Efficacy of Ring Drape and Unused Sterile Instruments for Incisional SSI After Hepatectomy.

BACKGROUND/AIM: The aim of this study was to verify the efficacy of wound protection with a plastic ring wound protector (ring drape) and using new sterile instruments when closing the abdominal wall (wound closure set), both of which were used to prevent incisional surgical site infection (SSI) after hepatectomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The incidence of incisional SSIs and the clinical courses of 572 patients who underwent hepatectomy between January 2010 and December 2015 were studied retrospectively. The patients were divided into three period groups according to the period when each infection countermeasure was started. RESULTS: Incisional SSI incidence decreased significantly with additional countermeasures: 1st period 10.1%; 2nd period 2.08% (p=0.0114); 3rd period, 1.63% (1st vs. 3rd period, p=0.0016). A multivariate analysis showed that postoperative bile leakage [odds ratio (OR)=4.12, p=0.012] and not using a ring drape (OR=0.176, p=0.003) were independent factors for incisional SSI. CONCLUSION: Incisional SSI incidence was significantly reduced by using ring drape after hepatectomy.

New device with force sensors for laparoscopic liver resection - investigation of grip force and histological damage.

INTRODUCTION: As the benefits of minimally invasive surgery are recognized, the rate of laparoscopic liver resection (LLR) is rapidly increasing. Liver tissue is fragile compared to tissue of the stomach and colon. In endoscopic and robotic surgery, sufficient tactile sensation is yet to be obtained. Therefore, it is necessary to measure and indicate the grip force of forceps during surgery. We developed a new device consisting of force sensors and investigated its grip force and the resulting histological damage to liver tissue. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We measured the grip force generated during laparoscopic surgery in pigs using the forceps with pressure sensors developed by us. Throughout the hepatectomy, we measured the grip force generated by the forceps in real time. We investigated the histological damage to the liver caused by using the forceps with different grip forces. RESULTS: The subject produced a mean grip force of 1.75 N during the procedures. The maximum grip force was 3.38 N. By grasping the tissues of the liver with forceps, bleeding and destruction of the hepatic lobules were observed in a manner dependent on increasing grip force. CONCLUSION: The new device is necessary for preventing liver damage in laparoscopic hepatic resection.

Comparative analysis of vascular bulldog clamps used in laparoscopic liver resection.

ABSTRACT: To compare the clinical effect of Bulldog clamps with traditional Pringle for vascular occlusion during laparoscopic hepatectomy.One hundred ten patients were retrospectively investigated in this research from December 2014 to January 2019 in the second hospital of Anhui Medical University, who underwent laparoscopic liver resection using Bulldog (modified group, n = 54) and cotton tourniquet (traditional group, n = 56) for blocking the liver inflow-blood. Intraoperative blood loss, duration of the operation time, clamping time, postoperative outcomes were analyzed.All the operations were accomplished successfully without conversion to laparotomy, perioperative period clinical date was calculated. Intraoperative operative time, blood loss and resection sections had no statistical significance, but the clamping time (36.2 ±â€Š5.6 vs 277.3 ±â€Š88.4 s, P < .001) was significantly shorter in the bulldog group. Albumin, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and serum total bilirubin had no statistical differences in postoperative day (POD) 1and 3, but POD 5 alanine aminotransferase (71.0 ±â€Š46.8vs 105.8 ±â€Š61.7IU/L P = .018) and aspartate aminotransferase (72.8 ±â€Š39.7 vs 100.2 ±â€Š16.7 IU/L P = .028). The postoperative hospital stays (7.02 ±â€Š1.56 vs 8.50 ±â€Š2.35 days P = .026) in bulldog group were lower than cotton group and differences had statistical significance. The C-reactive protein levels were significantly higher in the traditional group than in the modified group on POD 3 (46.3 ±â€Š19.2 vs 57.7 ±â€Š23.9 mg/L P = .019), and POD5 (13.3 ±â€Š4.2 vs 17.5 ±â€Š7.3 mg/L P = .001). There were 8 postoperative complications occurred in cotton group, while there was 5 in Bulldog group, all patients with complications were discharged after adequate drainage and symptomatic treatment.Bulldog is an effectively performed approach for vascular occlusion during laparoscopic hepatectomy than traditional Pringle maneuver.

Laparoscopic hepatectomy for the treatment of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis.

BACKGROUND: At present, laparoscopy is relatively mature as a minimally invasive technique, but there are few reports on this approach for the radical treatment of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis (AE). In this study, we aimed to evaluate the safety and feasibility of laparoscopic hepatectomy (LH) for AE treatment. RESULTS: A retrospective review of medical records obtained from 13 patients diagnosed with AE between January 2018 and December 2019 and treated with laparoscopic hepatectomy was conducted at the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University. All patients (n = 13) underwent hepatic resection using laparoscopy and none were transferred to open surgery. The average duration of surgery was 285 min (145-580 min). Intraoperative bleeding was 305 mL (20-2000 mL). The mean duration of postoperative catheterization was 6.9 days (3-21 days), and postoperative hospital stay was 7.2 days (4-14 days). No complication of Clavien-Dindo grade III or above occurred, except for the second patient with acute liver failure post-surgically. No recurrences or deaths were observed at 9-30 months of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic hepatectomy appears to be safe and effective in selected AE patients. The advantages of this technique for AE treatment need to be further compared with the classical open approach.

TITLE: Hépatectomie laparoscopique pour le traitement de l'échinococcose alvéolaire hépatique. ABSTRACT: Contexte : À l'heure actuelle, la laparoscopie est relativement mature en tant que technique minimalement invasive, mais il existe peu de rapports sur cette approche pour le traitement radical de l'échinococcose alvéolaire hépatique (EA). Dans cette étude, nous avons cherché à évaluer la sécurité et la faisabilité de l'hépatectomie laparoscopique pour le traitement des EA. Résultats : Une revue rétrospective des dossiers médicaux obtenus auprès de 13 patients diagnostiqués pour EA entre janvier 2018 et décembre 2019 et traités par hépatectomie laparoscopique a été menée dans le premier hôpital affilié de l'Université médicale du Xinjiang. Tous les patients (n = 13) ont subi une résection hépatique par laparoscopie et aucun n'a été transféré en chirurgie ouverte. La durée moyenne de la chirurgie était de 285 min (145 à 580 min). Le saignement peropératoire était de 305 ml (20 à 2 000 ml). La durée moyenne du cathétérisme postopératoire était de 6,9 jours (3 à 21 jours) et l'hospitalisation postopératoire était de 7,2 jours (4 à 14 jours). Aucune complication de grade III ou supérieur (Clavien-Dindo) n'est survenue, sauf pour le deuxième patient présentant une insuffisance hépatique aiguë après la chirurgie. Aucune récidive ou décès n'a été observé à 9-30 mois de suivi. Conclusions : L'hépatectomie laparoscopique semble sûre et efficace chez certains patients atteints d'EA. Les avantages de cette technique pour le traitement des EA doivent être mieux comparés à l'approche ouverte classique.

5G ultra-remote robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery in China.

BACKGROUND: 5G communication technology has been applied to several fields in telemedicine, but its effectiveness, safety, and stability in remote laparoscopic telesurgery have not been established. Here, we conducted four ultra-remote laparoscopic surgeries on a swine model under the 5G network. The aim of the study was to investigate the effectiveness, safety, and stability of the 5G network in remote laparoscopic telesurgery. METHODS: Four ultra-remote laparoscopic surgeries (network communication distance of nearly 3000 km), including left nephrectomy, partial hepatectomy, cholecystectomy, and cystectomy, were performed on a swine model with a 5G wireless network connection using a domestically produced "MicroHand" surgical robot. The average network delay, operative time, blood loss, and intraoperative complications were recorded. RESULTS: Four laparoscopic telesurgeries were safely performed through a 5G network, with an average network delay of 264 ms (including a mean round-trip transporting delay of 114 ms and a 1.20% data packet loss ratio). The total operation time was 2 h. The total blood loss was 25 ml, and no complications occurred during the procedures. CONCLUSIONS: Ultra-remote laparoscopic surgery can be performed safely and smoothly with 5G wireless network connection using domestically produced equipment. More importantly, our model can provide insights for promoting the future development of telesurgery, especially in areas where Internet cables are difficult to lay or cannot be laid.

Varied application of intercostal trans-diaphragmatic ports for laparoscopic hepatectomy.

BACKGROUND: The ribcage and diaphragm are mechanical barriers for laparoscopic access during hepatectomy. Here, we introduce the varied application of intercostal trans-diaphragmatic ports during laparoscopic hepatectomy, and describe the management of intercostal ports with key technical points. METHODS: From January 2013 to December 2017, 180 patients underwent laparoscopic hepatectomy. In 32 of these patients (17.8%), intercostal ports (31 right and one left) were applied, and we analyzed the feasibility and safety of intercostal ports during laparoscopic hepatectomy. RESULTS: The main tumor location was segment VII and VIII (78%). The major type of laparoscopic hepatectomy was partial hepatectomy (91%). In the majority of cases (66%) the number and size of intercostal trocars was a single 5-mm port. The median operative time and blood loss were 232 min and 50 mL, respectively. A chest drain was placed via the hole of the intercostal port on the chest wall in two cases (6.3%). The median duration of the post-operative hospital stay was 6 days. There was no conversion, and a pure laparoscopic hepatectomy was achieved in all cases. There was no mortality. As for complications due to the application of intercostal ports, an asymptomatic pneumothorax was detected in only one case, and it was cured by conservative treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The ribcage and diaphragm could be overcome as barriers to laparoscopic access by the placement of intercostal ports with minimal access during laparoscopic hepatectomy. The use of an intercostal port and proper management allows for a feasible approach and safe resection during laparoscopic hepatectomy.

Hepatectomy using a novel cart-based indocyanine green fluorescence imaging system.

Indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence has been used effectively in imaging for locating hepatic tumors and evaluating hepatic segmentation. We report our initial experience of performing hepatic resection using the novel cart-based ICG fluorescence device LIGHTVISION®. This device has several promising features, including the fact that there is no need to switch off the room light, it has hands-free operability, and it can be located away from the workspace to facilitate a good field of vision. We used the LIGHTVISION® for 15 patients and detected 59 nodules (86.8%) in a total of 68 tumors in the resected specimens during surgery. The LIGHTVISION® was used to identify the hepatic segments in ten patients, and the boundaries of the segment were clearly visualized on the liver surface on fluorescent images in all patients. All tumors were resected with surgical margins. Thus, the LIGHTVISION® appears to be very useful for navigation in liver surgery.

[Specific complications of liver resection and their prevention]. / Rezektsiia pecheni. Spetsificheskie oslozhneniia i ikh profilaktika.

AIM: To improve the results of treatment of patients with focal liver formations by preventing the development of postoperative complications after liver resections. METHODS: The study included 304 patients with benign and malignant liver lesions. In 196 (64.4%) patients, resections were performed for malignant liver damage, in 108 (35.6%) - for a benign process. To assess the impact of ongoing measures to prevent the development of postoperative complications, patients were divided into two time periods: from 2007 to 2012 and from 2013 to 2018. RESULTS: The introduction of a protocol of preoperative examination of patients for whom resection of 3 or more liver segments is planned, with the inclusion of SPECT/CT, which allows determining the volume of the remaining functioning liver parenchyma, allowed to reduce the percentage of development of acute post-resection liver failure from 11.6% to 3.6% during the second time period (p=0.0064). The use of modern suture material, surgical binocular loops, as well as the use of the concept of predominantly performing parenchyma-saving resections, reduced the number of biliary complications from 8.1% to 5.7% (p=0.1). The use of a proprietary dissection algorithm for the liver parenchyma significantly reduced hemorrhagic complications from 5.3% to 1.04% (p=0.0074). CONCLUSION: The use of modern pre- and intraoperative technologies has reduced the number of postoperative complications after liver resections from 38.3% to 20.9% (p=0.018) and mortality from 2.6% to 0.5% (p=0.004), thereby improving the results of liver resections.

Initial Report: A Novel Intraoperative Navigation System for Laparoscopic Liver Resection Using Real-Time Virtual Sonography.

Recent progress in navigation has revealed problems involving non-rigid registration for hepatic surgery. With the increasing popularity of laparoscopic liver surgery, a new laparoscopic navigation system is necessary. This study involved an in-vitro demonstration of a 3-dimensional printer model and in vivo demonstration in four patients. For the in vitro examination, a position detecting unit attached at 33 cm and 13 cm distance conditions from the tip of the electrocautery was examined eight times at the marked points on the liver surface eight times respectively. The differences between the simulation and the authentic dissecting plane were conventionally investigated in vivo. In vitro, the errors of the 33 cm and 13 cm distance model were7.8 ± 3.5 mm (mean ± SD), and 3.3 ± 1.0 mm, respectively. The mean differences of the dissection plane were within 10 mm. The potentiality and safety of the novel navigation system was confirmed, although further investigation is recommended.

Full robotic ALPPS for HCC with intrahepatic portal vein thrombosis.

BACKGROUND: The associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS) technique can induce a greater degree of hypertrophy of the future liver remnant (FLR) in a shorter time compared with other procedures. A robotic approach may reduce the complication rate, increasing the ability to perform classic ALPPS. METHODS: We report technical and clinical considerations on the first full robotic ALPPS (stages 1 and 2) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with portal vein intrahepatic tumor thrombus. RESULTS: The patient was a 38-year-old man with Milan-out HCC and FLR volume of 19.6%. On postoperative day (POD) 8, FLR increased to 37%; therefore, he underwent completion of ALPPS on POD 10. The postoperative course was uneventful, and the patient was discharged in good general conditions on POD 3. CONCLUSION: Robotic ALPPS is safe and feasible for selected patients with initially unresectable HCC or requiring extended resections, with good postoperative outcomes.

Laparoscopic liver resection for segment VII lesion using a combination of rubber band retraction method and flexible laparoscope.

INTRODUCTION: Laparoscopic liver resection (LLR) for tumors involving segment VII has been considered a contraindication. Herein, our proposed laparoscopic technique for segment VII lesions using a rubber band retraction method and flexible laparoscope is introduced. METHODS: A combination of elastic rubber band retraction method and flexible laparoscope was applied to access segment VII lesion. The perioperative outcomes and pathologic results were compared between patients with segment VII lesions (group 1) and patients with tumors in other segments (group 2) to evaluate feasibility and safety of the proposed laparoscopic approach for segment VII lesions. RESULTS: Among 167 patients who underwent LLR from May 2014 to October 2017, the study population included 17 patients with tumors in segment VII (group 1) and 66 patients with tumors in other segments (group 2). The demographics of the two groups were comparable. One open conversion occurred in group 2 due to bleeding. The mean tumor size was 2.6 ± 1.0 and 2.5 ± 1.5 cm (p = 0.392) and surgical margin was 1.2 ± 0.7 and 1.3 ± 1.2 cm (p = 0.344) in group 1 and group 2, respectively. The mean operation time was 151 ± 63 and 131 ± 57 min (p = 0.596) and estimated mean blood loss was 294 ± 281 and 306 ± 405 mL (p = 0.610), in group 1 and group 2, respectively. The mean postoperative hospital stay was 6.1 ± 1.5 and 6.4 ± 2.7 days (p = 0.064) in group 1 and group 2. Two postoperative complications in both groups and no postoperative mortality occurred. CONCLUSION: The combination technique of rubber band retraction and flexible laparoscopic camera allowed feasible and safe LLR for segment VII lesions that showed postoperative outcomes comparable to other segment lesions.

Minimally invasive resection of posterosuperior liver tumors in the supine position using intra-abdominal trocars.

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic liver resection (LLR) of posterosuperior (PS) segment liver tumors is technically challenging with confusion about optimal patient positioning and trocar placement (i.e., transabdominal vs. transcostal). The aim of this study is to describe our technique and outcomes with LLR of these tumors. METHODS: This is an IRB-approved retrospective review of a prospective database. Between 2005 and 2017, patients with benign and malignant lesions underwent LLR. Perioperative outcomes of PS (segments 4A, 7, and 8) and anterolateral (AL) resections were compared. All patients were operated through intra-abdominal trocars in the supine position. RESULTS: 304 patients underwent LLR for AL (n = 217) and PS (n = 87) segmental lesions. Minor liver resections were performed in 274 patients and major resections in 30. Groups were comparable for age, sex, pathology, and tumor size (mean 4.2 and 3.7 cm for AL and PS). Inflow occlusion was more frequently performed for PS resections, but precoagulation rates were similar. PS resections more frequently required hand assistance (50% vs. 20%, p < 0.001) and conversion to open (18% vs. 7%, p = 0.04). For PS versus AL resections, operative time (253 vs. 205 min, p ≤ 0.001) was longer and associated with more blood loss (307 vs. 211 mL, p < 0.001) and more frequent need for blood transfusion (15% vs. 7%, p = 0.04). However, the rate of negative resection margin, 90-day complication rates, and length of stay were similar between the two groups. CONCLUSION: This study shows that LLR of PS located liver tumors is more challenging compared to AL lesions. Nevertheless, it can be performed successfully in the majority of patients with supine positioning and intra-abdominal trocar placement, without compromising oncologic principles. Liberal uses of hand assistance and inflow occlusion were the technical tips helping us to successfully resect these tumors laparoscopically.

A novel exposure maneuver in laparoscopic right hepatectomy.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Laparoscopic access to the posterosuperior and lateral parts of the right liver is difficult for blocked and deep surgical situations. We invented a novel water bag device (WBD) to improve the exposure of the right liver. METHODS: Eighteen consecutive patients with lesions isolated to the posterosuperior or lateral right liver were included in our research. They underwent laparoscopic right hepatectomy with the help of the device and were compared with previous similar laparoscopic cases of our operating surgeon. RESULTS: The device was successfully employed without related complications and provided enhanced and stable surgical exposure. All patients were operated on without the need for blood transfusions or laparotomy conversion. The median operation time and estimated blood loss were 227 minutes (range, 114-568) and 88 mL (range, 25-250), respectively. In all cases, tumor-free surgical margins were confirmed and no major complications were observed. The results were better than those in previous similar laparoscopic cases. CONCLUSIONS: The WBD is safe and effective for laparoscopic exposure when lesions are located in the posterosuperior and lateral parts of the right liver. With the help of the device, laparoscopic right liver resection is easier to perform instead of undergoing open hepatectomy.

Short-term Outcomes of Laparoscopic vs. Open Hepatectomy for Primary Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Prospective Comparative Study.

Laparoscopic hepatectomy (LH) is a newly developed technique associated with advantages as open surgery, but the study on outcome of liver function recovery was scarce. This preliminary report was aimed to comparatively assess the short-term outcomes between LH and open hepatectomy (OH) for primary hepatocellular carcinoma (PHC). This study retrospectively analyzed the demographic data and short-term outcomes of 81 patients who underwent LH or OH for the primary treatment of PHC between Oct. 2017 and May 2018 at Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (China). A total of 81 PHC patients who received major liver resection were enrolled. There were 38 (47%) patients in the LH group and 43 (53%) patients in the OH group. The operative time was significantly longer (373.53±173.38 vs. 225.43±55.08, P<0.01), and hospital stay (17.34±5.93 vs. 21.70±6.89, P=0.003), exhaust time (2.32±0.62 vs. 3.07±0.59, P<0.01) and defecation time (2.92±0.78 vs. 3.63±0.58, P<0.01) were significantly shorter in LH group than in OH group. The recovery of liver function was significantly faster in LH group, including higher serum albumin (P=0.002), higher ratio of albumin/globulin (P=0.029) and lower direct bilirubin (P=0.001) than in OH group. It is suggested that LH can serve as a fast recovery and cheap surgical procedure in the treatment of PHC, which is safe and feasible.

Novel biodegradable magnesium alloy clips compared with titanium clips for hepatectomy in a rat model.

BACKGROUND: The use of surgical metal clips is crucial for ligating vessels in various operations. The currently available metal clips have several drawbacks; they are permanent and interfere with imaging techniques such as computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and carry the potential risk of endo-clip migration. We recently developed a novel magnesium (Mg) alloy for biodegradable clips that reduces artifacts on CT imaging. This study aimed to examine the tolerance, biodegradability, and biocompatibility of the Mg alloy clips compared with those of standard titanium (Ti) clips in hepatectomy. METHODS: Thirty Wistar rats were divided into two groups based on the clip used (groups A and B). The vascular pedicle, including hepatic artery, portal vein, bile duct, and hepatic vein of the left lateral lobe, was ligated with the Ti clip in group A or the Mg alloy clip in group B, and then the left lateral lobe was removed. The rats were sacrificed at 1, 4, 12, 24, and 36 weeks after surgery. Clinical and histological evaluations were performed. Absorption rate was calculated by measuring the clip volume. RESULTS: Although the Mg alloy clips showed biodegradability over time, there were no significant differences in the serum concentration of Mg between the two groups. The remaining volume ratio of Mg alloy clips was 95.5, 94.3, 80.0, 36.2, and 16.7% at 1, 4, 12, 24, and 36 weeks, respectively. No side effects occurred. Most of the microscopic changes were similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: The new biodegradable Mg alloy clips are safe and feasible in vessel ligation for hepatectomy in a rat model and reduce artifacts in CT imaging compared with the standard Ti clips.

Characterization of the PM2.5 concentration in surgical smoke in different tissues during hemihepatectomy and protective measures.

The characteristics of the PM2.5 concentration in surgical smoke produced by operating on different human tissues during hemihepatectomy were explored to provide a reference for protective measures. Our results showed that the highest concentration of PM2.5 produced by the electrosurgical knife was the liver tissue, followed by muscle, adipose, and vascular tissue. When the single-layer disposable medical mask, double-layer disposable medical mask, and surgical particulate respirator were used to cover the sampling port of the detector, the PM2.5 concentration for all tissue types could be reduced by approximately 40%, 55% and 75%, respectively. In the liver, the average concentration of PM2.5 produced by the ultrasonic scalpel was approximately twice that produced by the electrosurgical knife, suggesting that the air pollution around the chief surgeon caused by the ultrasonic scalpel is more serious than that caused by the electrosurgical knife. Much more protective work should be given for the liver-related surgery.

Laparoscopic hepatectomy assisted by a flexible 915 MHz microwave antenna: A safe and innovative device for hepatectomy.

BACKGROUND: The objective of the present study was to elaborate a flexible 915 MHz microwave antenna (F915 MMA) and to evaluate the safety and feasibility in laparoscopic hepatecyomy (LH). METHODS: The F915 MMA was redesigned based on the experiences in clinical practice. Ten porcine LHs were divided into a 'flexible' group and a control group, with 5 porcine LHs in each group. The F915 MMA was used in the flexible group. The data for 48 patients who underwent LH were analyzed; 12 patients underwent F915 MMA-assisted LH and were regarded as the flexible group, and the others were considered as controls. RESULTS: The F915 MMA bends freely and rotates flexibly. In the porcine LH in vivo, the flexible group had less intraoperative blood loss (54.00 ±â€¯27.02 ml vs 230.00 ±â€¯83.67 ml, P = 0.002), and the mean duration of hepatic parenchyma transection in the flexible group was significantly shorter than that in the control group (17.3 ±â€¯7.8min vs 37.9 ±â€¯6.4min). Among th patients, compared to the control group, the flexible group had less intraoperative blood loss (154.17 ±â€¯68.95 ml vs 284.86 ±â€¯294.68 ml, P = 0.018), less frequency and duration of the first porta hepatic occlusion (1.50 ±â€¯0.52times vs 2.35 ±â€¯1.14times, P = 0.021 and 22.50 ±â€¯7.83min vs 35.95 ±â€¯17.23min, P = 0.017, respectively) and lower accumulative complications (33.3% vs 80.5%, P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic F915 MMA is an innovative device that can assist LH in a safe, feasible and flexible manner.

[Current status and prospect of liver surgery].

In the past 20 years,the advancement and breakthrough of applied basic research,the invention and renewal of medical devices,the popularization and improvement of minimally invasive techniques,the development and debate of innovative surgical methods and the establishment of the diagnosis and treatment standard brought the unprecedented development momentum to traditional liver surgery.This article combined the domestic and foreign related literature and the research results of our team. The current status and progress of the application of preoperative evaluation and surgical planning of liver surgery,surgical techniques of liver resection,laparoscopic and robotic techniques in liver surgery,enhanced recovery after surgery and associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy are briefly discussed.