Developmental cataract in congenital ichthyosis.

A teenage boy who was previously diagnosed to have congenital ichthyosis presented to the eye clinic with complaints of gradually decreasing vision in both eyes since childhood. The best-corrected distance visual acuity was 20/125 in the right eye and 20/40 in the left eye. Clinical examination revealed developmental cataracts in both eyes. He underwent cataract surgery in the right eye and visual acuity improved to 20/25. Hence, we conclude that congenital ichthyosis can be associated with developmental cataracts. Cataract surgery helps in restoring vision in those with visually significant cataracts.

Combined medical and surgical management for cicatricial ectropion in lamellar ichthyosis: A report of three cases.

Ichthyosis is a rare inherited skin disorder characterized by abnormal keratinization of the epidermis. Cicatricial ectropion is the most common ophthalmic feature of congenital ichthyosis. Progressive subepithelial cicatrization and abnormal cornification of eyelid skin cause progressive ectropion in both eyelids, leading to lagophthalmos and corneal exposure. Surgical correction of cicatricial ectropion in these cases is challenging with unsatisfactory results. Proper processing of the donor and recipient site with lubricants and topical retinoids before surgery makes grafting easier and its survival better. We present three cases of lamellar ichthyosis with cicatricial ectropion managed with combined preoperative topical therapy followed by surgery. All patients had extremely good surgical outcomes, with none of them requiring repeat surgery.

Sight-threatening Complication of Cicatricial Ectropion in a Patient with Lamellar Ichthyosis - Case Report.

We report a case of lamellar ichthyosis and sight-threatening complications of cicatricial ectropion in an adult male patient which was surgically managed with tectonic penetrating keratoplasty. We present a case of autosomal-recessive lamellar ichthyosis in a 47-year-old man who was referred to our outpatient eye clinic for treatment of primary keratouveitis of the right eye with keratolysis and exudation in the anterior chamber. A diagnosis of cicatricial ectropion with serious lagophthalmos was established on examination. The patient underwent tectonic penetrating keratoplasty, cataract extraction, and intra-ocular lens placement with no perioperative complications. The patient was subsequently treated with oral fluconazole 200 mg once daily for 12 days due to a positive fungal culture for Candida albicans and systemic oral acyclovir 250 mg 3 times per day for 12 days as prophylaxis for a labial herpetic infection. Post-operative complications included corneal rejection and nonhealing neurotropic epithelial defect of the graft. Long-term treatment with topical cyclosporine (Ikervis®) and dexamethasone led to resolution of the corneal rejection. Lubrication with artificial tears containing hyaluronic acid, perfluorohexyl octane (Evotears®), and vitamin A ointment led to symptomatic relief of dry eye disease. The patient was referred to a dermatologist and was started on systemic retinoid acitretin at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg per day. Ten months after surgery, the patient's visual acuity was 0.1 based on the Snellen chart and the corneal graft was stable. Infection in the cornea can rapidly progress to corneal melting in patients with severe cicatricial ectropion. A good patient outcome depends on the interdisciplinary approach to patient management by the ophthalmologist, dermatologist, and plastic surgeon.

Successful correction of ichthyosis-related ectropion by autografts.

Ectropion is a rather frequent complication of ichthyosis with negative functional and esthetic impact. Lid surgery can provide significant improvement. We report on a series of four ichthyosis patients with ongoing bilateral eye problems despite intense medical treatment (mean age 27.8 ± 14.1 years). All patients suffered from lagophthalmos. Two of the patients had only lower lid ectropion. In two of the patients' ectropion was forming on the upper lid in addition to the lower lid when closing the eye. In three of four patients, ectropion was repaired by skin grafts from the supraclavicular region. In a child with lower and upper lid ectropion prepuce was used for repair surgery. At the end of the follow-up period of about 23.0 ± 12.7 months, none of the patients revealed lagophthalmos or corneal exposure. No intraoperative or postoperative complications have been observed in our patients. Ichthyosis patients with ectropion resistant to medical treatment, benefit from surgical treatment with full layer autografts. In boys, prepuce can be successfully used as autograft.

Increased melanocytic nevi and lentigines in two patients with harlequin ichthyosis.

An increased number of melanocytic nevi and lentigines have been reported in patients with two types of autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI): lamellar ichthyosis and nonbullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma. These melanocytic lesions may have clinical and dermoscopic features of atypia, necessitating close surveillance. Here, we report two interesting cases of pediatric patients with harlequin ichthyosis (HI) who developed increased melanocytic nevi and lentigines. These cases are unique in that the patients presented at a younger age and one patient had a darker skin phototype than previously described in the literature.

A Tunisian family with a novel mutation in the gene CYP4F22 for lamellar ichthyosis and co-occurrence of hearing loss in a child due to mutation in the SLC26A4 gene.

BACKGROUND: Co-occurrence of two genetic diseases is challenging for accurate diagnosis and genetic counseling. The recent availability of whole exome sequencing (WES) has dramatically improved the molecular diagnosis of rare genetic diseases in particular in consanguineous populations. METHODS: We report here on a consanguineous family from Southern Tunisia including three members affected with congenital ichthyosis. The index case had a hearing loss (HL) and ichthyosis and was primarily suspected as suffering from keratitis-ichthyosis-deafness (KID) syndrome. WES was performed for the index case, and all members of the nuclear family were sequenced (Sanger method). RESULTS: The WES approach allowed the identification of two strong candidate variants in two different genes; a missense mutation c.1334T>G (p.Leu445Trp) in exon 11 of SLC26A4 gene, associated with isolated HL and a novel missense mutation c.728G>T (p.Arg243Leu) in exon 8 of CYP4F22 gene likely responsible for ichthyosis. These two mutations were predicted to be pathogenic by three pathogenicity prediction softwares (Scale-Invariant Feature Transform [SIFT], Polymorphism Phenotyping [PolyPhen], Mutation Taster) to underlie the HL and ichthyosis, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The present study raises awareness about the importance of familial history for accurate diagnosis of syndromic genetic diseases and differential diagnosis with co-occurrence of two distinct clinical entities. In addition, in countries with limited resources, WES sequencing for a single individual provides a cost effective tool for molecular diagnosis confirmation and genetic counseling.

Apremilast Use in a Case of Cicatricial Ectropion Secondary to Severe Lamellar Ichthyosis.

Ichthyosis is a cutaneous disorder characterized by excessive amounts of dry thickened skin surface scales. Ocular manifestations of ichthyosis include cicatricial ectropion, which may cause exposure keratoconjunctivitis and rarely corneal perforation. Topical emollients, anti-inflammatory ointments, and systemic retinoids have been used to control the disease process, while surgical correction with donor graft has been reserved for severe cases involving corneal exposure. The authors report a case of a Caucasian male with lamellar ichthyosis with severe bilateral upper and lower eyelid cicatricial ectropion and corneal ulceration requiring surgical correction. Treatment with apremilast, a novel phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor, for the treatment of a concomitant plaque psoriasis achieved good control of his skin diseases and minimized the recurrence of eyelid ectropion.

Generalized morphea in a child with harlequin ichthyosis: a rare association.

INTRODUCTION: Harlequin ichthyosis (HI) is a severe and rare hereditary congenital skin disorder characterized by excessive dryness, ectropion and eclabion. The association of ichthyosis with systemic sclerosis has been described in only three children. No patient with generalized morphea (GM) associated with harlequin ichthyosis was described. CASE REPORT: A 4-years and 6-months girl, diagnosed with harlequin ichthyosis based on diffuse cutaneous thickening, scaling, erythema, ectropion and eclabium since the first hours of birth was described. She was treated with acitretin (1.0mg/kg/day) and emollient cream. At 3 years and 9 months, she developed muscle contractures with pain on motion and limitation in elbows and knees, and diffuse sclerodermic plaques on the abdomen, back, suprapubic area and lower limbs. Skin biopsy showed rectified epidermis and mild hyperorthokeratosis, reticular dermis with perivascular and periadnexal infiltrates of lymphocytes and mononuclear cells, and reticular dermis and sweat gland sclerosis surrounded by a dense collagen tissue, compatible with scleroderma. The patient fulfilled the GM subtype criteria. Methotrexate and prednisone were introduced. At 4 years and 3 months, new scleroderma lesions occurred and azathioprine was associated with previous therapy, with no apparent changes after two months. DISCUSSION: A case of harlequin ichthyosis associated with a GM was reported. The treatment of these two conditions is a challenge and requires a multidisciplinary team.

Morfeia generalizada em uma criança com ictiose arlequim, uma associação rara / Generalized morphea in a child with harlequin ichthyosis: a rare association

Resumo Introdução Ictiose arlequim é uma doença cutânea congênita grave, autossômica e rara, caracterizada por ressecamento excessivo da pele e hiperqueratose. A associação de ictiose com esclerose sistêmica foi descrita em apenas três crianças. Ainda não foi descrito nenhum paciente com morfeia generalizada (MG) associada à ictiose arlequim. Relato de caso: Menina de quatro anos e seis meses de idade com diagnóstico de ictiose arlequim baseado em espessamento cutâneo difuso, com fissuras, descamação, eritema e sangramento da lesão desde as primeiras horas de vida. A paciente foi tratada com acitretina (1,0 mg/kg/dia) e creme emoliente. Aos três anos e nove meses, desenvolveu contraturas musculares com dor à movimentação e limitação nos cotovelos e joelhos e placas esclerodérmicas difusas no abdômen, nas costas, na região suprapúbica e nas extremidades inferiores. A biópsia de pele mostrou epiderme retificada e hiperqueratose leve, derme reticular com linfócitos, infiltrado mononuclear perivascular e perianexial e esclerose da derme reticular e glândula sudorípara rodeada por um tecido colágeno denso, compatível com esclerodermia. A paciente preencheu os critérios para o subtipo MG. Metotrexato e prednisona foram introduzidos. Aos quatro anos e três meses, apresentou novas lesões esclerodérmicas, associando-se azatioprina à terapêutica anterior, sem resposta após dois meses. Discussão: Um caso de ictiose arlequim associada à MG foi descrito. O tratamento dessas duas condições é um desafio e requer uma equipe multidisciplinar.

Abstract Introduction: Harlequin ichthyosis (HI) is a severe and rare hereditary congenital skin disorder characterized by excessive dryness, ectropion and eclabion. The association of ichthyosis with systemic sclerosis has been described in only three children. No patient with generalized morphea (GM) associated with harlequin ichthyosis was described. Case report: A 4-years and 6-months girl, diagnosed with harlequin ichthyosis based on diffuse cutaneous thickening, scaling, erythema, ectropion and eclabium since the first hours of birth was described. She was treated with acitretin (1.0 mg/kg/day) and emollient cream. At 3 years and 9 months, she developed muscle contractures with pain on motion and limitation in elbows and knees, and diffuse sclerodermic plaques on the abdomen, back, suprapubic area and lower limbs. Skin biopsy showed rectified epidermis and mild hyperorthokeratosis, reticular dermis with perivascular and periadnexal infiltrates of lymphocytes and mononuclear cells, and reticular dermis and sweat gland sclerosis surrounded by a dense collagen tissue, compatible with scleroderma. The patient fulfilled the GM subtype criteria. Methotrexate and prednisone were introduced. At 4 years and 3 months, new scleroderma lesions occurred and azathioprine was associated with previous therapy, with no apparent changes after two months. Discussion: A case of harlequin ichthyosis associated with a GM was reported. The treatment of these two conditions is a challenge and requires a multidisciplinary team.

Inverting Sutures With Systemic Retinoids and Lubrication Can Correct Ectropion in Ichthyosis.

The authors present 2 children, a girl aged 9 and a boy aged 15 years, both with lower eyelid ectropion due to congenital lamellar ichthyosis.They had the same treatment protocol, insertion of inverting sutures in addition to a systemic retinoid drug and a lubrication of the eyelids. The girl had 2 separate procedures of inverting sutures, while the eyelids of the boy were corrected with 1 procedure. Both tolerate their systemic retinoid treatment nicely. Five years later, the lower eyelids are in an excellent position without any further surgical intervention. The patients are comfortable. The conventional method to treat these conditions is skin grafts. The authors offer another treatment option in this very bothersome condition.

Homozygous ALOXE3 Nonsense Variant Identified in a Patient with Non-Bullous Congenital Ichthyosiform Erythroderma Complicated by Superimposed Bullous Majocchi's Granuloma: The Consequences of Skin Barrier Dysfunction.

Non-bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma (NBCIE) is a hereditary disorder of keratinization caused by pathogenic variants in genes encoding enzymes important to lipid processing and terminal keratinocyte differentiation. Impaired function of these enzymes can cause pathologic epidermal scaling, significantly reduced skin barrier function. In this study, we have performed a focused, genetic analysis of a probrand affected by NBCIE and extended this to his consanguineous parents. Targeted capture and next-generation sequencing was performed on NBCIE associated genes in the proband and his unaffected consanguineous parents. We identified a homozygous nonsense variant c.814C>T (p.Arg272*) in ALOXE3 (NM_001165960.1) in the proband and discovered that his parents are both heterozygous carriers of the variant. The clinical manifestations of the proband's skin were consistent with NBCIE, and detailed histopathological assessment revealed epidermal bulla formation and Majocchi's granuloma. Infection with Trichophyton rubrum was confirmed by culture. The patient responded to oral terbinafine antifungal treatment. Decreased skin barrier function, such as that caused by hereditary disorders of keratinization, can increase the risk of severe cutaneous fungal infections and the formation of Majocchi's granuloma and associated alopecia. Patients with NBCIE should be alerted to the possible predisposition for developing dermatophytoses and warrant close clinical follow-up.

Ictiosis congénita: manifestaciones oftalmológicas / Congenital ichthyosis: ophthalmological manifestations

Objetivos: Describir las manifestaciones oftalmológicas de la ictiosis congénita. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de 8 pacientes con ictiosis lamelar congénita atendidos en el servicio de oftalmología del Hospital de Pediatría Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan. Se analizaron: edad, sexo, posicionamiento de los párpados, la presencia de lagoftalmos, alteraciones de la superficie ocular y tratamientos tópicos y quirúrgicos instaurados para la patología ocular. Resultados: Se estudiaron 16 ojos de 8 pacientes, 7 de sexo masculino y 1 de sexo femenino. Cinco pacientes presentaron ictiosis lamelar clásica y 2 eritrodermia congénita ictiosiforme (EIC). La edad media de los pacientes fue de 30,6 meses (r= 15 días y 108 meses). Los hallazgos oftalmológicos observados fueron: queratitis y lagoftalmos en el 50% de los pacientes, ectropión en el 37,5% y absceso corneal en ambos ojos de 1 paciente. Todos los pacientes fueron tratados de primera instancia con lubricantes, 2 se trataron con eritromicina tópica ante la presencia de secreción y sólo 1 paciente requirió tratamiento con colirio fortificado y colocación de membrana amniótica. Conclusión: la ictiosis congénita produce alteraciones en los párpados y en la superficie corneal con alto riesgo de secuelas y pérdida visual. Los controles periódicos son indispensables para poder prevenir las lesiones y sus complicaciones (AU)

Aim: To describe the ophthalmological manifestations of congenital ichthyosis. Material and Methods: A retrospective study of eight patients with congenital lamellar ichthyosis was conducted at the Department of Ophthalmology of the Pediatric Hospital Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan. Age, sex, eyelid position, presence of lagophthalmos, ocular surface alterations, as well as topical and surgical eye treatment were analyzed. Results: 16 eyes of 8 patients, 7 male and 1 female, were studied. Five patients had classical lamellar ichthyosis and two had congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma (CIE). Mean age of the patients was 30.6 months (r, 15 days to 108 months). Ophthalmological findings were: keratitis and lagophthalmos in 50% of patients, ectropion in 37.5%, and corneal abscess in both eyes in one patient. All patients were initialy treated with artificial tears, two were treated with topical erythromycin because of secretion, and only one patient needed treatment with fortified eye drops and placement of amniotic membrane. Conclusion: Congenital ichthyosis causes disorders of the eyelids and corneal damage with a high risk of sequelae and vision loss. Periodic controls are necessary to prevent the lesions and their complications (AU)

[Non-cirrhotic ascites: pathophysiology, diagnosis and etiology]. / L'ascite non liée à la cirrhose : physiopathologie, diagnostic et étiologies.

Ascites, in 20% of cases, is not linked to liver cirrhosis. The pathophysiology is most often different. The understanding of these pathophysiological mechanisms can lead to etiologic diagnosis. The diagnostic approach is mainly based on the biological study of ascites, especially protein concentration and albumin gradient between serum and ascites. In Western countries, tumors and heart diseases are the predominant causes, while developing countries are mainly concerned by infectious diseases, among which tuberculosis is the leading cause. Other uncommon causes must be recognized, as ascites may be the presenting feature of the disease. Their knowledge will facilitate the therapeutic approach.

Lamellar ichthyosis presenting as bilateral spontaneous corneal perforation.

INTRODUCTION: Lamellar Ichthyosis is an autosomal recessive, inherited skin disorder characterized by thickening, fissuring and scaling of the skin. OBJECTIVE: To report a case of lamellar icthyosis and highlight the importance of monitoring corneal health in these patients. CASE: We report a rare case of bilateral spontaneous corneal perforation in a patient with lamellar ichthyosis .The patient presented with complaints of diminution of vision, foreign body sensation, watering and discharge in both of his eyes for the last three months followed by pain and redness for one week. Visual acuities were light perception in both the eyes. Cicatricial ectropion was seen in both the lower eyelids. Corneal perforation was seen in both the eyes. Lamellar ichthyosis was diagnosed on the basis of scaling and excessive dryness of the entire body skin and was confirmed by skin biopsy. Peneterating keratoplasty of both eyes was done with cataract surgery of the right. The systemic anti-ichthyosis therapy was started. Ectropion of the right eye was corrected, and on follow-up at three months, the patient had a visual acuity of 4 /60 and CFCF in the right and the left eye respectively. CONCLUSION: In patients with cicatricial ectropion and dry eye secondary to ichthyosis, corneal health should be closely monitored because of the perforation risk.

Lamellar ichthyosis with genu valgum: unfolding the link.

We describe a case of lamellar ichthyosis with bilateral genu valgum. The association of genu valgum with congenital ichthyosis is rare. Our patient, a 22-year-old girl, had lamellar ichthyosis and was born with a collodion membrane. She developed progressive valgus deformity of the knees of 5 years duration associated with difficulty in walking. On evaluation, she had generalised scaly skin lesions along with bilateral genu valgum and biochemical evidence of vitamin D deficiency. Skin serves as an important site for vitamin D synthesis and thus skeletal deformities secondary to vitamin D deficiency may occur in cases of congenital ichthyosis, causing a diagnostic dilemma due to the unusual association. This case serves as a reminder that clinicians need to be aware of such an association in order to prevent, appropriately diagnose and adequately treat the rare case of congenital ichthyosis with rickets and osteomalacia.

Ictiosis arlequín; reporte de un caso en Honduras y revisión de la literatura / Harlequin Ichthyosis: Case report from Honduras and review of literature

Introducción. Las genodermatosis ictiosiformes generalizadas forman un grupo clínico y etiológicamente heterogéneo de trastornos mendelianos de la cornificación caracterizados por hiperqueratosis y descamación de la piel. La ictiosis arlequín es la entidad más rara y severa de estas, que se presenta con un patrón hereditario autosómico recesivo. En la mayoría de los casos el pronóstico es fatal durante el primer año de vida. Presentación del caso. Recién nacido masculino pre término de 306/7 semanas gestacionales, primogénito de padres no consanguíneos, sin historia familiar de trastornos de la piel, con un cuadro clínico característico de ictiosis arlequín quien falleció a los cinco días de vida. No hubo tratamiento con retinoides y no se le realizó autopsia. Conclusión. Se presenta el primer caso publicado en Honduras de ictiosis arlequín con el objeto de profundizar en el conocimiento de esta patología y presentar algunas recomendaciones a la comunidad médica del país. La consejería genética a los padres es un factor importante a considerar en el abordaje de este problema...