Del "armamento antituberculoso" al Sanatorio para Tuberculosos de Huipulco en la Ciudad de México, 1920-1940 / The road from the "antituberculosis armory" to the Huipulco Tuberculosis Sanatorium in Mexico City, 1920-1940

Resumen Este artículo estudia las diferentes propuestas y estrategias para prevenir los contagios de la tuberculosis pulmonar implementadas en la Ciudad de México a partir de la década de 1920, al comenzar la primera campaña de largo aliento contra esa enfermedad, y analiza las limitaciones y problemas a los que ésta se enfrentó hasta 1940. Se destaca por qué la contención de los contagios de esa enfermedad ocupó un lugar prioritario después de diez años de guerra civil; se presta atención a los modelos y estrategias implementados y se examinan los problemas por lo que atravesó la construcción y el funcionamiento del Sanatorio para Tuberculosos de Huipulco, sustento clave de la lucha antituberculosa desde tiempo atrás a nivel internacional.

Abstract This article discusses the various proposals and strategies to prevent the transmission of pulmonary tuberculosis in the City of Mexico from the 1920s decade onwards, when it was launched the first long-term campaign against the disease, and analyses the limitations and challenges faced until 1940. It looks upon the motives that led the need to contain the transmission of the disease to occupy a dominant role after ten years of civil war; it focuses on the models and strategies implemented, and examines the challenges faced by the construction and operation of the Huipulco Tuberculosis Sanatorium, a key component of the fight against tuberculosis at the international level since long ago.

Italian prisoners with tuberculosis in the early nineteenth century: the experience in the Pianosa prison hospital.

In the late nineteenth century, with industrial growth and the resulting mass urbanisation, tuberculosis represented a plague mainly among the poor social classes. The outdated and crowded Italian prisons (formerly old monasteries) during the early 1900s were insufficient to "host" the multitude of inmates condemned or waiting for judgment. Italian prisoners were beset by hunger and poor hygiene facilities. Clothes did not differ between winter and summer. The Criminal Sanatorium of Pianosa was officially inaugurated in 1907, but from the 1860s it had been set up to host an agricultural penal colony. Here we report the excellent results obtained between 1907 and 1909 in the management of tuberculosis among prisoners in Pianosa, where surgery was also available. In those times, climate therapy with an enriched and varied nutrition was the only effective treatment for tuberculosis. Overall, of the 913 prisoners housed in Pianosa in that period and according to the acknowledged scientific criteria, the following results were achieved: complete cure in 182, improvement in 416, mild amelioration in 94, worsening in 80, no change in 20. The number of prisoners who died or were transferred to another prison is unknown. The case series of the prison hospital in Pianosa may be reconstructed thanks to data published by the Director Roberto Passini. The better outcome of the prisoners in Pianosa, in comparison with inmates of other Italian institutions, was due both to treatment standards (climate, nutritional, hygienic, and surgical) and to the proportionally longer period of stay in Pianosa for prisoners with already confirmed detention periods.

CHRONICLE OF THE "ANGLO-YUGOSLAV CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL" IN SREMSKA KAMENICA.

As a peacetime work of Katherine S. Macphail (Glasgow, 1887- St.Andrews, 1974) MB ChB (Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery), the Anglo-Serbian Children's Hospital in Belgrade was established after World War I, and the English-Yugoslav Children's Hospital for Treatment of Osteoarticular Tuberculosis was founded in Sremska Kamenica in 1934. Situated on the Fruska Gora slope, the hospital-sanatorium was a well-equipped medical institution with an operating theatre and x-ray machine providing very advanced therapy, comparable to those in Switzerland and England: aero and heliotherapy, good quality nourishment, etc. In addition, school lessons were organized as well as several types of handwork as the work-therapy. It was a privately owned hospital but almost all the children were treated free of cost. The age for admission was up to 14. During the period from 1934 to 1937, around 458 children underwent hospital treatment, most of them with successful results. During the war years the Sanatorium was closed but after the war it was reactivated. In 1948 by the act of final nationalization of all medical institutions in the communist Yugoslavia, the hospital was transformed into a ward of orthopedic surgery under the supervision of the referent departments in Belgrade and Novi Sad. Today, hospital is out of work and deprived of its humanitarian mission. The building is neglected and in ruins although it has been proclaimed the national treasure by the Regional Institute for Protection of Monuments of Culture.

Nursing care in Tuberculosis patients at a Spanish sanatorium, 1943-1975 / Cuidados de enfermagem em pacientes com tuberculose em um sanatório espanhol 1943-1975 / Cuidados enfermeros en portadores de Tuberculosis en un Sanatorio español, 1943-1975

OBJECTIVES: the objective in this study is to identify the profile of the nursing staff, the work conditions and to describe nursing care at a sanatorium located in Barcelona, Spain between 1943 and 1975. METHOD: historical study undertaken between 2008 and 2010, based on oral sources, five direct and one indirect testimonies, and the analysis of written documents. The data from the testimonies were collected through semistructured interviews. RESULTS: the nursing staff, mostly religious women, had scarce material and economic resources and no preventive measures to take care of the ill. The nurses undertook activities centered on the basic needs for physical and spiritual wellbeing. CONCLUSION: The study reveals how the nurses, despite working in hostile conditions, attempted to safeguard the wellbeing of the patients and accompany them during the death process. .

OBJETIVOS: o objetivo deste estudo foi identificar como era o perfil dos enfermeiros, quais eram as condições de trabalho e descrever os cuidados de enfermagem de um sanatório, localizado em Barcelona, Espanha, entre 1943 e 1975. MÉTODO: estudo histórico, realizado entre 2008 e 2010, a partir de fontes orais, cinco testemunhas diretas e uma indireta, e a análise de documentos escritos. Os dados dos testemunhos foram coletados através de entrevista semiestruturada. RESULTADOS: verifica-se que os enfermeiros, em sua maioria mulheres religiosas, dispunham de recursos materiais e financeiros escassos, e não contavam com medidas preventivas para o atendimento aos pacientes. As enfermeiras realizavam atividades voltadas para as necessidades básicas de bem-estar físico e espiritual. CONCLUSÃO: o estudo revela como as enfermeiras, apesar de trabalharem em condições hostis, procuravam salvaguardar o bem-estar dos pacientes e acompanhá-los durante o processo de morte. .

OBJETIVOS: el propósito de este estudio es identificar cómo era el perfil del personal de enfermería, cuáles eran las condiciones de trabajo y describir los cuidados enfermeros de un sanatorio ubicado en Barcelona, España, entre 1943-1975. MÉTODO: estudio histórico realizado entre 2008-2010, a partir de fuentes orales,cinco testimonios directos y uno indirecto, y el análisis de documentos escritos. Los datos de los testimonios fueron recolectados mediante entrevista semiestructurada. RESULTADOS: se constata que el personal de enfermería, en su mayoría mujeres religiosas, dispuso de escasos recursos materiales y económicos, y no contó con medidas preventivas para el cuidado de los enfermos. Las enfermeras realizaron actividades centradas en las necesidades básicas de bienestar físico y espiritual. CONCLUSIÓN: El estudio revela cómo las enfermeras, a pesar de trabajar en condiciones hostiles procuraron salvaguardar el bienestar de los enfermos y acompañarlos durante el proceso de muerte. .

The history of surgery for pulmonary tuberculosis.

Thoracic surgical procedures evolved from surgical management of tuberculosis; lung resections, muscle flaps, and thoracoscopy all began with efforts to control the disease. The discovery of antituberculosis drugs in 1944 to 1946 made sanatorium therapy and collapse therapy in all its forms obsolete and changed thoracic surgery dramatically. Currently, management of tuberculosis is primarily medical, and surgery has a minimal role. Today surgery is usually only performed in patients with tuberculosis when the diagnosis is necessary, who have complications or sequelae of the disease, or who have active disease resistant to therapy.

[Health promotion from the 20th to the 21th century. The Valais Ligue for fighting tuberculosis--a visionary model started in 1951]. / Promotion de la santé du XXe au XXIe siècle. La Ligue valaisanne pour la lutte contre la tuberculose, un modèle visionnaire en 1951 déjà.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, tuberculosis was really a plague. Many people had been mobilised to successfully fight against this infectious disease. Valais, a Swiss alpine canton developped then an original concept of health promotion by involving all the health partners including a specialised hospital under the auspices of the local Health Departement. Such a model named then Ligue pulmonaire contre la tuberculose, celebrates his 60th anniversary. Its present name is Valais Health Promotion, i.e., a proactive health network very unique in Switzerland. It assumes many tasks of public health in clinical as well as in preventive medicine. These two components strongly facilitate the insertion of this organisation into the reality of this population to fulfil many challenging tasks with efficacy.

Importancia del reposo en los sanatorios para tuberculosos / The importance of rest in sanatoria for tuberculous patients

Since ancient times the main indication for the treatment of pulmonary phthisis consisted in prescribing trips to better climates, horseback riding or walking outdoors. In the second half of the XIXth century, the concept of sanatoria for TB therapy was developed in Europe, in order to confine patients in premises where abundant food, exposition to puré air and graded exercises were provided. In those places, rest progressively acquired more importance, becoming a thoroughly established ritual. In the XXth century, the regulations for the recently founded Chilean sanatoriums incorporated European schedules. In the case of Hospital Sanatorio El Peral, the rules became progressively stricter until 1952, when permanent rest in bed was determined as the regime required. This rule could be explained by the policy of using this sanatorium for the treatment of more serious forms of the disease.

Desde la antigüedad, la indicación principal para el tratamiento de la tisis pulmonar consistía en prescribir viajes hacia climas más benignos, cabalgar o caminar al aire libre. En la segunda mitad del siglo XIX se desarrolló en Europa en concepto de sanatorios para la terapia de la tuberculosis (TBC), con el objeto de confinar a los pacientes en un establecimiento que les proporcionaba alimentación abundante, aire puro y ejercicios físicos graduales. En esos lugares adquirió progresivamente mayor importancia el reposo, que se convirtió en un ritual minuciosamente establecido. En el siglo XX los reglamentos de los sanatorios chilenos, recientemente fundados, incorporaron las disposiciones europeas. En el caso del Hospital Sanatorio El Peral, el reglamento se hizo progresivamente más estricto hasta determinar en 1952 que el régimen habitual era la permanencia de los pacientes en cama. Esta norma podría explicarse por la política de destinar dicho establecimiento al tratamiento de formas graves de la enfermedad.