Avaliação de cookies adicionados de hidrolisados proteicos durante a estocagem / Evaluation of cookies with added protein hydrolysates during storage

O enriquecimento de biscoitos tem sido um segmento importante do mercado, visando melhorar o teor e a qualidade proteica de produtos à base de farinha de trigo. A utilização de hidrolisados proteicos é uma alternativa para este fim, que, entretanto, ainda é muito pouco explorada. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito dos hidrolisados proteicos de soro de leite e de colágeno, nas características tecnológicas de cookies durante a estocagem. Os hidrolisados influenciaram as características tecnológicas dos cookies, diminuindo a umidade e a dureza, assim como causando um ligeiro escurecimento dos mesmos. Apesar disso, ainda foi possível obter produtos com características tecnológicas desejáveis e maior teor proteico.

Tolerance of Hydrolyzed Liquid Protein Fortified Human Milk and Effect on Growth in Premature Infants.

BACKGROUND: We evaluated tolerance of hydrolyzed liquid protein (LP) supplement added to fortified human milk (HM) to optimize protein intake in preterm infants. METHODS: A prospective observational study of 31 subjects compared with 31 historic controls, receiving mothers own milk (MOM) and/or donor milk (DM) to assess LP tolerance, growth, and risk for morbidities was conducted. Milk was analyzed for nutrient content. Feeding intolerance, defined as cessation of feedings for ≥48 hours, abdominal distension and/or residuals, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), and metabolic acidosis were used to assess safety, while weight and head circumference (HC) were used to evaluate growth. RESULTS: LP added to powder-fortified HM had no impact on feeding intolerance and NEC. Biochemical parameters showed no metabolic acidosis: blood urea nitrogen levels (first week: median, 13 mg/dL; interquartile range [IQR], 9-16; last week: median, 13 mg/dL; IQR, 10.3-14; P = .94), bicarbonate levels (first week: median, 26.3 mEq/L; IQR, 24-28; last week: median, 28 mEq/L; IQR, 26.3-29.8; P = .10), and pH levels (first week: median, 7.4; IQR, 7.3-7.4; last week: median, 7.4; IQR, 7.37-7.40; P = .5). Weight and HC were not statistically significant. HM analysis showed lower protein and caloric content, respectively (MOM: 0.88 vs DM: 0.77 g/100 mL; P < .0001 and MOM: 18.68 vs DM: 17.96 kcal/oz; P = .02). CONCLUSIONS: Hydrolyzed LP is well tolerated in preterm infants with no difference in growth rates. Clinicians should focus on the need to maximize both protein and energy to optimize growth.

Effects of Whey, Soy or Leucine Supplementation with 12 Weeks of Resistance Training on Strength, Body Composition, and Skeletal Muscle and Adipose Tissue Histological Attributes in College-Aged Males.

We sought to determine the effects of L-leucine (LEU) or different protein supplements standardized to LEU (~3.0 g/serving) on changes in body composition, strength, and histological attributes in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Seventy-five untrained, college-aged males (mean ± standard error of the mean (SE); age = 21 ± 1 years, body mass = 79.2 ± 0.3 kg) were randomly assigned to an isocaloric, lipid-, and organoleptically-matched maltodextrin placebo (PLA, n = 15), LEU (n = 14), whey protein concentrate (WPC, n = 17), whey protein hydrolysate (WPH, n = 14), or soy protein concentrate (SPC, n = 15) group. Participants performed whole-body resistance training three days per week for 12 weeks while consuming supplements twice daily. Skeletal muscle and subcutaneous (SQ) fat biopsies were obtained at baseline (T1) and ~72 h following the last day of training (T39). Tissue samples were analyzed for changes in type I and II fiber cross sectional area (CSA), non-fiber specific satellite cell count, and SQ adipocyte CSA. On average, all supplement groups including PLA exhibited similar training volumes and experienced statistically similar increases in total body skeletal muscle mass determined by dual X-ray absorptiometry (+2.2 kg; time p = 0.024) and type I and II fiber CSA increases (+394 µm² and +927 µm²; time p < 0.001 and 0.024, respectively). Notably, all groups reported increasing Calorie intakes ~600-800 kcal/day from T1 to T39 (time p < 0.001), and all groups consumed at least 1.1 g/kg/day of protein at T1 and 1.3 g/kg/day at T39. There was a training, but no supplementation, effect regarding the reduction in SQ adipocyte CSA (-210 µm²; time p = 0.001). Interestingly, satellite cell counts within the WPC (p < 0.05) and WPH (p < 0.05) groups were greater at T39 relative to T1. In summary, LEU or protein supplementation (standardized to LEU content) does not provide added benefit in increasing whole-body skeletal muscle mass or strength above PLA following 3 months of training in previously untrained college-aged males that increase Calorie intakes with resistance training and consume above the recommended daily intake of protein throughout training. However, whey protein supplementation increases skeletal muscle satellite cell number in this population, and this phenomena may promote more favorable training adaptations over more prolonged periods.

Dietary bioactive peptides: Human studies.

Current opinion strongly links nutrition and health. Among nutrients, proteins, and peptides which are encrypted in their sequences and released during digestion could play a key role in improving health. These peptides have been claimed to be active on a wide spectrum of biological functions or diseases, including blood pressure and metabolic risk factors (coagulation, obesity, lipoprotein metabolism, and peroxidation), gut and neurological functions, immunity, cancer, dental health, and mineral metabolism. A majority of studies involved dairy peptides, but the properties of vegetal, animal, and sea products were also assessed. However, these allegations are mainly based on in vitro and experimental studies which are seldom confirmed in humans. This review focused on molecules which were tested in humans, and on the mechanisms explaining discrepancies between experimental and human studies.

Uso de fórmula nutricional a base de aminoácidos libres en pacientes con alergia alimentaria severa mediada o no mediada por ige y que han fracasado al uso de formulas extensamente hidrolizadas / Use of nutritional formula based on free amino acids in patients with severe food allergy mediated or not mediated by IgE and who have failed to use extensively hydrolysed formulas

INTRODUCCION: Antecedentes: El presente informe expone la evaluación de la fórmula nutricional a base a aminoácidos libres respecto a su uso en pacientes con alergia alimentaria severa mediada o no mediada por IgE que han fracasado a la formula con proteína extensamente hidrolizada. Aspectos generales: La alergia alimentaria es una respuesta inmune que puede ser específica (mediada por IgE), mediada por mecanismos celulares (no mediada por IgE) o mixta (mediada por IgE y mecanismos celulares) y que afecta a niños y adultos, siendo más común en la etapa de lactantes. Los síntomas de la alergia alimentaria pueden variar de leves a severos (4), según el nivel de hipersensibilidad de cada individuo. Entre los principales causantes de alergia alimentaria se encuentran el consumo de maní, huevo, pescado, mariscos, soya, trigo y leche de vaca, siendo el último la causa más común en niños. Existen varias posibilidades de tratamiento para la alergia alimentaria severa. Entre ellas, se encuentran la dieta de eliminación, caracterizada por la eliminación de los alérgenos de la dieta de la madre, que es la intervención clave para el manejo de la alergia alimentaria, ya que generalmente resulta en la resolución de los signos y síntomas. En la mayoría de los casos, el uso de dietas de eliminación incluye la ingesta de fórmulas hipoalergénicas como tratamiento de la alergia alimentaria en infantes alimentados con leche materna y/o fórmulas infantiles que hayan desarrollado una alergia a las mismas. Tecnología Sanitaria de Interés: Las fórmulas nutricionales a base de aminoácidos libres (FAA), conocidas también como fórmulas elementales, son fórmulas hipoalergénicas diseñadas para el consumo en infantes y niños con síntomas relacionados a alergia alimentaria o con alto riesgo de padecerlas (8). Para ser considerada como una fórmula hipoalergénica y poder ingresar al mercado, las FAA deben ser toleradas por el 90% de los pacientes con alergia a la proteína de leche de vaca (APLV). Las FAA son producidas sintéticamente en el laboratorio. Las proteínas completas (cadenas grandes de aminoácidos) se desintegran en sus elementos más esenciales y pequeños (aminoácidos). Así, las proteínas de cadena larga que actúan como antígenos y ocasionan las reacciones de hipersensibilidad, son degradadas en aminoácidos, que son compuestos con menor antigenicidad. Por ello, las FAA rara vez provocan reacciones alérgicas al ser ingeridas, además de ser digeridas rápidamente y disminuyen el volumen fecal. Las FAA son toleradas por la mayoría de los pacientes con APLV o alergia alimentaria múltiple, y pueden ser utilizadas como sustitutos de la leche materna u otras fórmulas infantiles. Las desventajas de las FAA incluyen un costo elevado y un sabor desagradable al ser ingeridas. METODOLOGÍA: Estrategia de Búsqueda: Se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura científica respecto al uso de fórmulas nutricionales en base a aminoácidos libres (FAA) para el tratamiento de alergia alimentaria severa. Se dio preferencia a guías de práctica clínica, revisiones sistemáticas con o sin meta-análisis y ensayos clínicos aleatorizados. Asimismo, se consideró extraer información con una estrategia de "bola de nieve" mediante la revisión de listas de referencias de las guías de práctica clínica, revisiones sistemáticas, estudios primarios y revisiones narrativas seleccionadas. RESULTADOS: Tras la búsqueda realizada, se encontró evidencia científica acerca del uso de las fórmulas nutricionales en base a aminoácidos libres (FAA) para pacientes con alergia alimentaria severa. Luego de revisar un total de 705 referencias resultados de la búsqueda bibliográfica, logramos filtrar 34 estudios relevantes para nuestra pregunta PICO de interés. Luego, 12 referencias fueron finalmente seleccionadas para ser analizadas. Sinopsis de la Evidencia: Se sintetiza toda la evidencia considerada para el presente dictamen que sustenta el uso de fórmulas nutricionales en base a aminoácidos libres (FAA) en pacientes con alergia alimentaria severa. Guías de práctica clínica, Revisiones sistemáticas, Ensayos clínicos, Ensayos Clínicos no publicados. CONCLUSIONES: En la presente evaluación de tecnología sanitaria se presenta la evidencia recabada sobre el beneficio de las fórmulas nutricionales a base de aminoácidos libres (FAA) en pacientes con alergia alimentaria severa que han fracasado al tratamiento con fórmulas nutricionales a base de proteína extensamente hidrolizada (FEH). A pesar que la evidencia es muy escasa, los expertos en pediatría han observado en su experiencia clínica, que la ingesta de las FAA podría contrarrestar el impacto a largo plazo en cuanto a problemas cognitivos y psicomotores en los infantes con alergia alimentaria severa sin manejo adecuado. Debido a ello, los expertos tienen la opinión que las FAA constituirían una alternativa terapéutica en los pacientes cuyos síntomas clínicos de alergia alimentaria severa persistan a pesar del uso de las FEH. El Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación ­ IETSI, aprueba el uso de la fórmula nutricional a base de aminoácidos en pacientes con diagnóstico de alergia alimentaria severa mediada o no mediada por IgE cuya sintomatología severa persiste a pesar del uso de FEH según Anexo 01. El presente Dictamen Preliminar tiene una vigencia de dos años a partir de la fecha de publicación.

FDA's health claim review: whey-protein partially hydrolyzed infant formula and atopic dermatitis.

In this review, we explain how the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) used its evidence-based review system to evaluate the scientific evidence for a qualified health claim for 100% whey-protein partially hydrolyzed infant formula (W-PHF) and reduced risk of atopic dermatitis (AD). The labeling of health claims, including qualified health claims, on conventional foods and dietary supplements require premarket approval by the FDA. Health claims characterize the relationship between a substance (food or food component) and disease (eg, cancer or cardiovascular disease) or health-related condition (eg, hypertension). To determine whether sufficient evidence exists to support the qualified health claim, the FDA evaluated human intervention studies that evaluated the role of W-PHF in reducing the risk of AD. The FDA concluded there is little to very little evidence, respectively, to support a qualified health claim concerning the relationship between intake of W-PHF and a reduced risk of AD in partially breastfed and exclusively formula-fed infants throughout the first year after birth and up to 3 years of age. In addition, the FDA required a warning statement be displayed along with the health claim to indicate to consumers that partially hydrolyzed infant formulas are not hypoallergenic and should not be fed to infants who are allergic to milk or to infants with existing milk allergy symptoms.

The sourdough fermentation may enhance the recovery from intestinal inflammation of coeliac patients at the early stage of the gluten-free diet.

PURPOSE: This study aimed at investigating the effect of corn, rice and amaranth gluten-free (GF) sourdoughs on the release of nitric oxide (NO) and synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines by duodenal mucosa biopsies of eight coeliac disease (CD) patients. METHODS: Selected lactic acid bacteria were used as starters for the manufacture of corn, rice or amaranth sourdoughs. Chemically acidified doughs, without bacterial starters, and doughs started with baker's yeast alone were also manufactured from the same GF matrices. Pepsin-trypsin (PT) digests were produced from all sourdoughs and doughs, and used to assay the rate of recovery of biopsy specimens from eight CD patients at diagnosis. The release of NO and the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines interferon-γ (IFN-γ) were assayed. RESULTS: During fermentation, lactic acid bacteria acidified and grew well (ca. log 9.0 CFU/g) on all GF matrices, showing intense proteolysis. Duodenal biopsy specimens still released NO and IFN-γ when subjected to treatments with basal medium (control), PT-digest from chemically acidified doughs and PT-digest from doughs fermented with baker's yeast alone. On the contrary, the treatment of all the biopsy specimens with PT-digests from all GF matrices subjected to sourdough fermentation significantly decreased the release of NO and the synthesis of IFN-γ. CONCLUSIONS: During manufacture of GF baked goods, the use of sourdough fermentation could be considered as an adjuvant to enhance the recovery from intestinal inflammation of coeliac patients at the early stage of the gluten-free diet.

Safety of protein hydrolysates, fractions thereof and bioactive peptides in human nutrition.

This paper evaluates the safety for humans with regard to consumption of protein hydrolysates and fractions thereof, including bioactive peptides. The available literature on the safety of protein, protein hydrolysates, fractions thereof and free amino acids on relevant food legislation is reviewed and evaluated. A new concept for the safety assessment of protein hydrolysates and fractions thereof is developed. Benchmarks for the evaluation are safety of total protein intake, safety of free amino acid intake, documented history of safe use, outcome of questionnaires in efficacy studies and safety studies. Similar to the intake of intact proteins with a history of safe use, the intake of hydrolysates made from them, does not raise concern about safety, provided the applied proteolytic enzymes are food grade and thus of suitable quality. The safety of hydrolysates and of fractions thereof, including the so-called bioactive peptides, should always be assessed by the company before market introduction (company safety assessment). Only when a novel protein source is used or a novel production process is applied, which results in significant changes in nutritional value, metabolic effect or increased level of undesirable substances, that products might fall under novel food regulations. This means that company safety assessment should be reviewed and approved by external independent experts (external safety evaluation) and the novel protein hydrolysate (fraction) is authorized by competent authorities before market introduction. It is argued that good judgement on the safety of hydrolysates and the fractions thereof can be obtained by comparing the anticipated intake of amino acids by these products with those levels to be reasonably expected to be ingested under normal conditions of consumption of a balanced and varied diet. The paper shows a decision tree that can be used for safety assessment.

Intolerance to protein hydrolysate infant formulas: an underrecognized cause of gastrointestinal symptoms in infants.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of an amino acid-based infant formula in infants with continued symptoms suggestive of formula protein intolerance while they were receiving casein hydrolysate formula (CHF). Twenty-eight infants, 22 to 173 days of age, were enrolled; each had received CHF for an average of 40 days (10 to 173 days) and continued to have bloody stools, vomiting, diarrhea, irritability, or failure to gain weight, or a combination of these symptoms. Sigmoidoscopy with rectal biopsy was performed in all infants. The infants then received an amino acid-based infant formula, Neocate, for 2 weeks. After 2 weeks of treatment, 25 of the infants demonstrated resolution of their symptoms and underwent challenge with CHF. Of the 25 who were challenged, eight tolerated the CHF and the remainder had recurrence of their symptoms. The histologic features in these infants varied from eosinophilic infiltration to normal. We conclude that not all infants with apparent formula protein-induced colitis respond to CHF and that these infants may have resolution of their symptoms when fed an amino acid-based infant formula.

Nutritional evaluation of protein hydrolysate formulas.

Growth parameters, biochemical indice of protein metabolism and plasma Amino acid (AA) concentrations were investigated during the first month of life in term infants (n = 61) fed various protein hydrolysate formulas (whey (WHF, n = 3), soy collagen (SCHF, n = 1) and whey-casein hydrolysate formulas (WCHF, n = 1)). In addition, metabolic balance studies were performed in 10 infants fed WHF and in 5 fed WCHF. Comparatively to breast fed infants, growth reduction and decrease in plasma protein concentrations were observed with the use of one of the WHF and in a lesser extent with the SCHF and the WCHF. Plasma amino acid pattern reflected the AA content of the formulas. Whey hydrolysate formulas induced mainly an increase in threonine and a decrease in tyrosine concentrations. Soy-collagen hydrolysate formula led to an increase of non-essential amino acids, such as glycine and hydroxyproline and a decrease in plasma lysine and cystine. Whey-casein hydrolysate formula induced a plasma amino acid pattern close to the profile observed in breast fed infant. Metabolic balance studies showed a relative reduction in nitrogen absorption and utilisation in the infants fed the WHF and the WCHF. In addition a drastic reduction in fat, calcium and phosphorus absorption was also observed with the use of the WCHF. In preterm infants (n = 19) fed whey predominant hydrolysed preterm formulas (n = 3), metabolic balance studies an plasma AA concentration were evaluated at the end of the first month of life at 34 weeks of gestation age. Comparatively to similar preterm infants fed conventional preterm formulas, a relative reduction in nitrogen absorption (83% vs 90%) and retention (64 vs 70%) as well as in phosphorus absorption (78 vs 89%) was observed. Calcium retention was similar (48 vs 45 mg/kg/d) but calcium intake was significantly higher in infants fed hydrolysate formulas 120 vs 91 mg/kg/d. Plasma amino acid concentrations were related to amino acid composition of the formulas. Compared with the standard preterm formulas, all three protein hydrolysate formulas led to a significant increase in plasma threonine and a decrease in tyrosine and phenylalanine concentrations. In addition, there was a reduction in plasma histidine, valine, leucine, cystine, methionine and/or tryptophane with some of the hydrolysate formulas used. In conclusion, these studies provide evidence that protein hydrolysed formulas are not equivalent to whole protein formulas in terms of nutritional efficiency for preterm and term infants. Therefore further extensive nutritional studies on growth, biochemical indices of protein metabolism and metabolic balance, including minerals and trace elements, appear to be necessary before maintaining and promoting the use of such formulas for teh potential benefits on atopic disease in preterm and in full-term newborn infants.

Metabolic bone disease of total parenteral nutrition: course after changing from casein to amino acids in parenteral solutions with reduced aluminum content.

Bone disease with total parenteral nutrition (TPN) has been attributed to aluminum loading or vitamin D therapy. We studied 17 patients who first received TPN containing casein hydrolysate with high Al and ergocalciferol (25 micrograms/d) for 6-72 mo followed by TPN containing amino acids with reduced Al and ergocalciferol (5 micrograms/d) for 9-58 mo. We also did a cross-sectional study of 22 patients receiving casein and ergocalciferol (25 micrograms/d) compared with 46 patients receiving amino acids and ergocalciferol (5 micrograms/d) for 6-58 mo. Bone formation was higher and osteoid area, bone-surface stainable Al and total bone Al were lower with amino acid TPN than with casein TPN. Bone formation varied inversely with both plasma Al and bone-surface Al, suggesting that plasma or bone-surface Al, acquired during TPN, can reduce bone formation and lead to patchy osteomalacia. Serum levels of iPTH and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D were higher with amino acid TPN.

Aluminum and renal osteodystrophy.

Evidence has emerged over the last several years indicating that aluminum accumulation in patients with chronic renal failure can cause certain forms of renal osteodystrophy, in particular osteomalacia and an aplastic lesion. The lines of evidence include epidemiological associations, chemical measurement and histological staining of bone aluminum, animal models of aluminum loading, and a favorable response to the removal of aluminum by chelation therapy. The primary sources of aluminum are dialysate solutions prepared from water with a high aluminum content and the oral ingestion of aluminum-containing phosphate binders. Desferrioxamine, a chelating agent with a high affinity for aluminum, can be used to remove aluminum during dialysis by increasing ultrafilterable plasma aluminum; preliminary results show that symptomatic patients markedly improve, both clinically and in their bone histology, after long-term chelation therapy with desferrioxamine. Treating water to ensure that aluminum levels are appropriately reduced in dialysate and the development of non-aluminum-containing phosphate binders are necessary to prevent aluminum-related osteodystrophy.

Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia in infancy associated with parenteral alimentation.

Liver biopsy was performed to exclude anatomic obstruction of the biliary tract in five prematurely born infants who had developed conjugated hyperbilirubinemia during intravenous alimentation with a protein hydrolysate. Each was being treated after having undergone a segmental intestinal resection for necrotizing enterocolitis. Bacterial and viral infections, metabolic disorders, and isoimmune hemolytic disease were excluded as possible causes of jaundice. Light microscopic and ultrastructural analysis disclosed cholestasis and hepatocellular injury without significant inflammatory reaction. Jaundice abated following permanent discontinuation of parenteral alimentation. The jaundice and cholestasis are interpreted to be hepatotoxic effects because of (1) their temporal relationship to the treatment and (2) the presence of hepatocellular damage.