, reveló que hubo significancia cuando se compararon todos los títulos de HAI a partir de 1:2 con todos los índices de ELISA. IgM, esta significancia no puede establecer la superioridad de un método sobre el otro, debido: a. La utilización del "kit" comercial ELISA. IgM que solo detecta este tipo de anticuerpo; b. La detección por HAI de IgM e IgG; c. La presencia de anticuerpos inespecíficos de HAI y ELISA. IgG reveló que no hubo diferencias, lo cual nos indica que la discordancia entre ambos métodos no es estadísticamente significante

[Immunogenetic aspects of pathogenesis, prognosis and treatment of the main forms of chronic pancreatitis]. / Immunogeneticheskie aspekty patogeneza, prognoza i lecheniia osnovnykh form khronicheskogo pankreatita.

Immunogenetic examination comprising determination of erythrocyte antigens (ABO systems and resus-factor) and leukocytes (HLA system) using hemagglutination and compliment-dependent cytotoxicity, respectively, was performed for 138 patients with chronic recurrent pancreatitis, 52 patients with chronic pancreatitis and 456 healthy subjects. Analysis of relations between the above antigens, the disease risk, clinical and laboratory parameters, readings of ultrasound histogram and the efficacy of treatment helped discover not only provoking and protecting genes, but also some pathogenetic mechanisms involved in genetic predisposition. These findings may be used in the choice of treatment policy and to upgrade the significance of prognosis of principal forms of chronic pancreatitis.

Comparación de pruebas serológicas para el diagnóstico de mastitis por Mycoplasma bovis / Comparison of serological tests for the diagnosis of mastitis by Mycoplasma bovis

El objetivo de este trabajo fue comparar la prueba de hemaglutinación pasiva, inhibición de crecimiento e inhibición de película como métodos para el diagnóstico serológico de mastitis causada por Mycoplasma bovis (Mb). El grupo testigo fue de 40 vacas Holstein sin historia de mastitis por Mycoplasma sp. El grupo problema fue un hato de 57 vacas Holstein. De ambos grupos se obtuvieron muestras de sangre y de leche en condiciones de asepsia. Con el suero sanguíneo se hicieron las pruebas del estudio y se intentó hacer el aislamiento de las muestras de leche. Se obtuvieron 16 aislamientos de Mycoplasma bovis. Se encontró que la prueba de hemaglutinación pasiva tenía 25 por ciento de sensibilidad y una especificidad del 90 por ciento. La prueba de inhibición de crecimiento tuvo una sensibilidad del 62.5 por ciento y especificidad del 95 por ciento. La prueba de inhibición de película presentó una sensibilidad del 100 por ciento y una especificidad del 52.5 por ciento. Se encontró que los títulos de hemaglutinación pasiva en animales infectados se incrementaron hasta 1:160; a diferencia del grupo testigo que llegaron hastas 1:40. En cuanto a la inhibición de crecimiento, los halos fueron de 2 hasta 15 mm en el hato problema y en el grupo testigo, la mayoría no presentó inhibición. Se concluyó que la prueba que mejoro funciona a nivel de hato es la de inhibición de crecimiento

Encefalitis equina venezolana: estudio clínico y de laboratorio en pacientes pediátricos / Venezuelan equine encephalitis: clinical and laboratory study in pediatric patients

Se hizo el estudio clínico y de laboratorio de nueve niños con encefalitis producida por el virus de la encefalitis equina Venezolana, demostrado por aislamiento del virus y por la prueba de inhibición de la hemaglutinación. Casi todos los pacientes tenían anticuerpos demostrables en el séptimo día de evolución de la enfermedad. El examen clínico indica que los síntomas y signos más frecuentes fueron: fiebre, convulsiones y otras manifestaciones de excitación cortical. Los exámenes hemáticos revelaron leucocitosis inicial con ulterior tendencia hacia leucopenia. Con fórmula leucocitaria normal al comienzo seguida de neutropenia en la mayoría de los casos. El líquido cefalorraquídeo presentó pleocitosis con linfocitos en dos casos y neutrófilos en otro. Hubo hiperglucorraquia en el 50 por ciento de los niños y aumento de la albúmina raquídea. Las pruebas cualitativas para globulinas fueron positivas en tres oportunidades

Venezuelan equine: encephalomyelitis virus: structural components / Componentes estructurales: virus encefalomielitis equina venezolana

Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus, purified in sucrose density gradients was examined with the electron microscope before and after sodium desoxycholate (DOC) treatment. The structure of the nucleocapsid revealed 10 to 12 nm ring shaped units organized into an icosahedral symmetry. Density gradied fractions exhibiting hemagglutinating activity after DOC treatment show 12 to 18 nm particles lined by short projections. These isolated hemagglutinating subunits are though to correspond to the superficial spikes of VEE virus

Transmisión de cepas suramericanas del virus de la encefalitis equina venezolana por mosquitos Aedes aegypti / Transmission experiments with south american strains of venezuelan equine encephalitis virus and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes

Se hicieron ensayos de transmisión con cepas venezolanas, peruanas y colombianas del virus de la encefalitis equina Venezolana (EEV), y mosquitos Aedes aegypti. No se obtuvieron diferencias significativas en los porcentajes de transmisión, excepto con una cepa peruana (71D1252), catalogada como un nuevo subtipo antigénico, cuyo porcentaje de transmisión fue muy bajo. Se concluye que A. aegypti transmite eficazmente las cepas estudiadas, aunque no tiene capacidad de selección entre las mismas

Anticuerpos contra el virus de la encefalitis equina venezolana en la población del Distrito Páez del Estado Zulia, Venezuela / Antibodies against venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in the population of Zulia State, Venezuela

Con el propósito de conocer la presencia de anticuerpos para el virus de la encefalitis equina venezolana (EEV), se estudiaron 192 sueros (112 niños y 80 adultos), provenientes de las poblaciones de Carretal, Cojoro, Paraguaipoa (Dtto. Páez), entre los meses de marzo y octubre de 1986. Las muestras fueron analizadas mediante las técnicas de inhibición de la hemaglutinación (IHA), usando de EEV (cepa guajira). Se encontró que de las 192 muestras procesadas, 161 fueron negativas, para un 84 por ciento; esta ausencia de anticuerpos se observó principalmente, en la población infantil donde alcanzó un 97 por ciento. La negatividad en los adultos fue de 65 por ciento. Estos resultados demuestran que no ha habido actividad viral desde la última epidemia de 1973, probablemente debido a los controles epidemiológicos efectuados en la zona, y que el porcentaje de positividad entre los mayores de 15 años se ha mantenido en el mismo nivel desde la última encuesta practicada en ese año de 1973