Hipodermóclise como tecnologia integrativa ao processo infusional em crianças / Hypodermoclysis as an integrative technology for the infusion process in children / Hipodermoclisis como tecnología integradora para el proceso de infusión en niños

Objetivo: Identificar as evidências científicas acerca da efetividade e da segurança da hipodermóclise em comparação à via intravenosa, no processo de infusão de fluidos, para reidratação de crianças até 10 de idade, com leve a moderada desidratação, nos contextos hospitalares e domiciliares. Métodos: Revisão sistemática conduzida conforme as recomendações do Instituto Joanna Briggs®, com protocolo publicado e registrado. A busca foi realizada em cinco recursos informacionais diferentes (bases de dados, literatura cinzenta, referências dos estudos). Todo o processo de seleção foi conduzido por revisores independentes. Resultados: Foram identificados 1410 estudos e dois foram incluídos na análise. Devido a heterogeneidade dos estudos não foi possível a realização da meta-análise. Os desfechos analisados foram volume total de líquido infundido, alteração da desidratação conforme escala de Gorelick e peso, número de tentativas para inserção do cateter, e eventos adversos. Conclusão: Demonstra-se benefícios do uso da hipodermóclise como prática integrativa ao processo de infusão de fluidos em crianças, porém com baixo nível de evidência. Novas pesquisas com alta qualidade metodológica serão promissoras para sua implementação no cuidado ao paciente pediátrico. (AU)

Objective: To identify scientific evidence about the effectiveness and safety of hypodermoclysis compared to the intravenous route, in the fluid infusion process, for rehydration of children up to 10 years of age, with mild to moderate dehydration, in hospital and home settings. Methods: Systematic review conducted according to the recommendations of the Joanna Briggs® Institute, with a published and registered protocol. The search was performed in six databases, five gray literature databases, and references of the included studies. The entire selection process was conducted by independent reviewers. Results: 1410 studies were identified and two were included in the analysis. Due to the heterogeneity of the studies, it was not possible to carry out the meta-analysis. The outcomes analyzed were total volume of fluid infused, change in dehydration according to the Gorelick scale and weight, number of attempts to insert the catheter, and adverse events. Conclusion: Benefits of the use of hypodermoclysis as an integrative practice in the fluid infusion process in children are demonstrated, but with a low level of evidence. New research with high methodological quality will be promising for its implementation in pediatric patient care. (AU)

Objetivo: Identificar evidencia científica sobre la efectividad y seguridad de la hipodermoclisis en comparación con la vía intravenosa, en el proceso de infusión de líquidos, para la rehidratación de niños hasta los 10 años de edad, con deshidratación leve a moderada, en el ámbito hospitalario y domiciliario. Métodos: Revisión sistemática realizada de acuerdo con las recomendaciones del Instituto Joanna Briggs®, con protocolo publicado y registrado. La búsqueda se realizó en seis bases de datos, cinco bases de datos de literatura gris y referencias de los estudios incluidos. Todo el proceso de selección fue realizado por revisores independientes. Resultados: Se identificaron 1410 estudios y se incluyeron dos en el análisis. Debido a la heterogeneidad de los estudios, no fue posible realizar el metanálisis. Los resultados analizados fueron el volumen total de líquido infundido, el cambio en la deshidratación según la escala y el peso de Gorelick, el número de intentos de insertar el catéter y los eventos adversos. Conclusión: Se demuestran los beneficios del uso de la hipodermoclisis como práctica integradora en el proceso de infusión de líquidos en niños, pero con un bajo nivel de evidencia. Nuevas investigaciones con alta calidad metodológica serán prometedoras para su implementación en la atención del paciente pediátrico. (AU)

Problematization methodology's impact on nursing and medical students' knowledge about hypodermoclysis: quasi-experimental study / Impacto de la metodología de problematización en el conocimiento de estudiantes de enfermería y medicina sobre hipodermoclisis: estudio cuasiexperimental / Impacto da metodologia de problematização no conhecimento de estudantes de enfermagem e medicina sobre hipodermóclise: estudo quase experimental

Objective: to analyze the problematization methodology impact on the knowledge of nursing and medical students about hypodermoclysis. Method: quasi-experimental study conducted with 22 undergraduate nursing and medical students from a public Brazilian higher education institution. The students participated in the educational intervention using the problematization methodology based on the Arch of Maguerez. A previously validated questionnaire was used to determin' the students' knowledge level about hypodermoclysis. This instrument was applied before and after the educational intervention. The results were compared by McNemar's test and Student's t test for paired samples. Results: when comparing the correct answers before and after the intervention, there was a significant increase in 75% of the questions (p<0.05), including theoretical and practical aspects of hypodermoclysis. The mean score on students' self-assessment of the ability to explain (0.9 versus 5.9 points) and perform hypodermoclysis (1.9 versus 5.0) was significantly higher after applying the problematization methodology (p<0.001). Conclusion: the problematization methodology had a positive impact on the students' knowledge about hypodermoclysis. The number of correct answers after the educational intervention was higher than the initial assessment. The problematization methodology can be incorporated into the teaching-learning process of nursing and medical students for teaching procedures such as hypodermoclysis.

Objetivo: analizar el impacto de la metodología de problematización en el conocimiento de estudiantes de enfermería y medicina sobre hipodermoclisis. Método: estudio cuasiexperimental realizado con 22 estudiantes de enfermería y medicina de una institución pública de educación superior brasileña. Los estudiantes participaron de la intervención educativa utilizando la metodología de problematización basada en el Arco de Maguerez. Se utilizó un cuestionario previamente validado para determinar el nivel de conocimiento de los estudiantes sobre la hipodermoclisis. Este instrumento se aplicó antes y después de la intervención educativa. Los resultados se compararon mediante la prueba de McNemar y la prueba t de Student para muestras pareadas. Resultados: al comparar las respuestas correctas antes y después de la intervención, se observó un aumento significativo en el 75% de las preguntas (p<0,05), que incluye aspectos teóricos y prácticos de la hipodermoclisis. El puntaje promedio en la autoevaluación de los estudiantes con respecto a su capacidad para explicar (0,9 versus 5,9 puntos) y realizar hipodermoclisis (1,9 versus 5,0) fue significativamente mayor después de aplicar la metodología de problematización (p<0,001). Conclusión: la metodología de problematización tuvo impacto positivo en el conocimiento de los estudiantes sobre la hipodermoclisis. El número de respuestas correctas luego de la intervención educativa fue mayor que en la evaluación inicial. La metodología de problematización puede incorporarse al proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de estudiantes de enfermería y medicina para enseñar procedimientos como la hipodermoclisis.

Objetivo: analisar o impacto da metodologia de problematização no conhecimento de estudantes de enfermagem e medicina sobre hipodermóclise. Método: estudo quase-experimental realizado com 22 estudantes de graduação em enfermagem e medicina de uma instituição pública de ensino superior brasileira. Os alunos participaram da intervenção educacional usando a metodologia de problematização baseada no Arco de Maguerez. Um questionário previamente validado foi usado para determinar o nível de conhecimento dos alunos sobre hipodermóclise. Esse instrumento foi aplicado antes e depois da intervenção educacional. Os resultados foram comparados pelo teste de McNemar e pelo teste t de Student para amostras pareadas. Resultados: ao comparar as respostas corretas antes e depois da intervenção, houve um aumento significativo em 75% das questões (p<0,05), incluindo aspectos teóricos e práticos da hipodermóclise. A pontuação média na autoavaliação dos alunos quanto à capacidade de explicar (0,9 versus 5,9 pontos) e realizar a hipodermóclise (1,9 versus 5,0) foi significativamente maior após a aplicação da metodologia de problematização (p<0,001). Conclusão: a metodologia de problematização teve um impacto positivo no conhecimento dos alunos sobre hipodermóclise. O número de respostas corretas após a intervenção educacional foi maior do que na avaliação inicial. A metodologia de problematização pode ser incorporada ao processo de ensino-aprendizagem de estudantes de enfermagem e medicina para o ensino de procedimentos como a hipodermóclise.

Incidência e eventos adversos da hipodermóclise no idoso em cuidados paliativos / Incidencia y eventos adversos de hipodermoclisis en ancianos en cuidados paliativos / Incidence and adverse events of hypodermoclysis in the elderly in palliative care

Objetivo: estimar a incidência, tempo de ocorrência de eventos adversos e tempo de permanência da hipodermóclise no idoso Método: Pesquisa realizada com 127 idosos em cuidados paliativos. A avaliação da hipodermóclise foi realizada a cada 24 horas até a ocorrência do evento. Realizou-se análise descritiva, calculando as proporções e a taxa de incidência por 100 punções/pacientes. Resultados: A taxa de incidência dos eventos adversos foi de 22,8% para a hipodermóclise e 27% para os indivíduos em uso de hipodermóclise. O cateter permaneceu em média quatro dias, sendo no mínimo um dia e no máximo 15 dias; a chance de eventos adversos no primeiro dia foi de 6%, de 28% no quinto dia e 48% no décimo. Conclusão: Incidência de eventos adversos foi pequena e localizada; tempo médio da permanência do cateter no local de inserção foi de quatro dias e as probabilidades de apresentar complicações aumentaram no decorrer dos dias.

Objective: to estimate the incidence, time of occurrence of adverse events and time of permanence of hypodermoclysis in the elderly. Method: Research carried out with 127 elderly people in Palliative Care. Assessment of hypodermoclysis was performed every 24 hours until the event occurred. Descriptive analysis was performed, proportions and incidence rate were calculated per 100 punctures/patients. Results: The incidence rate of adverse events was 22.8% for hypodermoclysis and 27% for individuals using hypodermoclysis. The catheter remained for an average of 4 days, with a minimum of 1 day and a maximum of 15 days; the chance of adverse events on the 1st day was 6%, 28% on the 5th day and 48% on the 10th. Conclusion: The incidence of adverse events was small and localized; mean time of catheter permanence at the insertion site was 4 days and the probability of presenting complications increased over the days.

Objetivo: estimar la incidencia, tiempo de ocurrencia de eventos adversos y tiempo de permanencia de la hipodermoclisis en ancianos Método: Investigación realizada con 127 ancianos en Cuidados Paliativos. La evaluaciónde la hipodermoclisis se realizó cada 24 horas hasta que ocurrió el evento. Se realizó análisis descriptivo, se calcularon proporciones y tasa de incidencia por 100 punciones/pacientes. Resultados: La tasa de incidencia de eventos adversos fue del 22,8 % para la hipodermoclisis y del 27 % para los individuos que usaban la hipodermoclisis. El catéter permaneció en promedio 4 días, con un mínimo de 1 día y un máximo de 15 días; la probabilidad de eventos adversos el primer día fue del 6 %, del 28 % el quinto día y del 48 % el décimo. Conclusión: La incidencia de eventos adversos fue pequeña y localizada; el tiempo medio de permanencia del catéter en el sitio de inserción fue de 4 días y la probabilidad de presentar complicaciones aumentó con el transcurso de los días.

Factors Associated With the Occurrence of Adverse Effects Resulting From Hypodermoclysis in Older Adults in Palliative Care: A Cohort Study.

This study aimed to analyze the factors associated with local adverse effects resulting from hypodermoclysis in older adult patients in palliative care. The study involved 127 older adults undergoing palliative care at a hospital in southeastern Brazil. Data collection was performed from August to November 2019. Patients aged 60 years or older, with a prescription for hypodermoclysis at the time of admission and who were not receiving hypodermoclysis at the time of admission, were included. Data collected included sociodemographic, clinical, pharmacotherapeutic, and adverse effects of hypodermoclysis administration. Most participants were women (59.0%), with a mean age of 78.5 years. Frailty was the most prevalent diagnosis (26.8%), and 80.2% of patients were in the end-of-life stage. There was an incidence of 24.0% of adverse events, with catheter obstruction and swelling in the surrounding area of the hypodermoclysis site being the most frequent at 11.3% and 8.5%, respectively. Ondansetron administration by hypodermoclysis was 3 times more likely to have an adverse effect compared to not using this drug. In contrast, a protective factor was evident with the administration of 0.9% sodium chloride, which contributed to the reduction of complications. The occurrence of adverse effects from hypodermoclysis in the study population of older adults in palliative care was low.

Análise do uso de medicamentos por via intravenosa periférica e hipodermóclise em pessoas idosas hospitalizadas / Analysis of intravenous therapy and hypodermoclysis in hospitalized older adults* / Análisis de la terapia intravenosa y de la hipodermoclisis en ancianos hospitalizados

Objetivo: investigar prevalência e complicações do uso de medicamentos por via intravenosa e por hipodermóclise em pessoas idosas hospitalizadas. Método: estudo transversal, realizado em hospital de Porto Alegre com amostra de 202 pacientes ≥ 60 anos; terapia intravenosa em período superior a 48 horas de punção e/ou hipodermóclise, com prescrição medicamentosa compatível pelas duas vias. Na coleta utilizou-se um instrumento com variáveis sociodemográficas, clínicas e relacionadas à terapia. A análise foi estatística descritiva e inferencial. Resultados: predomínio do uso de medicamentos por via intravenosa (95,5%), mediana de três medicamentos. As complicações foram apenas da terapia intravenosa, sendo a flebite grau II mais prevalente (54,3%) e infiltração grau I em 1% dos casos. Conclusão: a hipodermóclise, apesar de ser uma via segura, ainda é pouco utilizada na prática clínica. Houve alta prevalência do uso da via intravenosa, apesar de que os medicamentos utilizados também poderiam ser administrados por hipodermóclise.

Objective: This study investigated the prevalence and complications of intravenous and hypodermoclysis therapy in hospitalized older adults. Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted at a hospital in Porto Alegre, Brazil, it included 202 patients ≥ 60 years old who received intravenous therapy > 48 hours and/or hypodermoclysis. An instrument was used to collect sociodemographic, clinical and therapy-related data. Descriptive analysis and inferential statistics were used. Results: Intravenous therapy predominated (95.5%), with a median of 3 medications. Complications only occurred in intravenous therapy, with grade II phlebitis being the most prevalent (54.3%) and grade I infiltration occurring in 1% of the cases. Conclusions: Despite its safety, hypodermoclysis is still little used in clinical practice. There was a high prevalence of intravenous use, although the same medications could have also been administered via hypodermoclysis.

Objetivo: investigar prevalencia y complicaciones del uso de medicamentos por vía intravenosa y por hipodermoclisis en ancianos hospitalizados. Método: estudio transversal realizado en hospital de Porto Alegre, Brasil, con una muestra de 202 pacientes ≥ 60 años sometidos a terapia intravenosa por más de 48 horas de punción y/o hipodermoclisis, con prescripción medicamentosa compatible por ambas vías. Para la recolección se utilizó un instrumento con variables sociodemográficas, clínicas y relacionadas a la terapia. El análisis fue estadístico, descriptivo e inferencial. Resultados: predominio del uso de medicamentos por vía intravenosa (95,5%), mediana de tres medicamentos. Hubo complicaciones solamente en la terapia intravenosa, siendo flebitis grado II la más prevalente (54,3%), e infiltración grado I en 1% de los casos. Conclusión: la hipodermoclisis, aunque sea segura, es todavía poco utilizada en la práctica clínica. Hubo alta prevalencia de uso de la vía intravenosa, aunque los medicamentos utilizados también podrían administrarse por hipodermoclisis.

Cancer patients in Palliative Care: occurrences related to venipuncture and hypodermoclysis. / Pacientes oncológicos sob cuidados paliativos: ocorrências relacionadas à punção venosa e hipodermóclise.

OBJECTIVE: to identify the occurrences related to peripheral venipuncture and hypodermoclysis among patients hospitalized in a general hospital and in an exclusive hospital institution for the care of patients in palliative cancer care. METHOD: an observational, descriptive and multicenter study. The consecutive and non-probabilistic sample consisted of 160 cancer patients hospitalized in Palliative Care. The outcome variable corresponded to the occurrences and complications related to each type of puncture. A questionnaire containing the sociodemographic and clinical variables and a structured script for monitoring and daily evaluation of the puncture were used. Descriptive statistics were employed for data analysis. RESULTS: the occurrences related to venipuncture at a general hospital were blood soiling at catheter insertion (17.4%) and expired use period (15.8%), while at a specific service for the care of patients under palliative care they were expired use period (32%) followed by infiltration (18.9%). As for hypodermoclysis, there were two subcutaneous punctures with phlogistic signs (1.0%) at the general hospital and a hematoma at the catheter insertion site (0.5%). At the specific service for the care of patients under palliative care there were three subcutaneous punctures with phlogistic signs (5.7%). CONCLUSION: the number of occurrences related to peripheral venipuncture was higher than those related to hypodermoclysis.

Comparison of feasibility between hypodermoclysis and intravenous hydration among palliative care patients in Thailand.

BACKGROUND: Hypodermoclysis is a method of subcutaneous fluid administration. It has been used to treat palliative patients safely and effectively. However, the use of subcutaneous hydration is often overlooked. AIM: This study aimed to compare the feasibility, pain experience and acceptability between subcutaneous and intravenous hydration in a hospital setting. METHODS: A prospective, randomised clinical trial was conducted. Patients requiring fluid administration were randomly allocated an intravenous or subcutaneous route. Patients' pain score, satisfaction and acceptance levels were collected. The difficulty score of the needle insertion and acceptance scores from nurses were recorded. FINDINGS: A total of 26 patients were enrolled. The difficulty scores and patients' pain scores were significantly lower in the subcutaneous group. The satisfaction and acceptance levels of the patients and nurses were similar in both groups. No systemic side-effects were found in either group. CONCLUSION: Hypodermoclysis was acceptable and satisfying to patients and nurses. It was less painful than the intravenous route.

Investigating the benefits and harms of hypodermoclysis of patients in palliative care: A consecutive cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Palliative populations are at risk for dehydration which can cause discomfort, distress and cognitive symptoms. Subcutaneous hydration ('hypodermoclysis') has been used as an alternative administration route to the more invasive intravenous route, but research is lacking on its net clinical effects (harms and benefits) for palliative populations, particularly in real world settings. AIM: To quantify prospectively the net clinical effects of hypodermoclysis in palliative patients with advanced disease who required supplementary fluids. DESIGN: Multisite, multinational consecutive cohort study. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS: Patients receiving hypodermoclysis in an inpatient palliative care setting. RESULTS: Twenty sites contributed data for 99 patients, of which 88 had complete benefits and harms data. The most common primary target symptom for infusion was generalised weakness (18.2%), and the most common non-symptom indication was supplemental hydration (31.8%). Benefits were experienced in 33% of patients in their primary target symptom, and in any symptom in 56.8%. Harms were experienced in 38.7% of patients (42% at Grade 1). Benefits increased with higher performance status, while harms were more frequent in patients with lower performance status (Australia-modified Karnofsky performance status ⩽40). Patients in the terminal phase of their illness experienced the least benefit (15.4% in any indication only) and had more frequent harms (38%). CONCLUSIONS: Hypodermoclysis may improve certain symptoms in patients in palliative care but frequency of harms and benefits may differ at certain timepoints in the illness trajectory. Further research is needed to better delineate which patients will derive the most net clinical benefit from hypodermoclysis.

Caracterização do uso de hipodermóclise em pacientes internados em um Hospital Infantil de Belo Horizonte / Characterization of the use of hypodermoclysis in patients admitted to a Children's Hospital in Belo Horizonte

Introdução: A hipodermóclise consiste na inserção de um cateter via subcutânea para reposição de fluidos e administração de fármacos. Há poucos estudos clínicos que comprovem sua eficácia e segurança para administração de fármacos. Objetivos: Caracterizar o uso da hipodermóclise em pacientes internados em um hospital pediátrico em Belo Horizonte. Métodos: Estudo descritivo, observacional, de coorte transversal e com abordagem quantitativa, utilizando dados de prontuário eletrônico e realizado em uma instituição hospitalar da rede pública de saúde no estado de Minas Gerais no período de 2017 a 2018. Resultados: 27 pacientes fizeram uso da hipodermóclise n=17 (56%) tinham idade inferior a cinco anos, a indicação do cateter foi mais usual na unidade de cuidados paliativos n=12(43%). A região subclavicular foi o sítio mais puncionado n=31 (51,7%), tempo de permanência do cateter entre 1 e 5 dias n=31 (51,7%) e os principais motivos para a retirada foram: sinais flogísticos n=12 (20%) e exteriorização acidental do dispositivo n=10 (16,7%). Foram prescritos 12 fármacos diferentes por esta via sendo a morfina a mais utilizada n=15 (28,9%) e as principal indicação foi para o conforto e controle da dor n=22 (42%). Conclusão: A hipodermóclise é um método seguro e de baixo custo. Novas pesquisas na população geral e pediátrica são fundamentais para produzir evidências da segurança e efetividade desta via.

Introduction: Hypodermoclysis consists of inserting a subcutaneous catheter to replace fluids and administer drugs. There are few clinical studies that prove its efficacy and safety for drug administration. Purpose: To characterize the use of hypodermoclysis in patients admitted to a pediatric hospital in Belo Horizonte. Methods: Descriptive, observational, cross-sectional cohort study with a quantitative approach, using data from electronic medical records and carried out in a public health hospital in the state of Minas Gerais in the period from 2017 to 2018. Results: 27 patients who used hypodermoclysis n=17 (56%) were under the age of five years, the indication of the catheter was more usual in the palliative care unit n=12 (43%). The subclavicular region was the most punctured site n=31 (51,7%), catheter dwell time between 1 and 5 days n=31 (51,7%) and the main reasons for the withdrawal were: inflammatory signs n=12 (20%) and accidental externalization of the device n=10 (16,7%) 12 different drugs were prescribed by this route, with morphine being the most used n=15 (28,9%) and the main indication was for comfort and pain control n=22 (42%). Conclusion: Hypodermoclysis is a safe and low-cost method. New research in the general and pediatric population is essential to produce evidence of the safety and effectiveness of this route.

O estado da arte sobre hipodermóclise na assistência à saúde da criança: revisão de escopo / The state of the art on hypodermoclysis in child health care: scoping review

RESUMO Objetivo mapear as evidências sobre hipodermóclise na assistência à saúde da criança. Métodos trata-se de uma revisão de escopo, com busca nas bases Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online , Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde, Cochrane Library, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature , Scopus Elsevier, Web of Science e Embase. Incluíram-se estudos publicados em português, inglês e espanhol, sem recorte temporal. Resultados foram analisados 11 estudos com predomínio de revisões de literatura. Os principais temas foram: uso da hialuronidase humana recombinante como facilitadora da absorção subcutânea; comparação entre a reidratação subcutânea e intravenosa; vantagens da hipodermóclise; dor do paciente e as tentativas de punção. Conclusão este estudo permitiu mapear as evidências científicas sobre hipodermóclise, revelando ser uma alternativa viável e válida para administrar medicamentos em crianças. Contribuições para a prática o uso da técnica pode trazer benefícios e fornece evidências para indicá-la e aplicá-la na assistência à criança.

ABSTRACT Objective to mapping the evidence on hypodermoclysis in child health care. Methods this is a scope review, with a search in Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, Cochrane Library, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Scopus Elsevier, Web of Science and Embase. Studies published in Portuguese, English and Spanish were included, with no time cut. Results a total of 11 studies were analyzed, with a predominance of literature reviews. The main themes were: use of recombinant human hyaluronidase as a facilitator of subcutaneous absorption; comparison between subcutaneous and intravenous rehydration; advantages of hypodermoclysis; patient pain and puncture attempts. Conclusion this study allowed mapping the scientific evidence on hypodermoclysis, revealing it to be a viable and valid alternative for administering medications in children. Contributions to practice the use of the technique can bring benefits and provides evidence to indicate and apply it in child care.

Treatment of subcutaneous nodules after infusion of apomorphine; a biopsy-controlled study comparing 4 frequently used therapies.

This study aimed to provide clinical evidence for existing treatments of subcutaneous nodules after subcutaneous infusion of apomorphine, using a biopsy-controlled prospective crossover design of four treatments. We demonstrated that dilution of apomorphine significantly improved patient satisfaction, while subcutaneous hydrocortisone reduced nodule size, however with no differences in the histopathology.

Intranasal plus subcutaneous prime vaccination with a dual antigen COVID-19 vaccine elicits T-cell and antibody responses in mice.

We have developed a COVID-19 vaccine, hAd5 S-Fusion + N-ETSD, that expresses SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins with modifications to increase immune responses delivered using a human adenovirus serotype 5 (hAd5) platform. Here, we demonstrate subcutaneous (SC) prime and SC boost vaccination of CD-1 mice with this dual-antigen vaccine elicits T-helper cell 1 (Th1) biased T-cell and humoral responses to both S and N that are greater than those seen with hAd5 S wild type delivering only unmodified S. We then compared SC to intranasal (IN) prime vaccination with SC or IN boosts and show that an IN prime with an IN boost is as effective at generating Th1 biased humoral responses as the other combinations tested, but an SC prime with an IN or SC boost elicits greater T cell responses. Finally, we used a combined SC plus IN (SC + IN) prime with or without a boost and found the SC + IN prime alone to be as effective in generating humoral and T-cell responses as the SC + IN prime with a boost. The finding that SC + IN prime-only delivery has the potential to provide broad immunity-including mucosal immunity-against SARS-CoV-2 supports further testing of this vaccine and delivery approach in animal models of viral challenge.

Hipodermóclise na história da enfermagem: atribuições para enfermeiras no Brasil (1916-1943) / Hypodermoclysis in the history of nursing: attributions for nurses in Brazil (1916-1943) / ipodermoclisis en la historia de la enfermería: atribuciones de las enfermeras en Brasil (1916-1943)

Objetivo: Analisar a construção histórica entre a hipodermóclise e a enfermagem brasileira sob a ótica da dialética marxista. Métodos: Revisão integrativa com discussão sócio-histórica. A coleta de dados foi baseada em livros publicados no Brasil até o ano de 1949. Extraíram-se informações sobre o tema. As atribuições da enfermagem foram discutidas à luz do materialismo histórico-dialético. Resultados:Os autores disponibilizaram o posicionamento dos enfermeiros sobre conceito, indicação terapêutica, material de consumo, local de administração, precaução, evento adverso e cuidado. Houve maior ênfase a algumas atribuições em detrimento de outras, empoderando os enfermeiros preferencialmente nas questões operacionais. Esse fato influenciou as relações de produção e estabeleceu uma dialética entre o fazer de médicos e enfermeiros. Considerações finais: Dentro da produção econômica da hipodermóclise, houve visões convergentes que fizeram com que as atribuições da enfermagem ganhassem mais empoderamento profissional, situando a posição da enfermagem na infraestrutura do cuidado.

Objective: Analyze the historical construction between hypodermoclysis and Brazilian nursing from the perspective of the Marxist dialectics. Methods: Integrative review with socio-historical discus-sion. Data collection was based on books published in Brazil until 1949. Information on the subject was extracted. The attributions of nursing were discussed in the light of the historical-dialectical materialism. Results: The authors provided the nurses' position on the concept, therapeutic indica-tion, consumption material, place of administration, precaution, adverse event and care. There was greater emphasis on some assignments to the detriment of others, empowering nurses preferentially in operational matters. This fact influenced the production relations and established a dialectic be-tween the actions of doctors and nurses. Final considerations: Within the economic production of hypodermoclysis, there were converging views that made nursing attributions gain more professional empowerment, placing the position of nursing in the care infrastructure.

Objetivo: Analizar la construcción histórica entre la hipodermoclisis y la enfermería brasileña desde la perspectiva de la dialéctica marxista. Métodos: Revisión integradora con discusión sociohistórica. La re-copilación de datos se basó en libros publicados en Brasil hasta 1949. Se extrajo información sobre el tema. Las atribuciones de la enfermería se discutieron a la luz del materialismo histórico-dialéctico. Resultados:Los autores aportaron la posición de los enfermeros sobre el concepto, indicación terapéutica, material de consumo, lugar de administración, precaución, evento adverso y cuidados. Se destacaron algunas asignaciones en detrimento de otras, empoderando preferentemente a los enfermeros en cuestiones operativas. Este hecho influyó en las relaciones de producción y estableció una dialéctica entre las acciones de médicos y enfermeros. Consideraciones finales: Dentro de la producción económica de la hipodermoclisis, hubo visiones convergentes que hicieron que las atribuciones de la enfermería ganaran un mayor empoderamiento profesional, ubicando la posición de la enfermería en la infraestructura asistencial.

Complicações relacionadas à punção venosa periférica e à hipodermóclise em pacientes oncológicos sob cuidados paliativos / Complications related to peripheral venipuncture and hypodermoclysis in cancer patients under palliative care / Complicaciones relacionadas con la venopunción periférica y la hipodermoclisis en pacientes oncológicos en cuidados paliativos

Objetivo: identificar complicações relacionadas à punção venosa periférica e à hipodermóclise em pacientes oncológicos hospitalizados sob cuidados paliativos. Método: estudo descritivo e longitudinal. Foi utilizado questionário para caracterização sociodemográfica e clínica dos participantes, roteiro para a avaliação e acompanhamento da punção. Os dados foram analisados por meio da estatística descritiva. Resultados: participaram do estudo 70 pacientes, sendo 54,3% (n=38) do sexo feminino e com idade média de 68,8 anos (DP = 15,0), cujas principais doenças oncológicas de base foram câncer de cabeça e pescoço e de pulmão. Ademais, 90% das punções avaliadas foram endovenosas e as complicações mais frequentes foram dor local, extravasamento e cateter dobrado ou tracionado. Conclusão: as complicações observadas no período do estudo foram relacionadas apenas às punções venosas. Houve predominância da punção venosa periférica em detrimento da via subcutânea, uma alternativa viável e recomendada para os pacientes oncológicos sob cuidados paliativos.

Objective: to identify complications related to peripheral venipuncture and hypodermoclysis in cancer patients hospitalized under palliative care. Method: this is a descriptive and longitudinal study. A questionnaire was used for the sociodemographic and clinical characterization of participants, a script for puncture assessment and monitoring. The data were ran through descriptive statistics. Results: seventy patients participated in the study, 54.3% (n=38) of whom were female and with a mean age of 68.8 years (SD = 15.0), whose main underlying oncological diseases were head cancer and neck and lung. Furthermore, 90% of assessed punctures were intravenous and the most frequent complications were localized pain, extravasation and a bent or pulled catheter. Conclusion: the complications observed during the study period were related only to venipunctures. There was a predominance of peripheral venipuncture due to the subcutaneous route, a viable and recommended alternative for cancer patients under palliative care.

Objetivo: identificar las complicaciones relacionadas con la venopunción periférica y la hipodermoclisis en pacientes con cáncer hospitalizados bajo cuidados paliativos. Método: estudio descriptivo y longitudinal. Se utilizó un cuestionario para la caracterización sociodemográfica y clínica de los participantes, un guión para la valoración y seguimiento de la punción. Los datos fueron analizados utilizando estadística descriptiva. Resultados: en el estudio participaron 70 pacientes, de los cuales el 54,3% (n=38) eran mujeres y con una edad media de 68,8 años (DE=15,0), cuyas principales patologías oncológicas de base fueron cabeza y cuello y pulmón. Además, el 90% de las punciones evaluadas fueron intravenosas y las complicaciones más frecuentes fueron dolor local, extravasación y catéter doblado o tirado. Conclusión: las complicaciones observadas durante el período de estudio se relacionaron únicamente con las punciones venosas. Predominó la punción venosa periférica en detrimento de la vía subcutánea, alternativa viable y recomendada para pacientes oncológicos en cuidados paliativos.

Caracterização de pacientes sob cuidados paliativos submetidos à punção venosa periférica e à hipodermóclise / Caracterización de pacientes en atención paliativa sometidos a una punción venosa periférica e hipodermoclisis / Characterization of patients under palliative care submitted to peripheral venipuncture and hypodermoclysis

Objetivo: caracterizar os pacientes oncológicos internados sob cuidados paliativos submetidos à punção venosa periférica e a hipodermóclise, segundo as variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas. Método: estudo observacional, descritivo e prospectivo. Foram realizadas entrevistas com o paciente e/ou seu cuidador, consulta ao prontuário, avaliação e acompanhamento diário da punção. Resultados: participaram do estudo 45 pacientes de ambos os sexos e com idade superior a 18 anos. A avaliação funcional dos pacientes, no momento da internação, foi de 30%, indicando pacientes extremamente incapacitados e com necessidade de hospitalização. Os sintomas mais frequentes apresentados pelos pacientes no dia da internação foram inapetência, sonolência, fadiga, dispneia e dor. O número de punções venosas periféricas foi superior ao número de hipodermóclises realizadas. Conclusão: os dados analisados permitiram caracterizar o perfil de pacientes oncológicos internados sob cuidados paliativos e a terapêutica adotada para a terapia medicamentosa. Pôde-se, ainda, identificar a baixa adesão da equipe à realização da hipodermóclise, o que remete à necessidade da realização de mais estudos com altos níveis de evidência para embasar a prática assistencial da equipe de enfermagem e contribuir para a qualidade de vida do paciente.(AU)

Objective: To characterize cancer patients hospitalized under palliative care who underwent peripheral venipuncture and hypodermoclysis according to sociodemographic and clinical variables. Method: This is an observational, descriptive, and prospective study. Interviews were carried out with the patients and/or their caregiver, as well as consultation of medical records, evaluation, and daily monitoring of the puncture. Results: 45 patients of both genders and of 18+ years of age participated in the study. The functional assessment of patients at admission was 30%, indicating extremely disabled patients and in need of hospitalization. The most frequent symptoms presented by patients on the day of hospitalization were lack of appetite, drowsiness, fatigue, dyspnea, and pain. The number of peripheral venipunctures was higher than the number of hypodermoclyses performed. Conclusion: The analyzed data allowed to characterize the profile of cancer patients hospitalized under palliative care and the therapy adopted for drug therapy. It was also possible to identify the low adherence of the team to the performance of hypodermoclysis, which refers to the need for further studies with high levels of evidence to support the care practice of the nursing team and contribute to the patient's quality of life(AU)

Objetivo: caracterizar los pacientes con cáncer hospitalizados bajo cuidados paliativos, que se sometieron a venopunción periférica e hipodermoclisis de acuerdo con variables sociodemográficas y clínicas. Método: estudio observacional, descriptivo y prospectivo. Se realizaron entrevistas con el paciente y / o su cuidador, consulta de historias clínicas, evaluación y seguimiento diario de la punción. Resultados: 45 pacientes de ambos sexos y mayores de 18 años participaron en el estudio. La evaluación funcional de los pacientes al ingreso fue del 30%, lo que indica pacientes extremadamente discapacitados y que necesitan hospitalización. Los síntomas más frecuentes que presentaron el día de la hospitalización fueron: falta de apetito, somnolencia, fatiga, disnea y dolor. El número de punciones venosas periféricas fue mayor que el número de hipodermoclisis realizado. Conclusión: los datos analizados permitieron caracterizar el perfil de pacientes con cáncer hospitalizados bajo cuidados paliativos y el tratamiento adoptado para la terapia farmacológica. También fue posible identificar la baja adhesión del equipo a la realización de la hipodermoclisis, lo que remite a la necesidad de realizar más estudios con altos niveles de evidencia para apoyar la práctica de atención del equipo de enfermería y contribuir a la calidad de vida del paciente(AU)

Pistacia integerrima alleviated Bisphenol A induced toxicity through Ubc13/p53 signalling.

Exposure to environmental toxicants such as Bisphenol A (BPA) has raised serious health issues globally particularly in developing countries. It is ubiquitously used in the manufacturing of canned food and feeding bottles. BPA generated reactive oxygen species can lead to several diseases including cardiotoxicity. However, the endpoints stimulated in BPA cardiotoxicity yet need to be investigated. The current study was aimed to investigate the underlying molecular pathways which may contribute in revealing the protective effects of Pistacia integerrima against BPA induced oxidative stress. The dose of 100 µg/kg BW of BPA, 200 mg/kg BW P. integerrima, and 4 mg/kg BW melatonin was administered to Sprague Dawley rats. Present results of western blotting and qRT-PCR showed the increased expression of p53, PUMA and Drp1, while downregulation of Ubc13 in heart tissues of BPA treated group whereas the levels were reversed upon treatment with P. integerrima. The role of BPA in heart tissue apoptosis was further confirmed by the increased level of P-p53, cytochrome C and disrupted cellular architecture whereas the P. integerrima has shown its ameliorative potential by mitigating the adverse effects of BPA. Moreover, the oxidant, antioxidant, lipid, and liver markers profile has also revealed the therapeutic potential of P. integerrima by maintaining the levels in the normal range. However, melatonin has also manifested the normalized expression of apoptotic markers, biochemical markers, and tissue architecture. Conclusively, the data suggest that P. integerrima may be a potential candidate for the treatment of BPA induced toxicity by neutralizing the oxidative stress through Ubc13/p53 pathway.

Use of subcutaneous fluids in palliative care with children: a case study.

Quality of life is a major consideration in children's palliative care, particularly at the end of life. Optimal symptom management is crucial in maintaining quality of life, with the aim being to ensure the child is as comfortable as possible. Ensuring adequate hydration will often be part of symptom management but may be associated with several practical and ethical challenges. Subcutaneous fluid administration in children's palliative care is relatively uncommon, so there is a lack of evidence on the topic. This article demonstrates that it is feasible to use subcutaneous fluid therapy in the children's hospice setting to address patients' hydration needs and manage their symptoms. It presents a case study of a child who received subcutaneous fluids in a children's hospice for dehydration and myoclonus. It uses the case study to discuss subcutaneous fluid therapy in the children's palliative care setting, including its indications and contraindications, administration, complications and important factors to consider.

Hipodermóclise para correção de desidratação hiperosmolar e distúrbios eletrolíticos graves: relato de caso / Hypodermoclysis for correction of hyperosmolar dehydration and severe electrolyte disturbances: a case report

O tratamento de desidratação e distúrbios eletrolíticos graves é contraindicado por meio de hipodermóclise, mas o nível de evidência da recomendação se baseia na opinião de especialistas. Descreve-se caso clínico de paciente com idade avançada, com indicação de cuidados paliativos, que evoluiu com desidratação hiperosmolar com hipernatremia grave, injúria renal aguda e hipercalemia. Tratou-se a paciente com solução hipotônica por meio da técnica de hipodermóclise, com resolução completa do quadro. Conclui-se que há necessidade de mais estudos sobre o uso da hipodermóclise para o tratamento de distúrbios hidroeletrolíticos graves.

The treatment of dehydration and severe electrolyte disturbances using hypodermoclysis is usually contraindicated, but the level of evidence for its recommendation is based on expert opinion. This case report describes an older patient receiving palliative care who developed hyperosmolar dehydration with severe hypernatremia, acute kidney injury, and hyperkalemia. She was treated with hypodermoclysis using a hypotonic solution, which led to complete resolution of the condition. In conclusion, further studies on the use of hypodermoclysis for the treatment of severe hydroelectrolytic disorders are needed.

Percepções de cuidadores familiares sobre o uso da hipodermóclise no domicílio / Percepciones de los cuidadores familiares sobre el uso de la hipodermoclisis en el hogar / Perceptions of family caregivers about the use of hypodermoclysis at home

Resumo Objetivo: conhecer as percepções de cuidadores familiares sobre o uso da hipodermóclise no domicílio. Métodos: foram realizadas, em outubro de 2018, entrevistas semiestruturadas com 10 participantes, em um serviço de Atenção Domiciliar brasileiro. Os dados foram organizados no programa Etnograph, e submetidos à análise de conteúdo de Bardin. Resultados: os cuidadores apresentaram medo e receio ao assumirem a responsabilidade pelos cuidados com a hipodermóclise, pois a associaram à morte. Com o transcorrer do tempo, reconheceram essa via como facilitadora do cuidado e conforto. Conclusão: o acompanhamento por profissionais de saúde pode auxiliar na adaptação dos cuidadores familiares frente ao uso da hipodermóclise no domicílio.

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the perceptions of family members in the care of patients about the use of hypodermoclysis at home. A descriptive qualitative investigation was developed in which semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 participants in a Brazilian home care service. The data will be organized into the y program and will eventually be analyzed by Bardin containment analysis. As a result, the person in charge of caring for the patients expresses concerns and concerns about taking responsibility for the care of the hypodermoclisis, as well as the partner with the patient. However, over time, I recognize that this method facilitates care and enhances patient comfort. It is concluded that the assistance of health professionals can help family members in patient care adapt to the use of hypodermoclisis at home.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar las percepciones de los familiares a cargo del cuidado de pacientes sobre el uso de la hipodermoclisis en el domicilio. Se desarrolló una investigación cualitativa descriptiva en donde se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas con 10 participantes en un servicio de atención domiciliaria brasileño. Los datos se organizaron en el programa Etnograph y se sometieron al análisis de contenido de Bardin. Como principal resultado se obtuvo que las personas a cargo del cuidado de los pacientes expresaron miedos e inquietudes con respecto a asumir la responsabilidad por los cuidados con hipodermoclisis, pues la asocian con la muerte. Sin embargo, con el paso del tiempo, reconocieron que este método facilita el cuidado y mejora la comodidad del paciente. Se concluye que la asistencia de profesionales de la salud puede ayudar a que los familiares a cargo del cuidado de pacientes se adapten al uso de la hipodermoclisis en el domicilio.

Hypodermoclysis as a Strategy for Patients With End-of-Life Cancer in Home Care Settings.

BACKGROUND: The increase in the elderly population associated with a higher incidence of cancer strongly endorses palliative care (PC). Hypodermoclysis (HDC) is a feasible technique for drugs and fluids delivery at the home care setting. OBJECTIVES: To assess the use and benefits of HDC in patients with end-of-life cancer assisted by a single home-based palliative care program (HPCP) in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. METHODS: This was a retrospective study that analyzed medical charts from patients with end-of-life cancer who were assisted by an HPCP in a 1-year period of time. RESULTS: A total of 333 patients, 81.7% with advanced cancer, were included. The most frequent symptoms were fatigue (44.4%) and pain (43.2%). Hypodermoclysis was used in 77.5% of the patients for the administration of fluids or medicines. Continuous palliative sedation was applied to 70.5% of patients. The place of death was home for 90.2% of the patients. CONCLUSION: Receiving home care assistance with palliative intention may decrease the need for dying patients with cancer to visit emergency units, as their symptoms were well controlled. Hypodermoclysis was a safe and effective alternative for hydration and drug delivery when provided and supervised by an experienced team. The place of death is a reliable indicator of the quality of death, and, in this study, the HPCP allowed patients to die at home with their families. It is essential for PC professionals to understand the impact of HDC use at home care setting for patients with end-of-life cancer allowing the increase of quality of death indicators.