Application of personalized templates in minimally invasive management of coronal dens invaginatus: a report of two cases.

BACKGROUND: Treating the coronal dens invaginatus (CDI) with pulp infection commonly involves the removal of invagination, which increases the risk of perforation and fracture, and compromises the tooth structure. Minimally invasive endodontic management of CDI is highly recommended. This report describes two cases of type II CDI with the application of personalized templates. CASE PRESENTATION: Two cases of type II CDI, affecting the main root canal in a maxillary canine and a lateral incisor, were diagnosed. A guided endodontics (GE) approach was applied. Cone-beam computed tomography and intraoral scans were imported and aligned in a virtual planning software to design debridement routes and templates. The MICRO principle (which involves the aspects of Mechanical (M) debridement, Irrigation (I), Access cavities (C), Rectilinear routes (R), and Obstruction (O)) was proposed for designing optimal debridement routes for future applications. The templates were innovatively personalized and designed to preserve the tooth structure maximally while effectively debriding the root canal. Root canal treatment with supplementary disinfection was then performed. The follow-up of the two patients revealed favorable clinical and radiographic outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The GE approach could be a feasible method for preserving healthy dental structure while effectively debriding the root canal, thereby achieving successful and minimally invasive endodontic treatment for CDI.

Interdisciplinary treatment to replace missing upper lateral incisors, 4.5 years follow up / Tratamiento interdisciplinario para reposición de incisivos laterales superiores faltantes, seguimiento de 4,5 años

Introduction: Multidisciplinary diagnosis and planning are essential to define the treatment option that will provide the best individual results for patients with congenitally missing upper lateral incisors. Objective: To determine the function and aesthetics after the therapeutic use of osseintegrated implants to replace congenitally missing upper lateral incisors in a young female at 4.5 years follow-up. Case report: The patient was a 13 years old female (at beginning of treatment) with congenitally missing upper lateral incisors condition. Five months after the orthodontic active treatment, the space for placing the implants was achieved. After 2 years of Orthodontic treatment and the evaluation of the craniomandibular growth term by hand radiography, two implants were placed with an expanded bone technique in the position of the upper lateral incisors. After 4 months, osseointegration was clinically confirmed and two screw retained temporary crowns were performed using temporary plastic abutments and acrylic teeth and recalled at 4.5 years to control. Conclusions: Our results showed predictable esthetics and functional results in a patient with congenitally missing upper lateral incisors. This was possible due to a multidisciplinary approach between the diagnosis and treatment performed (Orthodontics, Implantology and Prosthodontics(AU)

Introducción: El diagnóstico y la planificación multidisciplinarios son esenciales para definir la opción de tratamiento que proporcionará los mejores resultados individuales para los pacientes con incisivos laterales superiores que faltan congénitamente. Objetivo: Fue determinar la función y la estética después del uso terapéutico de implantes osteointegrados para reemplazar los incisivos laterales superiores ausentes congénitamente en una mujer joven a los 4,5 años de seguimiento. Presentación del caso: La paciente, mujer de 13 años (al inicio del tratamiento) con una condición congénita de incisivos laterales superiores ausentes. Cinco meses después del tratamiento activo de ortodoncia, se logró el espacio para la colocación de los implantes. Después de 2 años de tratamiento de Ortodoncia y la evaluación del término de crecimiento cráneo-mandibular corroborado mediante radiografía de mano, se colocaron dos implantes con técnica de hueso expandido en la posición de los incisivos laterales superiores. Después de 4 meses, se confirmó clínicamente la osteointegración y se realizaron dos coronas provisionales atornilladas utilizando pilares de plástico provisionales y dientes acrílicos y se controlaron a los 4,5 años de seguimiento. Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados mostraron resultados estéticos y funcionales predecibles en un paciente con incisivos laterales superiores ausentes congénitamente. Esto fue posible gracias a un abordaje multidisciplinar entre el diagnóstico y el tratamiento realizado (Ortodoncia, Implantología y Prostodoncia(AU)

Non-syndromic hypodontia of maxillary lateral incisors and its association with other dental anomalies.

BACKGROUND: Tooth agenesis (TA) is the developmental absence of one or more teeth and is the most common craniofacial disorder in humans. Maxillary lateral incisor agenesis (MLIA) is a specific subtype of TA and can have esthetic, functional, and psychosocial implications for patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of MLIA amongst patients with non-syndromic tooth agenesis, as well as its association with other dental anomalies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The dental records of 240 patients with non-syndromic congenitally missing teeth treated at the University of Alabama at Birmingham Department of Orthodontics were reviewed. Dolphin Imaging software was used to identify missing teeth, microdonts, peg laterals, impactions, and transpositions. Data were analyzed using chi-square or Fisher's exact test. All the tests were two-sided at the significance level of 0.05 (SAS 9.4). RESULTS: In the patient cohort, MLIA prevalence was 37.5% (second most common) and no gender or ethnic differences were identified. We also observed the bilaterally missing lateral incisors more frequently than the unilateral presentation (p = 0.0006). Additionally, 62.5% of patients with unilateral MLIA displayed a contralateral tooth that was a peg (p = 0.0001); however, no association was found with other microdonts. Furthermore, of the 90 patients missing at least one maxillary lateral incisor, 42.2% were missing another tooth type and 10% of MLIA patients also had an impacted tooth (mainly maxillary canines). However, these were not statistically significant. Finally, no transposed teeth were found in our patients. CONCLUSIONS: This study found that maxillary lateral incisors were the second most frequently missing teeth. When clinicians diagnose congenital absence of a maxillary lateral incisor, the patient should be evaluated for other missing teeth, peg lateral incisors, or potential impactions, especially maxillary canines.

Síndrome del incisivo central maxilar medio único en neonato / Solitary median maxillary central incisor syndrome in neonates / Síndrome do incisivo central maxilar médio solitário em neonatos

Introducción: el síndrome del incisivo central maxilar medio único (SMMCI) es un trastorno de etiología desconocida, con base genética heterogénea, que se caracteriza por la erupción de un único incisivo central en el maxilar y que se puede relacionar con multitud de patologías y síndromes, entre los que destacan las alteraciones de la línea media, obstrucción nasal congénita, disfunción hipofisaria, talla baja y holoprosencefalia. Caso clínico: neonato mujer con síndrome dismórfico no filiado y obstrucción nasal congénita, que es diagnosticada de SMMCI tras consultar en repetidas ocasiones por cuadros de dificultad respiratoria y problemas para alimentarse. Conclusiones: el conocimiento de este raro síndrome es fundamental para la realización de un diagnóstico precoz por parte del equipo pediátrico y obstétrico, ya que un diagnóstico temprano es posible, mejorando la evaluación prenatal ecográfica, así como el adecuado manejo posnatal multidisciplinar posterior de nuestros pacientes.

Introduction: the Solitary Median Maxillary Central Incisor Syndrome (SMMCI) is a disorder of unknown etiology, with a heterogeneous genetic basis, characterized by the eruption of a single central incisor in the maxilla and that can be linked to various pathologies and syndromes, among which the alterations of the midline, congenital nasal obstruction, pituitary dysfunction, short stature and holoprosencephaly stand out. Clinical case: female newborns with unknown dysmorphic syndrome and congenital nasal obstruction, diagnosed with SMMCI after repeated consultations due to respiratory distress and feeding problems. Conclusions: understanding this rare syndrome is essential for an early diagnosis to be carried out by the pediatric and obstetric team, since it will improve the ultrasound prenatal assessment, as well as the adequate subsequent multidisciplinary postnatal patient management procedures.

Introdução: a síndrome do incisivo central maxilar médio solitário (SICMMS) é uma desordem de etiologia desconhecida, com base genética heterogênea, caracterizada pela erupção de um único incisivo central na maxila e que pode estar relacionada a uma infinidade de patologias e síndromes. onde se destacam alterações da linha média, obstrução nasal congênita, disfunção hipofisária, baixa estatura e holoprosencefalia. Caso clínico: recém-nascida com síndrome dismórfica de origem desconhecida e obstrução nasal congênita, diagnosticada com SICMSS após várias consultas por desconforto respiratório e problemas de alimentação. Conclusões: o conhecimento desta rara síndrome é essencial para que a equipe pediátrica e obstétrica possa fazer um diagnóstico precoce, pois ele pode melhorar a avaliação ultrassonográfica pré-natal, bem como o adequado manejo pós-natal multidisciplinar pós-natal dos pacientes.

Mandibular talon cusp: a rare dental anomaly.

Talon cusp is a rare dental anomaly which consists of a supernumerary projection from the cingulum towards the incisal edge of the tooth. The cusp is made up of enamel and dentin but pulpal tissue may or may not be present. The occurrence of mandibular talon cusp is a rare entity with only 58 cases reported until now. This article reports a case of talon cusp on a mandibular central incisor along with a literature review of all mandibular talon cusp reported in history.

First cases of oligodontia as a manifestation of the Zika virus congenital syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to characterize the oral alterations in patients with the congenital syndrome caused by Zika virus infection (CZS). STUDY DESIGN: Ten children with CZS from the Association of Mothers of Microcephaly, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais State, Brazil were included. Data collection consisted of an interview with the parents, intraoral examination, and panoramic radiography. RESULTS: Oligodontia was found in 2 children. The first child, a 3-year-old boy, had 12 dental absences (2 primary maxillary lateral incisors, 2 primary mandibular lateral incisors, 2 primary maxillary canines, 1 primary mandibular canine, 1 primary maxillary first molar, 2 primary mandibular second molars, and 2 primary maxillary second molars), and the second child, a 5-year-old boy, showed 15 missing teeth (4 primary central incisors, 1 primary maxillary lateral incisor right, 2 primary mandibular lateral incisors, 2 primary maxillary canines, 1 primary mandibular canine, 1 primary mandibular first molar, and 4 primary second molars). CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first report of oligodontia in Brazilian patients with CZS. Further studies with CZS patients are needed to better understand the occurrence and the association between Zika virus and oligodontia.

Does primary trauma lead to developmental defects in permanent teeth?

Introduction A systematic review of existing evidence to determine if trauma in the primary dentition causes alteration in the development of the underlying permanent dentition.Data sources Six electronic databases (PubMed, Medline, MEDES, Scopus, Lilacs and Embase) were used to search a range of dental terms relating to dental trauma to locate studies between 1972-2020.Study selection Study selection was carried out by two authors by reviewing title, abstract and then full articles. A third author was consulted if consensus for inclusion was needed. Eligibility criteria included all scientific articles concerning sequalae to the human permanent dentition following trauma to the primary dentition. Only English, German and Spanish languages were included. For evaluation, the studies must have satisfied the following: a) minimum sample of 50 children to be representative; b) radiographic examination; and c) appropriate follow-up period up to permanent successor eruption.From 537 studies, 18 studies were identified for consideration in the review, comprising of 13 cross-sectional studies, two cohort studies and three case control studies.Data extraction and synthesis The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to extract data and determine study quality. Only studies determined as high quality were included in the review. Four cross-sectional studies and three case control studies, totalling seven studies, were used. Data from these high-quality studies was summarised into table format.Results Large variation in study sample size existed from 138-753 traumatised teeth and 78-879 children. Both sexes were included in all studies and the children were aged between 0-17 years.Some studies found there was no difference in rate of trauma between girls and boys, while others found there was a higher incidence of trauma in boys than girls. The most frequently traumatised teeth were the upper primary central incisors. Whilst most studies covered all types of primary trauma, two only studied intrusion and one specified the type of primary trauma as luxation or fracture injuries.Whilst some of the studies concluded a higher frequency of defects to permanent teeth following primary intrusion trauma aged four and under, others showed no significant differences between the age of intrusion and the effect to the successor incisor.Enamel defects of the permanent teeth were the most common sequalae with a wide prevalence reported between 4.5-68.8%. Enamel defects were classified as hypoplasia and hypocalcification. Ectopic or altered eruption, crown or root dilacerations and odontoma development were observed less often, with the latter very rarely.Conclusions Primary tooth intrusion trauma causes the highest proportion of sequalae presenting as enamel defects. Younger patients experiencing primary trauma are more likely to obtain damage to the succeeding dentition. The existing quality of evidence is limited due to the observational nature of the studies available.

Three-dimensional digital evaluation of tooth symmetry and volume in patients with missing and peg-shaped maxillary lateral incisors.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to evaluate the 3-dimensional tooth crown symmetry and the crown volumes of maxillary and mandibular teeth in patients with unilateral or bilateral missing or peg-shaped maxillary lateral incisors. METHODS: Six groups were established for the possible clinical variations in patients with unilateral missing or peg-shaped maxillary lateral incisors, bilateral presence of these tooth anomalies, and a control group (CG) with normal lateral incisors. The study was conducted on digital dental models of 132 patients. The morphologic symmetry of the antimere teeth was investigated using 3-dimensional deviation analysis. Volumes of contralateral teeth were compared within and among groups for the maxilla and mandible. Furthermore, volumes of teeth were compared in missing and peg-shaped quadrants and quadrants of CG. Intergroup differences were tested using one-way analysis of variance and Kruskal-Wallis tests, whereas paired t and Wilcoxon tests were used for parametric and nonparametric variables, respectively, for intragroup comparisons. RESULTS: Significant deviations in symmetry of antimere teeth were not detected (P >0.05). The volumes of mandibular central and lateral incisors in missing or peg-shaped lateral incisor groups were smaller than in the CG (P <0.05). Per quadrant analysis, volumes of the maxillary central incisor and mandibular central incisors, canines, and first molars in quadrants with missing or peg-shaped lateral incisors were smaller than in the control quadrants (P <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Neither unilateral nor bilateral presence of missing or peg-shaped maxillary lateral incisors affected the morphologic symmetry of antimere teeth but did affect tooth volume, especially in the mandibular arch.

Guidance for Permanent First Molar Extraction in Molar-Incisor Malformation: Report of Two Cases.

Molar-incisor malformation (MIM) is a newly described dental developmental anomaly that predominantly affects primary second molars, permanent first molars, and, in some cases, permanent central incisors. Diagnosis is usually made upon radiographic examination. The molars usually present with significant cervical constriction, flattened pulp chambers, and absent or thin, short, and narrow roots, whereas the incisors usually exhibit coronal dilaceration. Loss of these compromised teeth in the long term may be inevitable. Thus, clinicians should be aware of this condition and the factors to consider to advise their patients as early as possible. The purpose of this paper is to present two cases of MIM and discuss the factors clinicians should take into consideration to make a care plan in these cases.

Esthetic management of space and soft tissue deficiencies in implant therapy: combined orthodontic-mucogingival approach.

The esthetic success of a case requiring implant therapy mainly depends on both the correct planning and the surgical-prosthetic execution. However, planning and surgical implementation according to prosthetically guided criteria are not always possible due to contingent anatomical limitations. When this is further complicated by the presence of mucogingival deficiencies in a highly visible esthetic area, the management of the case can become very complex. The present case report describes the presurgical and surgical management of a case of maxillary lateral incisor agenesis in the absence of sufficient vertical space. Through orthodontic therapy, the opening of the deep overbite and the alignment of the maxillary and mandibular arches were obtained, allowing for an implant positioning without compromises dictated by anatomical limitations. Finally, through mucogingival surgery and careful management of the provisional prosthetic phase, an optimal esthetic profile was achieved.

Increased Expression of RUNX2 and ALP Resulting from a Combination of Propolis Extract and Bovine Bone Graft in Socket Preservation Material

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the inductive effect of a combination of propolis and BBG extract on RUNX2 and ALP expression in the tooth extraction sockets of Cavia cobaya. Fifty- six Cavia cobaya were divided into four groups: polyethylene glycol (PEG), propolis extract + PEG, BBG + PEG, and propolis extract + BBG + PEG. The lower left incisor was extracted, and the socket subsequently filled with material according to the specific group of which the subject was a member. The subjects were sacrificed on the 14th and 30th days. Immunohistochemical staining was carried out under a light microscope at 400x magnification. Statistical analysis was then carried out by means of One-Way ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests. The mean number of RUNX2 and ALP expressions in each group was significantly different. The highest number of RUNX2 and ALP expressions occurred in the propolis + BBG + PEG group on the 30th day, while the lowest expressions were observed in the control group on the 14th day. A combination of propolis and BBG extract at a concentration of 2% of active substance effectively increases the expression of RUNX2 and ALP in preserving the tooth extraction sockets of Cavia cobaya.

Rare case of skeletal third class in a subject suffering from Solitary Median Maxillary Central Incisor syndrome (SMMCI) associated to panhypopituitarism.

BACKGROUND: The median solitary maxillary central incisor syndrome (SMMCI) is a rare malformative syndrome consisting of multiple defects, mainly found on the body midline. It can be correlated to the etiopathological and phenotypic pattern of panhypopituitarism. This case-report describes the rare case of a patient suffering from SMMCI and panhypopituitarism, showing an unusual craniofacial morphology. CASE PRESENTATION: From the cephalometric analysis, a skeletal class III was identified (despite the other cases described in literature described as skeletal class II), derived from hypomaxillia and mandibular protrusion. A convex lip profile, with tendency to mandibular hyper-divergency, airway patency, anterior and posterior cross-bite were observed. At the clinical examination, a maxillary cant was evident on the frontal plane that appeared asymmetric, with the prevalence of the third lower part of the face. There were some dysmorphic signs such as: small nose, rectilinear eyelid line and reduced interocular distance. CONCLUSIONS: The present clinical case shows how, despite the literature, SMMCI can be associated with a III skeletal class, with maxillary hypoplasia and mandibular protrusion. The interdisciplinary collaboration between dentist and pediatrician is therefore important for the early interception of the malocclusions associated with these syndromes.

Prevalence of Short Root Anomaly in a Group of Puerto Ricans.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of short root anomaly (SRA) in a group of Puerto Ricans at the Advanced Education Program in Orthodontics of the University of Puerto Rico. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with digital panoramic x-rays of 203 patients (112 females and 91 males; mean age: 17 years) in Puerto Rico. Utilizing the modified Lind's method, 406 maxillary right and left central incisors (1) were measured and evaluated for SRA. Root and crown length and R/C ratio were compared by sex and side. Linear regression was used to evaluate the associations between the R/C ratio and age, sex, and side (right/left). All the statistical analyses were evaluated using significance level of .05 (2). RESULTS: The prevalence of SRA was 0.49%. The average root and crown lengths for the maxillary right and left central incisors were 19.47 and 10.28 mm, respectively. Sex was associated with root and crown length, not with the R/C ratio. No differences were observed in the R/C ratio by the side. There were no significant associations between age, sex, and side and R/C ratio in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of SRA in our population is lower than any reported in the literature. The R/C ratio in our Hispanic population was the highest compared with those of other ethnicities. Neither the sex nor the side of the incisor was associated with the R/C ratio. These findings are contrary to those of prior reports stating that males have higher R/C ratios than females.

Solitary median maxillary central incisor with congenital strabismus and autoimmune thyroiditis in a young child.

Single median maxillary central incisor (SMMCI) syndrome is rare. It is commonly associated with other midline defects. About 50% of children with SMMCI have short stature, associated with isolated growth hormone deficiency or panhypopituitarism.A 6-year-old girl presented to us with worsening convergent squint, slowing linear growth and a suspected pituitary macroadenoma on neuroimaging. The key findings on examination included a disproportionate short stature, SMMCI, congenital abduction defect and pseudohypertrophy of calf muscles with myopathy. The evaluation showed autoimmune thyroiditis with pituitary hyperplasia. Bone age corresponded to 3 years.Three months after initiation of thyroxine, her myopathy resolved, and the hormone profile and neuroimaging were normal. Autoimmune thyroiditis in association with SMMCI is not reported previously. This case study emphasises the importance of growth monitoring and the exclusion of common treatable conditions.

Molar-incisor malformation: a narrative review

Introduction: "Molar-incisor malformation" (MIM) or "Molar root-incisor malformation" is a recently reported dental anomaly of unknown etiology, possibly associated with systemic complications, which affects the development of first permanent molar roots and dental enamel of central incisors. Objective: To conduct a literature review on "Molarincisor malformation", also known as "Molar root-incisor malformation", discussing its clinical, radiographic/tomographic and microscopic aspects; differential diagnosis and treatment possibilities. Sources of data: Electronic search was performed on the MEDLINE database in March 2021, without limit regarding the year of publication. The terms used were "molar-incisor malformation", "molar-root incisor malformation", "root malformation", "root development", "tooth roots", "abnormalities". Synthesis of data: Fifteen articles, most of them case series, were included. In general, medical historyrevealed clinical complications during pregnancy and / or the first years of life. Clinical features included tooth enamel defects in the cervical region of incisors and marked mobility of permanent molars and incisors. Radiographically, partially obliterated pulp chambers, short, thin and incomplete roots of first permanent molars and incisors, were observed. Microscopically, the occurrence of a hypercalcified dentin layer, in the form of a lens, inside the pulp chamber, at the level of the cementum-enamel junction, called"mineralized cervical diaphragm", was reported. Conclusion: "Molar-incisor malformation" is an anomaly characterized by changes in root development, pulp chamber and enamel in permanent molars and incisors. The differential diagnosis includes Dentin Dysplasia type I and Regional Odontodysplasia. Medical and familyhistories are essential for the final diagnosis, and treatment, which despite not having an established protocol, requires a multidisciplinary approach and conventional treatments such as tooth extraction, endodontics, orthodontics, and dental implants.

Introdução: "Malformação molar-incisivo" (MIM) ou "Malformação radicular molarincisivo" é uma anomalia dental recém-reportada de etiologia desconhecida, possivelmente associada a complicações sistêmicas, que afeta o desenvolvimento de raízes dos primeiros molares permanentes e esmalte dentário de incisivos centrais. Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão da literatura sobre "Malformação molar incisivo", também conhecida como "Malformação raiz-molar incisivo", discutindo seus aspectos clínicos, radiográficos/tomográficos, diagnóstico diferencial e possibilidades de tratamento. Fonte dos dados: Busca eletrônica foi realizada na base MEDLINE, em março de 2021, sem limite quanto ao ano de publicação. Os termos pesquisados foram "molarincisor malformation", "molar-root incisor malformation", "root malformation", "root development", "tooth roots", "abnormalities". Síntese dos dados: Quinze artigos, na maioria série de casos, foram incluídos. Em geral, a história médica revelou complicações clínicas durante a gestação e/ou primeiros anos de vida. As características clínicas incluíram defeitos de esmalte dentário na região cervical de incisivos e mobilidadeacentuada de molares e incisivos permanentes. Radiograficamente, observou-se a presença de câmaras pulpares parcialmente obliteradas, raízes de molares e incisivos permanentes curtas, finas e incompletas. Microscopicamente, reportou-se a ocorrência de camada de dentina hipercalcificada, em forma de lente, no interior da câmara pulpar, ao nível da junção cemento-esmalte, denominada de "diafragma cervical mineralizado". Conclusão: A "Malformação molar-incisivo" é uma anomalia caracterizada por alterações do desenvolvimento radicular, da câmara pulpar e do esmalte em molares e incisivos permanentes. O diagnóstico diferencial inclui Displasia dentinária tipo I e Odontodisplasia regional. Históricos médico e familiar são essenciais para o diagnóstico final, e o tratamento, o qual apesar de não ter protocolo estabelecido requer abordagem multidisciplinar e tratamentos convencionais como exodontia, endodontia, ortodontia e implantes dentários.

"Tratamiento multidisciplinar de una transposición canina: A propósito de un caso" / Multidisciplinary treatment of a canine transposition: A case report

RESUMEN: La situación de gran competitividad profesional que estamos experimentando actualmente exige la necesidad de una demanda formativa cada vez mayor, que deriva en la "superespecialización" de los odontólogos/ estomatólogos. Por ello, la asociación entre diversos "especialistas" cada vez es más común con el fin de proporcionar al paciente un tratamiento global y de calidad dirigido a satisfacer sus necesidades asistenciales. El objetivo del presente artículo es presentar el tratamiento multidisciplinar, de un paciente con una transposición del canino definitivo con el incisivo lateral derecho temporal, y su rehabilitación con un implante osteointegrado.

ABSTRACT: Dentistry nowadays is a very competitive field; that is why the amount of professionals that look for an academic training on specific topics is increasing. The importance of permanent communication with other professionals during the planning stage is the key for a successful treatment. The objective of this clinical case is to present a multidisciplinary work, focused on dental rehabilitation of a patient with an agenesis of the permanent right incisor in the maxillary bone and its treatment.

A maxillary center incisor with three independent roots and three root canals: A case report.

RATIONALE: Three root canals (mesiobuccal, distobuccal and palatal) are rarely found (frequency <1%) in the maxillary central incisor even though root canal morphology in maxillary premolars is highly variable. Therefore, research papers showed that dentists can easily miss the root canals in diagnosis and inflammatory diffusion; which could cause unsuccessful root canal treatment leading to various possible infections and no change in original inflammations. In this report, the diagnose and clinical management of an unusual case of a maxillary center incisor with three independent roots and three root canals is presented, along with a demonstration of using CBCT (Cone Beam Computed Tomography) and collaborate with other departments to successfully accomplish an accurate diagnosis of the morphology and quantity of the root canal system. PATIENT CONCERNS: The patient was referred to clinic for his repeatedly abscessed in the gums of the left upper central incisor. DIAGNOSES: Based on clinical and radiographic evidences, the patient was tentatively diagnosed with a chronic periapical periodontitis for #21 tooth. INTERVENTIONS: The patient was performed with the conventional root canal treatment and then clinical observed. OUTCOMES: At the second visit after 7 days, the patient was not sensitive to percussion. After operation for 3 months, and found that the sinus opening had not healed. Then, the patient was undergone with the periodontal flap surgery to remove root infection for 2 weeks. LESSONS: From this clinical case, the lesson learned is that the previous clinical experiences cannot be used to make judgments or decisions; it requires specific analysis from the information gathered through CBCT(Cone Beam Computed Tomography)and the cooperation between different departments to come up with a responsible decision. In any stomatological hospitals, due to the large number of departments and the strong specialized focuses for each department; it is very important to encourage and support the cooperation between the departments, to limit any judgment bias due to lack of knowledge and maximize each department's strengths.

Diagnóstico precoz de la estrechez del maxilar superior en la dentición mixta / Early diagnosis of the maxillary´s narrowness in the mixed dentition

Las compresiones del maxilar superior son alteraciones transversales por discrepancia óseo-dentaria. .En la dentición mixta temprana puede establecerse la estrechez mediante índices que relacionan el tamaño dental con el ancho transversal del arco dentario. Se analizaron 33 modelos superiores de niños en el tercer período de desarrollo clínico según Barnett. Se estableció la estrechez realizando el análisis métrico del arco dental mediante el índice de Pont. Se describió la anomalía de posición anterior según las siguientes variables: A) Apiñamiento dentario: 1-Escalón de los dientes anterosuperiores; 2-Rotación mesial de los cuatro incisivos; 3-Rotación mesial de los incisivos centrales y rotación distal de los incisivos laterales y 4-Rotación distal de los incisivos centrales. B) Ausencia de apiñamiento: 1-Reabsorción atípica y 2- Ausencia de reabsorción atípica. Las anomalías de posición y/o reabsorciones atípicas anteriores en este período de desarrollo clínico se asocian a estrechez transversal del maxilar superior Siendo la malposición más frecuente la rotación mesial de los cuatro incisivos, siguiendo las reabsorciones atípicas y el escalón de los dientes anterosuperiores, luego la rotación mesial de los incisivos centrales y distal de los laterales y por último la rotación distal de los incisivos centrales (AU)

Inside the traverse alteration of the maxillary the compressions are described as uni or bilateral where an imbalance is settled down between the dental size and the size of the maxillary causing alterations in the position of the teeth. In the early mixed teething the narrowness of the maxillary can be settled by means of indexes that relate the dental size with the traverse width of the dental arch. Thirty models of the maxillary of children according to Barnett's third development period were analyzed. The metrical analysis of the dental arch form was carried out through Pont's index. The theoretic values were compared with the real ones establishing the deviations of the norm that is to say the narrow nest. Out of the 30 cases analyzed, 40% presented mesial rotation of the 4 incisors; 27% showed a stop of the front teeth; 27% atypical reabsorption; 20% mesial rotation of the central incisors and distal rotation of the lateral incisors and the 10% presented a distal rotation of the central incisors. With regard to the front atypical discrepancy 36.66% of the cases had a discrepancy above 6 mm and the 23.33% below 3 mm (AU)

Mirror image: an unusual case of prolonged tooth retention in twins

Introduction: Studies of twins are important because environmental and genetic factors seem to be related to the phenotypic alterations. Objective: This paper presents a unique case of monozygotic twins with mirror image of a retained primary central incisor. Case report: Twin male brothers, 9-years-old, presented prolonged retention of the primary central upper incisor. The over-retained teeth in one twin were a mirror image of those in the other twin. The first twin presented a prolonged retention of the tooth 51 whereas the other twin presented a prolonged retention of tooth 61. After radiographic exams the over-retained teeth were extracted. Conclusion: Twins may show similarity in pattern of dental anomalies supporting the influence of genetic factors. In identical twins the location of diagnosed anomalies can be mirror imaged. This fact should lead the professional to examine the pair of twins in order to diagnose any dental anomaly that may be present.

Introdução: Estudos feitos em gêmeos são importantes porque fatores ambientais e genéticos parecem estar relacionados às alterações fenotípicas. Objetivo: Este artigo apresenta um caso raro de gêmeos monozigóticos apresentando imagem em espelho de retenção prolongada de incisivos centrais decíduos superiores homólogos. Relato do caso: Os irmãos gêmeos, com 9 anos de idade, não apresentavam história de trauma orofacial ou doença comum da infância. Após exames clínicos e radiográficos foram identificados a retenção do dente 51 no gêmeo 1 e do dente 61 no gêmeo 2. Em ambos os pacientes, os dentes 11 e o 21 estavam em erupção. O tratamento proposto foi a exodontia dos dentes decíduos com anestesia local e acompanhamento. Conclusão: Gêmeos podem apresentar semelhança no padrão de anomalias dentárias devido à influência de fatores genéticos. Adicionalmente, em gêmeos monozigóticos, a localização das anomalias diagnosticadas pode se apresentar invertidas ou imagem em espelho. Esse fato deve estimular o profissional a examinar o par de gêmeos para diagnosticar qualquer anomalia dentária que possa estar presente. O diagnóstico precoce e tratamento adequados devem ser realizados para evitar danos funcionais e estéticos em pacientes com retenções dentárias.