Scale of Sexual Prejudice Against Bisexuals: evidence of validity / Escala de Preconceito Sexual Contra Bissexuais: evidências de validade / Escala de Prejuicio Sexual Contra Bisexuales: evidencia de validez

Sexual prejudice against bisexuals is widespread in society. However, little research has been done on this phenomenon because it is difficult to measure. The aim of the current study was to validate a short version of the Biphobia Scale for the Brazilian context (EPSB-br). In the first study, the EPSB-br showed unifactorial structure and convergent validity with scales measuring beliefs and stereotypes about bisexuality. Study 2 showed the EPSB-br's convergent-discriminant validity with scales measuring religiosity, right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, and sleepiness. Finally, Study 3 demonstrated the criterion-related validity of the EPSB-br through an experimental manipulation in which participants watched a video of a pretend teacher and assigned a salary to it. Taken together, these results showed evidence of validity and reliability of the EPSB-br, which introduced a measure of prejudice against bisexual people in Brazil. (AU)

O preconceito sexual contra bissexuais é fortemente presente na sociedade. Entretanto, este fenômeno ainda é pouco estudado, dada a dificuldade em sua mensuração. O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de validar uma versão reduzida da Biphobia Scale para o contexto brasileiro. No primeiro estudo, a Escala de Preconceito Sexual contra Bissexuais (EPSB-br) apresentou uma estrutura unifatorial e uma validade convergente com escalas que mensuram crenças e estereótipos sobre a bissexualidade. O Estudo 2 evidenciou a validade concorrente-discriminante da EPSB-br com a religiosidade, escalas de autoritarismo de direita, orientação à dominância social e sonolência. Por fim, o Estudo 3 demonstrou a validade de critério da EPSB-br a partir de uma manipulação experimental, na qual os participantes assistiram a um vídeo sobre um professor e atribuíram-lhe um salário. A síntese dos resultados mostrou evidências de validade e confiabilidade da EPSB-br, introduzindo uma medida de preconceito contra pessoas bissexuais no Brasil. (AU)

Lo Prejuicio Sexual contra Bisexuales está muy presente en la sociedad. Sin embargo, es un fenómeno poco estudiado, dada la dificultad de medirlo. Este trabajo buscó validar una versión reducida de la Biphobia Scale para el contexto brasileño. En el primer estudio, la EPSB-br presentó una estructura unifactorial y validez convergente con escalas que miden creencias y estereotipos sobre la bisexualidad. El estudio 2 evidenció la validez concurrente-discriminante de la EPSB-br con escalas de religiosidad, autoritarismo de derecha, orientación al dominio social y somnolencia. Finalmente, el Estudio 3 demostró la validez de criterio de la EPSB-br a través de una manipulación experimental, donde los participantes vieron un video sobre un maestro y le asignaron un salario. La síntesis de los resultados mostró evidencia de validez y confiabilidad de la EPSB-br, introduciendo una medida de prejuicio contra las personas bisexuales en Brasil. (AU)

Disgust sensitivity mediates the link between homophobia and sexual orientation obsessive-compulsive symptoms.

Previous research has shown that intrusive thoughts in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) often focus on emotionally significant aspects of individuals' lives (e.g., values and beliefs). The current study sought to expand our understanding of OC symptoms related to sexual orientation (SO-OC symptoms) by investigating the roles of homophobia (i.e., negative attitudes, affect, and behaviors toward individuals with a same-gender orientation) and disgust propensity and sensitivity. A total of 592 self-identified heterosexual college students were recruited to complete measures of homophobia, disgust propensity and sensitivity, and SO-OC symptoms. Results of separate parallel mediation analyses indicated that the relationships between homophobic affect/attitudes and avoidance/aggression on one hand, and SO-OC symptoms on the other, were partially mediated specifically by disgust sensitivity, after controlling for gender. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed, including how homophobia can be conceptualized as a disgust response in the treatment of SO-OC symptoms, as well as how other constructs of potential interest (sexual and moral disgust, religiosity, conservative sexual ideology) can be examined in future research.

Alcohol, Tobacco, and Comorbid Psychiatric Disorders and Associations With Sexual Identity and Stress-Related Correlates.

OBJECTIVE: The authors examined psychiatric comorbidities associated with alcohol use disorders and tobacco use disorders among heterosexual, bisexual, and gay and lesbian men and women in the United States and whether stress-related factors were predictive of comorbidities. METHODS: The authors used data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III (2012-2013, N=36,309) to examine the co-occurrence of past-year alcohol or tobacco use disorder with past-year anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and posttraumatic stress disorder by sexual identity (heterosexual, bisexual, gay or lesbian) and sex. The authors also examined the association of stress-related factors and social support with the presence of comorbidities. RESULTS: Comorbidities were more prevalent among women and sexual minorities, particularly bisexual women. More than half of bisexual (55%) and gay or lesbian (51%) individuals who met criteria for a past-year alcohol use disorder had a psychiatric comorbidity, while only one-third of heterosexual individuals who met criteria for a past-year alcohol use disorder did. Similar differences were found among those who met criteria for a past-year tobacco use disorder. Among sexual minorities, the frequency of sexual orientation discrimination (adjusted odds ratio range=1.08-1.10), number of stressful life events (adjusted odds ratio range=1.25-1.43), and number of adverse childhood experiences (adjusted odds ratio range=1.04-1.18) were significantly associated with greater odds of comorbidities. Greater social support was significantly inversely associated with tobacco use disorder comorbidities (adjusted odds ratio range=0.96-0.97). CONCLUSIONS: This research suggests that integrated substance use and mental health prevention and treatment programs are needed, particularly for individuals who identify as sexual minorities. The increased stressors experienced by sexual minority individuals may be important drivers of these high levels of comorbidities.

Apoio social, resiliência, estresse de minorias e saúde mental de mulheres lésbicas e bissexuais / Social support, resilience, minority stress, and mental health outcomes in lesbian and bisexual women / Apoyo social, resiliencia, estrés de minorías y salud mental de mujeres lesbianas y bisexuales

Este estudo buscou avaliar os efeitos de moderação do apoio social e da resiliência na relação entre o Estresse de Minorias (EM) e desfechos de saúde mental. Participaram desse estudo 337 mulheres, sendo 42,43% lésbicas (n = 143) e 57,57% bissexuais (n = 194), maiores de 18 anos (M = 26 anos; DP = 17,3). As participantes responderam escalas de homofobia internalizada, vitimização, revelação da orientação sexual, felicidade subjetiva, satisfação com a vida, depressão, ansiedade e estresse, apoio social e resiliência. Foi realizada uma modelagem por equações estruturais para verificar o impacto dos estressores de minorias nas variáveis de bem-estar (BES) e psicopatologia (PSP), além de testar se apoio social e resiliência moderavam essas relações. Os resultados demonstraram que a resiliência moderou a relação entre vitimização e psicopatologia. Implicações clínicas são apontadas ao longo do artigo. (AU)

This study aimed to evaluate the moderating effects of social support and resilience in the relationship between Minority Stress (MS) and mental health outcomes. A total of 337 women over 18 years of age (M = 26 years, SD = 17.3) participated in this study, including 42.43% lesbian, (n = 143) and 57.57% bisexual women (n = 194). The participants responded to scales that assessed internalized homophobia, victimization, disclosure of sexual orientation, subjective happiness, life satisfaction, depression, anxiety and stress, social support, and resilience. Structural equation modeling was performed to verify the impact of minority stressors on the well-being and psychopathology variables and to test whether social support and resilience moderated these associations. Results showed that resilience moderated the relationship between victimization and psychopathology. Clinical implications are discussed throughout the article. (AU)

Este estudio buscó evaluar los efectos de moderación de apoyo social y resiliencia en la relación entre el Estrés de Mínorías e indicadores de salud mental. En este estudio participaron 337 mujeres, siendo 42,43% lesbianas (n = 143) y 57,57% bisexuales (n = 194), mayores de 18 años de edad (M = 26 años, DP = 17,3). Los participantes respondieron escalas de homofobia internalizada, victimización, revelación de orientación sexual, felicidad subjetiva, satisfacción con la vida, depresión, ansiedad y estrés, apoyo social y resiliencia. Se realizó el modelo de ecuaciones estructurales para verificar el impacto de los estresores de minorías en las variables de bienestar (BES) y psicopatología (PSP), además de testar si el apoyo social y la resiliencia moderaban estas relaciones. Los resultados demostraron que la resiliencia modera la relacción entre victimización y psicopatología. Implicaciones clínicas son señaladas a lo largo del artículo. (AU)

Heroes against homophobia: does elevation uniquely block homophobia by inhibiting disgust?

Homophobia has decreased in past decades, but gut-level disgust towards gay men lingers. It has been suggested that disgust can be reduced by inducing its proposed opposite emotion, elevation. Research suggests elevation might reduce homophobia, but only general elevation (not elevation evoked by gay people) and general attitudes (rather than disgust) have been studied. Nor has elevation's effect on homophobia been differentiated from effects of related emotions, such as admiration or surprise. We pretested a series of news stories featuring either a gay man or a man of unspecified sexuality that were intended to distinctly elicit elevation, admiration, or surprise. We pre-registered the prediction that an elevation-inducing story would reduce negative attitudes by reducing disgust. In Study 1 (N = 593), participants who read elevation-inducing stories did not express more positive attitudes or less disgust towards gay men than those who read stories inducing admiration or surprise. The admiration stories elicited similar or lower levels of disgust than the elevation stories. Study 2 (N = 588), replicated the findings of Study 1 with improved stimuli and measures. Both studies suggest that elevation may not uniquely reduce homophobia, as elevation and admiration have similar effects on this prejudice.

A Meta-Analytic Review of the Association Between Disgust and Prejudice Toward Gay Men.

A sizeable number of studies have documented a relationship between heterosexual persons' experience of disgust (measured as an individual difference variable or induced experimentally) and prejudice toward gay men (i.e., homonegativity). Yet, to date, no one has attempted to meta-analytically review this corpus of research. We address this gap by conducting a meta-analysis of published and unpublished work examining heterosexual men and women's disgust and their homonegativity toward gay men. Fourteen articles (12 published, two unpublished) containing 17 studies were analyzed (N = 7,322). The average effect size for disgust sensitivity studies was moderate to large (d = 0.64), whereas for disgust induction studies, the effect was large (d = 0.77). No evidence of effect size heterogeneity emerged. Future directions and recommendations for methodological improvements are outlined.

A violência homofóbica no Rio de Janeiro a partir do jornalismo digital / Homophobic violence in Rio de Janeiro according to digital journalism / La violencia homofóbica en Río de Janeiro a partir del periodismo digital

A cobertura jornalística sobre homofobia vem crescendo nos últimos anos, consequência da maior reivindicação do movimento LGBT, na busca por visibilidade às diversas violações sofridas. Contudo, a produção discursiva sobre homofobia na mídia possui diversos sentidos e disputas, afetados pela compreensão da sociedade frente às sexualidades e aos gêneros dissidentes da norma. Somado a isso, a internet configura-se na atualidade como outra maneira de informar o conteúdo do jornalismo, causando uma sinergia deste com o meio digital. O presente trabalho busca compreender como a homofobia é representada no jornalismo digital, a partir de notícias das versões digitais dos jornais O Globo e Meia Hora e de notícias recuperadas a partir da ferramenta Google Alerta sobre violência homofóbica no Rio de Janeiro. O recorte temporal utilizado para seleção das notícias foram os anos de 2015 e 2016.(AU)

News coverage on homophobia has been increasing over the last few years as a result of the greater LGBT movement claim for visibility regarding the violations they suffer. However, the production of discourse on homophobia in the media has different meanings and disagreements that are affected by the society's understanding of sexualities and genders that are dissident from the norm. Additionally, the internet is a modern way of informing the news, causing a synergy between journalism and digital media. This work aims at understanding how homophobia is represented in digital journalism based on digital news from the newspapers O Globo and Meia Hora , and obtained using the Google Alert tool about homophobic violence in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The timeframe used to select the news were the years 2015 and 2016..(AU)

La cobertura periodística sobre homofobia ha crecido en los últimos años como consecuencia de la mayor reivindicación del movimiento LGBT, en la búsqueda de visibilidad sobre las diversas violaciones sufridas. No obstante, la producción discursiva sobre homofobia en los medios tiene diversos sentidos y disputas afectados por la comprensión de la sociedad ante las sexualidades y géneros disidentes de la norma. Sumado a todo eso, internet se configura en la actualidad como otra manera de informar el contenido del periodismo, causando una sinergia del mismo con el medio digital. El presente trabajo busca comprender cómo la homofobia se representa en el periodismo digital a partir de noticias de las versiones digitales de los periódicos O Globo, Meia Hora y también de noticias recuperadas a partir de la herramienta Google Alerta, sobre violencia homofóbica en Río de Janeiro. El recorte temporal utilizado para la selección de las noticias fueron los años 2015 y 2016..(AU)

Suicídio e masculinidades: uma análise por meio do gênero e das sexualidades / Suicidio y masculinidades: un análisis a través del género y de las sexualidades / Suicide and masculinities: an analysis through gender and sexualities

RESUMO. A epidemiologia brasileira do comportamento suicida, no que tange ao gênero, é análoga à maioria dos países no cenário internacional, de acordo com a pesquisa da Organização Mundial de Saúde, envolvendo 172 nações. No Brasil, o número de óbitos por suicídio é de três a quatro vezes maior entre os homens e, além disso, pesquisas revelam que a prevalência de tentativas de autoextermínio pode ser maior na população sexo-diversa masculina. A partir dos dados estatísticos que inferem questões de gênero e de sexualidade relacionadas ao sofrimento psíquico de homens, a presente pesquisa teve como escopo analisar qualitativamente, por meio das teorias das masculinidades, relatos biográficos de homens gays, bissexuais e heterossexuais que já manifestaram o comportamento suicida. O intuito foi dar enfoque nos contextos de sofrimento que levaram os sujeitos às ideações e tentativas de autoextermínio. Ao final, as categorias identificadas apontam para similaridades e distinções nas narrativas de cada grupo de orientação sexual e evidenciam a forma como a não correspondência à masculinidade hegemônica se expressa nas sexualidades estudadas.

RESUMEN La epidemiología brasileña del comportamiento suicida, con respecto al género, es análoga a la mayoría de los países en el escenario internacional, de acuerdo con la investigación de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, con 172 naciones. En Brasil, el número de muertes por suicidio es de tres a cuatro veces mayor entre los hombres y, además, investigaciones revelan que la prevalencia de intentos de suicídio puede ser mayor en la población sexodiversa masculina. Con base en los datos estadísticos que infieren las cuestiones de género y sexualidad relacionadas con el sufrimiento psicológico de los hombres, la presente investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar cualitativamente, a través de las teorías de la masculinidad, los relatos biográficos de hombres homosexuales, bisexuales y heterosexuales que ya manifestaron conductas suicidas. La intención fue centrarse en los contextos de sufrimiento que llevaron a los participantes a ideas e intentos de autodestrucción. Al final, las categorías identificadas señalan similitudes y distinciones en las narrativas de cada grupo de orientación sexual y muestran cómo la falta de correspondencia con la masculinidad hegemónica se expresa en las sexualidades estudiadas.

ABSTRACT. The Brazilian suicidal behavior epidemiology, in what concerns to gender, is analogous to most countries in the international scenario, according to the World Health Organization survey, with 172 nations. In Brazil, the number of suicide deaths is three to four times higher among men and, in addition, research shows that the prevalence of self-extermination attempts may be higher in the male sex-diverse population. Based on the statistical data that infer gender and sexuality issues related to the psychological suffering of men, the present research aimed to qualitatively analyze, through the theories of masculinities, the biographical reports of gay, bisexual and heterosexual men who have already manifested suicidal behavior. The intention was to focus on the contexts of suffering that led the participants to ideations and attempts at self-extermination. In the end, the categories identified point to similarities and distinctions in the narratives of each sexual orientation group and show how the non-correspondence to hegemonic masculinity is expressed in the studied sexualities.

Significados da homofobia e do projeto de vida para um grupo de estudantes homossexuais / Meanings of homophobia and life project for a homosexual student group

Mesmo com o desenvolvimento das sociedades, a homofobia ainda é um problema persistente na contemporaneidade. Muito se discute sobre o sujeito que discrimina, mas pouco sobre como o alvo discriminado representa essa problemática e quais as repercussões desse preconceito ao longo de sua vida. Desse modo, diante da relevância deste tema, o presente artigo visa descrever os significados da homofobia e do projeto de vida para um grupo de jovens universitários homossexuais. Para esse fim, participaram quatro estudantes de diferentes cursos de graduação de uma universidade pública da região Nordeste do Brasil, os quais foram convidados a responder um conjunto de perguntas acerca de suas características sociodemográficas, além de como percebiam a relação entre homofobia e o seu planejamento pessoal sobre o futuro. As narrativas foram exploradas por meio da análise de conteúdo temática. De acordo com o grupo, a homofobia é significada como uma conduta hostil, motivada pelo preconceito frente ao comportamento homossexual, mas que não afeta diretamente o projeto de vida de suas vítimas. Os discursos que configuram esses significados são comentados com base nas consequências psicossociais vivenciadas por esses sujeitos, como exclusão e a necessidade de políticas públicas igualitárias.

Even with the development of societies, homophobia remains a persistent problem in contemporary times. There is much discussion about the person who discriminates, but there are a few discussions about the discriminated subject concerning this prejudice on their personal representation and its repercussions throughout his life. Therefore, given the relevance of this topic, this article aims to describe the meanings of homophobia and the life project for a group of homosexual university students. To this end, four students from different undergraduate courses of a public university in the northeast region of Brazil participated, who were invited to answer a series of questions about their sociodemographic characteristics and their personal perception about homophobia and its relationship with personal planning on the future. The narratives were explored through thematic content analysis. According to the group, homophobia is hostile behavior, motivated by the prejudice against homosexual behavior, but that does not directly affect the lives of its victims. These meanings are commented on according to the psychosocial consequences experienced by these subjects, such as the exclusion and need for egalitarian public policies.

Revisão sobre a utilização da teoria das representações sociais nos estudos sobre homofobia no Brasil / Review of the use of the theory of social representations in homophobia studies in Brazil / Revisión sobre la utilización de la teoría de las representaciones sociales en los estudios sobre la homofobia en Brasil

Este artigo de revisão objetiva destacar as contribuições e fazer um panorama dos estudos que utilizam a teoria das representações sociais para estudar o fenômeno da homofobia no contexto da psicologia social brasileira. A pesquisa foi realizada nas bases BVS, PePSIC e SciELO, sem demarcação de tempo. Foram encontrados sete artigos empíricos realizados no contexto brasileiro, três de cunho quantitativo e quatro qualitativos. Cinco artigos deixaram claros os modelos escolhidos, entre eles a abordagem societal e abordagem estrutural. Também apontaram quatro núcleos temáticos que não são excludentes, mas dizem respeito ao foco de cada trabalho: (1) Expressão do preconceito e natureza da homossexualidade; (2) Adoção homoparental; (3) Representações sociais da homossexualidade; (4) Professores e representações sociais da homossexualidade e diversidade sexual. Duas tendências podem ser apontadas quanto aos objetivos: (1) a compreensão das expressões do preconceito (sutil e flagrante) com base nas representações sobre a natureza da homossexualidade; (2) as representações a respeito da homossexualidade. É preciso que os estudos futuros mudem seu foco, propondo formas de enfrentamento e combate a discriminação homofóbica, além de considerar o lugar de fala de LGBT. Deixando a busca pela origem da homofobia e da homossexualidade em segundo plano.(AU)

This review article aims to highlight the contributions and give an overview of the studies that use social representations theories to study the homophobia phenomenon in the context of Brazilian Social Psychology. The research was carried out in the BVS, PePSIC and SciELO bases, without time demarcation. seven empirical articles were found in the Brazilian context. Three with quantitative aproach and four with qualitative aproach. Five articles made clear their chosen models, among them the societal approach and structural approach. They also pointed out four thematic nuclei that were not excluding but related to the focus of each work: (1) Expressions of prejudice and nature of homosexuality; (2) Homoparental adoption; (3) Social representations of homosexuality and; (4) Teachers and social representations of homosexuality and sexual diversity. Two tendencies can be pointed toward the objectives: (1) the understanding of expressions of prejudice (subtle and flagrant) based on representations about the nature of homosexuality and; (2) representations regarding homosexuality. It is necessary that future studies change their focus, proposing strategies to face and fight homophobic discrimination, as well as taking into account the place of LGBT speech. Leaving the search for the origin of homophobia and homosexuality in the background.(AU)

Este artículo de revisión tiene por objetivo destacar las contribuciones y hacer un panorama de los estudios que utilizan la teoría de las representaciones sociales para estudiar el fenómeno de la homofobia en el contexto de la psicología social brasileña. La investigación se realizó en las bases BVS, PePSIC y SciELO, sin demarcación de tiempo. Se encontraron sete artículos empíricos realizados en el contexto brasileño. Tres de carácter cuantitativo y cuatro cualitativos. Cinco artículos dejaron claros los modelos escogidos, entre ellos el enfoque societal y el enfoque estructural. También señalaron cuatro temas que no son excluyentes entre sí, sino que se relacionan con el enfoque de cada trabajo: (1) la expresión de los prejuicios y la naturaleza de la homosexualidad; (2) Adopción homoparental; (3) Representaciones sociales de la homosexualidad; (4) Profesores y representaciones sociales de la homosexualidad y diversidad sexual. Dos tendencias se pueden identificar cuanto a los objetivos: (1) la comprensión de las expresiones del prejuicio (sutiles y evidentes) con base en las representaciones acerca de la naturaleza de la homosexualidad y; (2) las representaciones acerca de la homosexualidad. Es necesario que los estudios futuros cambien su enfoque, proponiendo formas de enfrentamiento y combate a la discriminación homofóbica, además de considerar el lugar de habla de LGBT. Dejando la búsqueda por el origen de la homofobia y de la homosexualidad en segundo plano.(AU)

Estudos psicológicos brasileiros sobre preconceito contra diversidade sexual e de gênero / Brazilian psychological studies on prejudice against sexual and gender diversity / Estudios psicológicos brasileños sobre prejuicio contra la diversidad sexual y de género

Nesta revisão sistemática da literatura, investigou-se como pesquisadores/as brasileiros/as em Psicologia abordaram o preconceito contra diversidade sexual e de gênero entre janeiro/2006 e junho/2016. Foram selecionados 23 artigos científicos de 16 bases de dados, por meio de três portais (Portal de Periódicos da CAPES, EBSCOHost e Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde). A maioria dos estudos revisados investiga o preconceito em amostras jovens, compostas por estudantes e/ou universitários e mulheres, população geralmente associada à menor expressão de preconceito. Além disso, priorizam a investigação do preconceito expressado contra a homossexualidade e escolhem o termo "sexo" para designar o gênero de participantes na descrição metodológica. Sugere-se que as pesquisas ampliem o foco para além da homossexualidade e passem a incluir outras orientações sexuais e identidades ou expressões de gênero não cisgêneras (AU).

In this systematic literature review, we investigated how Brazilian researchers in Psychology studied prejudice against sexual and gender diversity, from January 2006 to July 2016. Twenty-three articles were selected from 16 databases, on three portals (Portal de Periódicos da CAPES, EBSCOHost, and Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde). Most studies investigated prejudice in young samples composed by school/university students and women, which are populations associated with low expression of prejudice. Moreover, they prioritize investigating prejudice expressed against homosexuality and choose the term "sex" to describe participants' gender in methodological description. We suggest that Brazilian psychological investigations on prejudice against sexual and gender diversity move their focus beyond homosexuality to include other sexual orientations and non-cisgender identities or expressions (AU).

En esta revisión sistemática de la literatura, estudiamos cómo los investigadores brasileños en Psicología estudiaron el prejuicio contra la diversidad sexual y de género entre enero de 2006 y julio de 2016. Veintitrés artículos fueron seleccionados de 16 bases de datos, a través de tres portales (Portal de Periódicos da CAPES, EBSCOHost y Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde). La mayoría de los estudios investigan el prejuicio en muestras jóvenes compuestas por mujeres y estudiantes, que son poblaciones asociadas con baja expresión de prejuicio. Además, priorizan la investigación de los prejuicios expresados contra la homosexualidad y eligen el término "sexo" para describir el género de los participantes en la descripción metodológica. Sugerimos que las investigaciones psicológicas brasileñas sobre el prejuicio contra la diversidad sexual y de género muevan su enfoque más allá de la homosexualidad para incluir otras orientaciones sexuales e identidades o expresiones de género no cisgéneras (AU).

Abordagem das particularidades da velhice de lésbicas, gays, bissexuais e transgêneros / An approach to the peculiarities of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender aging

A invisibilidade do envelhecimento de lésbicas, gays, bissexuais e pessoas transgêneras (LGBT) é uma realidade. Sofrem com os etarismos da sociedade, por diversas formas de discriminação e pela presunção de que todos são heterossexuais e cisgêneros. Ademais, eles expressam maiores riscos de estarem morando sozinhos, de não terem filhos e de não apresentarem alguém para chamar em caso de uma emergência. Poucos são os estudos que abordam esse tema, principalmente na literatura médica brasileira. Além disso, o geriatra e o gerontólogo podem se deparar com situações desafiadoras em suas práticas ao cuidarem de uma pessoa idosa LGBT saudável, com demência ou até mesmo em fase final de vida. Assim, este artigo de revisão bibliográfica teve como objetivos: abordar o envelhecimento dessa população, reforçar as definições apropriadas e discutir sobre as discriminações que sofrem nos serviços de saúde, sobre as medidas para a promoção de sua saúde e sobre as especificidades no cuidado da pessoa idosa LGBT com demência, em fase final de vida ou residente de uma instituição de longa permanência

The invisibility of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people (LGBT) aging is a reality. These individuals suffer from ageism, from various forms of discrimination, and from the assumption that all are heterosexual and cisgender. They are also at higher risk of living alone, being childless, and having no one to call in an emergency. Few studies have addressed the subject, especially in the Brazilian medical literature. Additionally, geriatricians and gerontologists may encounter challenging situations when caring for LGBT older adults who are healthy, or have dementia, or are even at the end of life. Thus, this review article aimed to investigate the aging process of the LGBT population; to reinforce appropriate terminology; and to discuss the discrimination that they face in health care services, measures for health promotion, and the specific care of the LGBT older person with dementia, at the end of life, or living in a long-term care facility

"We're Disgusted With Queers, not Fearful of Them": The Interrelationships Among Disgust, Gay Men's Sexual Behavior, and Homonegativity.

Using a combination of personal reflections, published literature, and original empirical research, we argue that the disgust triggered by gay men's sexual practices (specifically, anal intercourse) is a critical, though overlooked, contributor to heterosexual men and women's homonegativity (i.e., negative attitudes and behaviors directed toward men who are or are perceived to be gay). We conclude our article by articulating several directions for future inquiry that we believe will advance current understanding of prejudice and discrimination directed toward gay men.

Validity evidences of the Internalized Homophobia Scale for Brazilian gays and lesbians / Evidências de validade da Escala de Homofobia Internalizada para gays e lésbicas brasileiros / Las evidencias de la validez de la Escala de Homofobia Internalizada para gays y lésbicas brasileños

This article gathered evidence of the validity of the Internalized Homophobia Scale (EHI) for Brazilian gays and lesbians. Study 1 found evidence of content validity (performed by two area judges and 10 gay and lesbian people), based on the internal structure and still sought reliability/precision indicators of the instrument. Based on an online survey, 261 participants, with a mean age of 27.6 years (SD = 7.72), answered IHS and sociodemographic questions. Study 2 replicated the factorial solution from study 1, through confirmatory factorial analysis, in addition to seeking complementary evidence of construct validity and reliability, being carried out with 303 gays and lesbians, with a mean age of 30.6 years (SD = 8.29). The results of the two studies suggest a modified version of the IHS with 19 items and two dimensions (Internal Perception of Stigma and Perception [α = 0,814] of Social Oppression [α = 0,622]) because it presented evidence of validity and reliability/precision of the instrument. (AU)

Este artigo reuniu evidências de validade da Escala de Homofobia Internalizada (EHI) para gays e lésbicas brasileiros. O Estudo 1 verificou evidências de validade de conteúdo (realizada por dois juízes da área e 10 pessoas gays e lésbicas), baseadas na estrutura interna e ainda buscou indicadores de confiabilidade/precisão do instrumento. Com base em um inquérito online, 261 participantes, com média de idade de 27,6 anos (DP = 7,72) responderam a EHI e a perguntas sociodemográficas. O Estudo 2 replicou a solução fatorial do estudo 1, através de análise fatorial confirmatória e confiabilidade, sendo realizado com 303 gays e lésbicas, com média de idade de 30,6 anos (DP = 8,29). Os resultados dos dois estudos sugerem uma versão modificada da EHI com 19 itens e duas dimensões (Percepção Interna do Estigma [α = 0,814] e Percepção da Opressão Social [α = 0,622]), pois apresentou evidências de validade e de confiabilidade/precisão do instrumento (AU)

Este artículo reunió evidencias de validez de la Escala de Homofobia Internalizada (EHI) para gays y lesbianas brasileños. El Estudio 1 verificó evidencias de validez de contenido (realizada por dos jueces del área y 10 personas gays y lesbianas), basadas en la estructura interna y aún buscó indicadores de confiabilidad/precisión del instrumento. Con base en una encuesta en línea, 261 participantes con una edad promedio de 27.6 años (DP =7.72), responderieron las perguntas EHI y sociodemográficas. Es estudio 2 replicó la solución factorial del estudio 1, a través del análisis factorial confirmatoria, además de buscar evidencias complementares de validez del constructo y confiabilidad, siendo realizado con 303 gays y lésbicas, con una edad promedio de 30.6 (DP = 8.29). Los resultados de los dos estudios sugieren una versión modificada de la EHI con 19 ítems y dos dimensiones (Percepción Interna del Estigma [α = 0,814] y Percepción de la Opresión Social [α = 0,622]), pues presentó evidencias de validez y confiabilidad/precisión del instrumento. (AU)

Faith leaders' messaging is essential to enhance HIV prevention among black Americans: results from the 2016 National Survey on HIV in the black community (NSHBC).

BACKGROUND: To investigate whether religious service attendance and faith leaders' messages about HIV and same-sex relationships are associated with acceptance of HIV prevention strategies. METHODS: Multivariable Poisson regression assessed whether attending religious services, faith leaders' messages about HIV and same-sex relationships, and supportiveness of those messages were associated with HIV testing, as well as knowledge of and willingness to use pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among 868 Black Americans [45% men; M (SD) = 34 (9) years-old] in the 2016 National Survey on HIV in the Black Community, USA. RESULTS: Participants who reported attending services monthly and/or hearing faith leaders' messages that were supportive of same-sex relationships had a significantly higher likelihood of willingness to use PrEP (adjusted Rate Ratio[ARR] = 1.76; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.09, 2.48) and aRR = 2.19; 95% CI = 1.35, 3.55, respectively), independent of HIV risk. Homophobia was significantly associated with higher likelihood of being aware of PrEP and testing for HIV testing in the past 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: Faith leaders' messaging can influence Black Americans' perceptions and uptake of HIV prevention strategies. Faith institutions and faith leaders should be involved in designing and disseminating HIV prevention strategies.

Psychosocial Obstacles to Smoking Cessation Attempts Among Young Adult Sexual Minority Women Who Smoke.

Sexual minority women (SMW; i.e., women who identify their sexuality as lesbian, bisexual, or something other than heterosexual) report greater smoking behaviors than their heterosexual counterparts across all ages. We conducted a multivariable regression to examine the correlates of prior smoking cessation attempts and smoking cessation intentions in a sample of young SMW who smoke (N = 338; aged 18-24 years). Covariates included sociodemographic characteristics (i.e., race/ethnicity, sexual identity, age, urbanity), general (i.e., perceived stress), and sexuality-specific (i.e., internalized homophobia) stressors, as well as smoking attitudes and subjective norms. Bisexual women (OR = 1.92, 95% CI: 1.11, 3.31) were more likely than lesbian counterparts to report a prior smoking cessation attempt. Prior cessation attempts were associated with less internalized homophobia (OR = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.27, 0.69) and positive attitudes toward smoking (OR = 2.17, 95% CI: 1.27, 3.70). Smoking cessation intentions in the next month were negatively associated with being a daily smoker (ß = -0.14) and attitudes toward smoking (ß = -0.19). Based on these findings, we underscore the need to address the risk correlates associated with SMW's quit attempts and include these in cessation interventions.

HIV Testing, Stigma, and Risk: A Comparison of Church Leaders and Their Congregants.

The involvement of African American churches in HIV testing and prevention is a viable community-based strategy in efforts to reduce rates of HIV among African Americans; however, church members' beliefs and attitudes are often barriers to successful implementation. This study aimed to compare church leaders and congregants regarding HIV testing behaviors, HIV-related stigma, HIV knowledge, and perceived risk. This comparative, cross-sectional study used self-reporting questionnaires across six churches in Baltimore, Maryland. Of the 173 participants (68 leaders, 105 congregants), leaders and congregants had equally high levels of HIV knowledge and equally low levels of HIV stigma, but leaders had higher homosexuality stigma than congregants t(169) = 1.773, p = .039. Congregants had higher perceived HIV risk t(170) = 3.814, p < .001, and were more likely to be tested annually for HIV than leaders, c2(1) = 8.940, p = .002. Given the higher rates of stigma, lower perceived risk and lower likelihood to be tested, interventions should focus on changing the beliefs and behaviors of church leadership to promote implementation of HIV efforts.

Minorias no contexto de trabalho: uma análise das representações socais de estudantes universitários / Minorities in the work context: an analysis of the social representations of university students

O trabalho objetiva identificar como estudantes universitários representam a participação de minorias sociais no contexto de trabalho. Dados oficiais revelam que alguns grupos sociais são discriminados, considerando as oportunidades de trabalho, os espaços que ocupam e os salários que recebem. Pesquisas apontam que boa parte desse problema pode ser analisado a partir das representações sociais que sustentam o preconceito contra esses grupos. O preconceito pode ser compreendido como uma forma de relação que se manifesta por atitudes negativas, por comportamentos hostis e discriminatórios dirigidos a membros de minorias sociais. Realizou-se uma pesquisa com 83 estudantes universitários, por meio da Técnica de Associação Livre de Palavras, com os termos indutores "mulher", "negro", "homossexual", "egresso do sistema prisional", "pessoa com deficiência" e "pessoa com transtorno mental", todos seguidos da expressão "no contexto de trabalho". Para análise, utilizou-se o Iramuteq, especificamente a análise prototípica, considerando separadamente cada minoria. Os resultados são apresentados tendo em vista os elementos do Núcleo Central (NC) e das Zonas Periféricas (ZP). No NC, o preconceito parece ser reconhecido de forma flagrante para negros, homossexuais, pessoas com transtornos mentais, egressos do sistema prisional. Em contrapartida, para mulheres e pessoas com deficiência, as representações sugerem um preconceito velado. Nas zonas periféricas observam-se mudanças graduais que ficam mais claras na zona de contraste, indicando a emergência de representações que reconhecem a discussão e a luta por igualdade de direitos para alguns grupos. Não obstante, para outros, as representações ainda expressam os obstáculos à inclusão social. (AU)

This paper aims to identify how university students represent minorities participation in the work context. Data reveals that some social groups are discriminated against, considering job opportunities, positions and the salaries received by them. Research indicates that much of the problem can be analyzed from the social representations that have sustained prejudice on minority groups. Prejudice can be understood as a form of relationship manifested by negative and derogatory attitudes and by hostile and discriminatory behavior. We had an 83 university students study, using the Free Words Association Technique, with the terms "woman", "black", "homosexual", "egress from the prison system", "person with disability" and "person with mental disorder", all followed by the expression "in the work context". To the analysis, we used Iramuteq, specifically, a prototypical analysis, considering separately each minority. The results are presented in elements of Central Core (CC) and Peripheral Zones (PZ). In the CC, prejudice seems to be blatantly recognized to black people, homosexuals, people with mental disorders, egresses from the prison system. By contrast, for women and people with disabilities, the representations suggested a subtle prejudice. In the periphery zones, there were gradual changes, clearer in the contrast zone, indicating an emergence of representations that recognize a discussion and a struggle for equal rights for some of the groups. Nevertheless, to other groups the representations still express the obstacles to social inclusion. (AU)

Predictors of HIV testing among men who have sex with men: a focus on men living outside major urban centres in Canada.

Men who have sex with men (MSM) represent almost half of new HIV infections in Canada each year. However, the vast majority of research on HIV testing among MSM has been conducted in major urban centres. The present study addressed this gap by investigating HIV testing behaviour and predictors of HIV testing among MSM living outside major urban centres, in the Interior of British Columbia. An anonymous online survey of 153 MSM assessed HIV testing behaviour and psychosocial factors that may impact HIV testing (internalized homophobia, disclosure to healthcare providers (HCPs) of same sex attraction, and gay community involvement). Almost one-quarter (24%) had never been tested and over one-third (35%) had not disclosed same sex attraction to HCPs. Internalized homophobia was associated with a lower likelihood of HIV testing, and this relationship was partially explained by the fact that those high in internalized homophobia were less likely to disclose same sex attraction to their HCPs. Neither formal nor informal involvement in the gay community was related to HIV testing, and both types of involvement were relatively low in our sample. Further research is needed to better understand the distinctive health issues facing MSM living outside major urban centres.

The Impact of Homophobia and HIV Stigma on HIV Testing Uptake Among Chinese Men Who Have Sex With Men: a Mediation Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Gay and HIV-related stigma and discrimination are major barriers to accessing HIV prevention services among Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM) worldwide. We aimed to identify modifiable factors that mediate the relationships between gay and HIV-related stigma and discrimination and HIV testing uptake among Chinese MSM. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional survey study of 523 HIV-uninfected or unknown HIV status MSM in Jiangsu Province, China between November 2013 and January 2014. Multivariable analyses were conducted to examine the associations among experienced homophobia, HIV stigma, and recent HIV testing. Causal mediation parametric analyses were conducted to assess whether depression and social norms mediated hypothesized associations. RESULTS: Stronger subjective norms toward testing was associated with higher odds of recent HIV testing (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 1.10, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01 to 1.21), whereas increasing levels of depression and HIV stigma were both associated with lower odds of recent testing (AOR: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.92 to 0.99; and AOR: 0.91, 95% CI: 0.84 to 0.99, respectively). There was an indirect relationship (natural indirect effect [NIE]) of experienced homophobia on recent testing (ORNIE: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.93 to 0.98) mediated (35.0%) through depression. Furthermore, there was an indirect relationship of HIV stigma on recent testing (ORNIE: 0.98, 95% CI: 0.95 to 0.99) mediated (19.2%) through subjective norms. CONCLUSIONS: Depression and social norms are important mediators of HIV testing uptake among stigmatized Chinese MSM. Therefore, in addition to advocacy efforts and policies that address social-level stigma and discrimination, HIV prevention programs should also address mental health issues and incorporate community-based approaches to changing social norms toward HIV testing.