Statistical analysis of shrinkage levels of human brain slices preserved by sheet plastination technique with polyester resin / Análisis estadístico de los niveles de retracción de cortes de cerebro humano conservados mediante la técnica de plastinación de cortes con resina poliéster

Plastination is currently the most important anatomical preservation technique due to the possibility of preserving bodies and organs for an indefinite period, in a dry and biosecure form, while preserving the morphological characteristics of the tissues. However, the shrinkage of the samples is also part of the plastination, perhaps becoming one of its few disadvantages. This paper presents the shrinkage caused by the classic technique of sheet plastination with polyester resin (Biodur® P40) in human brain slices, with the aim of statistically establishing the percentages of tissue shrinkage caused by this plastination protocol.

La plastinación es actualmente la técnica de preservación anatómica más importante debido a la posibilidad de preservar los cuerpos y órganos por un período indefinido, en forma seca y biosegura, al tiempo que preserva las características morfológicas de los tejidos. Sin embargo, la retracción de las muestras también es parte de la plastinación, quizás convirtiéndose en una de sus pocas desventajas. Este artículo presenta la retracción causada por la técnica clásica de plastinación de cortes con resina poliéster (Biodur® P40) en cortes de cerebro humano, con el objetivo de establecer estadísticamente los porcentajes de retracción de tejidos causados por este protocolo de plastinación.

Deplastination: Preservation of Histological Structures and its Anticipated Role in the Field of Histopathology.

Deplastination is the process of reversing plastination such that a plastinated specimen can be reverted to its raw nature. This would enable its use in the field of histopathology. The present study aims to ascertain if deplastinates can be used for histopathological studies after a time period. Tissue samples were taken from patients undergoing maxillofacial surgeries for oral carcinomas after obtaining written informed consent. The 12 specimens obtained were divided into two groups. One set of tissues was processed for paraffin embedding after 10% formalin fixation. The other set was plastinated by S10 silicon plastination. After 3 months, the plastinates were deplastinated using sodium methoxide and processed for routine hematoxylin and eosin staining, similar to the formalin fixed specimens. The slides were quantitatively assessed on parameters like tissue architecture, staining property, and intracellular structure. In addition, the slides were qualitatively evaluated by a pathologist who was blinded to the mode of preservation to see if identification of pathological features was possible on a deplastinated slide. The formalin preserved specimens and deplastinated tissue slides compared closely in all three parameters tested with the need to identify the endpoint of deplastination. Qualitatively, deplastination did not hamper identification of tissue pathology. Deplastination increases the scope of a stored plastinate by allowing histological studies in the future without the need for any preservatives or special storage equipment. It preserves structure and maintains tissue pathology. An improved method of ensuring the endpoint of deplastination needs to be identified. Clin. Anat. 32:108-112, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Conceptos fundamentales del protocolo modificado de plastinación a temperatura ambiente con silicona, con posterior pigmentación, y su aplicación para la conservación de placenta humana / Fundamental concepts of the modified room temperature plastination protocol with silicone, with subsequent pigmentation, and its application for the conservation of human placenta

RESUMEN: El auge experimentado en los últimos años en la aplicación de las técnicas anatómicas para la conservación de muestras anatómicas está directamente relacionado con la necesidad de preservación de los escasos especímenes con que cuentan las instituciones universitarias en relación a aumentar el tiempo de utilización del mismo. En este sentido, la plastinación es la técnica anatómica que más se destaca y que permite preservar por tiempo indeterminado, sin toxicidad, las preparaciones anatómicas. Presentamos el protocolo modificado de plastinación a temperatura ambiente con silicona, desarrollado en el Laboratorio de Plastinación y Técnicas Anatómicas de la Universidad de La Frontera, con el objetivo de aplicarla a la conservación de una placenta humana, la cual posteriormente fue pigmentada para otorgarle un aspecto más cercano a lo real.

SUMMARY: The surge experienced in recent years in the application of anatomical techniques for the conservation of anatomical samples is directly related to the need to preserve the few specimens that university institutions have in relation to increase the time of use of the same. In this sense, the plastination is the anatomical technique that stands out and that allows to preserve indefinitely, without toxicity, the anatomical preparations. We present the modified plastination protocol at room temperature with silicone, developed in the Laboratory of Plastination and Anatomical Techniques of the University of La Frontera, with the aim of applying it to the conservation of a human placenta, which was subsequently pigmented to give it an appearance closer to the real.

Sectional evaluation of anatomic structures in cat (Felis catus) thoracic cavity by computed tomography imaging and silicone plastination methods / Evaluación seccional de estructuras anatómicas de la cavidad torácica en gato (Felis catus) con imágenes de tomografía computada y métodos de plastinación de silicona

It was aimed to determine the anatomical structures in thoracic cavity by computed tomography imaging (CT) and compare the cross sectional images in the same specimens which were plastinated after CT imaging. It was also aimed to obtain 3 dimensional (3D) reconstructions of thoracic anatomical structures. Thoracic organs of 3 adult cats were CT imaged and then plastinated in this study. Specimens were plastinated in the same body position in the CT imaging process. CT images and corresponding plastinated cross sections were compared to each other. Anatomical structures of the thoracic cavity in plastinates were in accordance with CT images. Beside the bony structures, other organs such as esophagus, trachea, heart with related vessels, lungs and thoracic muscles were well defined in CT images and plastinates. Moreover, 3D reconstructed images of anatomical structures of thoracic cavity were acquired well. This study is thought to be beneficial for veterinary surgery and radiology fields as well as veterinary anatomy educations.

El objetivo de este trabajo consistió en determinar las estructuras anatómicas en la cavidad torácica mediante tomografía computarizada (TC) y comparar las imágenes transversales en las mismas muestras, que fueron plastinadas después de la TC. También se pretendía obtener reconstrucciones tridimensionales (3D) de estructuras anatómicas torácicas. Se tomaron imágenes de los órganos torácicos de 3 gatos adultos por TC y luego se plastinaron en este estudio. Las muestras se plastinaron en la misma posición corporal en el proceso de obtención de imágenes TC. Las imágenes de TC y las secciones transversales plastinadas correspondientes se compararon entre sí. Las estructuras anatómicas de la cavidad torácica en los preparados plastinados estaban de acuerdo con las imágenes de CT. Además de las estructuras óseas, otros órganos como el esófago, la tráquea, el corazón con vasos relacionados, los pulmones y los músculos torácicos estaban bien definidos en las imágenes de TC y los plastinados. Por otra parte, se captaron bien las imágenes reconstruidas en 3D de las estructuras anatómicas de la cavidad torácica. Pensamos que este estudio es beneficioso para la cirugía veterinaria y los campos de radiología, así como también para la educación de anatomía veterinaria.

Epoxy sheet plastination on a rabbit head - new faster protocol with Biodur® E12/E1 / Plastinación de cortes con resina epoxi en una cabeza de conejo - nuevo protocolo rápido con Biodur® E12/E1

SUMMARY: Plastination is an anatomical technique of cadaveric preservation that allows the preservation of anatomical pieces indefinitely, in dry and odorless form. It was created in 1978 by Gunther von Hagens, in Heidelberg, Germany. In particular, the sheet plastination technique, with epoxy resin, allows the generation of thin sections of various anatomical regions, allowing an accurate visualization of anatomical structures of difficult access through dissection or cadaveric exploration. The aim of this work was to present a new sheet plastination protocol with Biodur® E12/E1, which is faster in its implementation, applied, for the first time, in a rabbit head.

RESUMEN: La plastinación es una técnica anatómica de preservación cadavérica que permite la conservación de piezas anatómicas indefinidamente, en forma seca e inodora. Fue creada en 1978 por Gunther von Hagens, en Heidelberg, Alemania. En particular, la técnica de plastinación de cortes, con resina epoxi, permite la generación de secciones delgadas de diversas regiones anatómicas, asegurando una visualización precisa de estructuras anatómicas de difícil acceso mediante disección o exploración de cadáveres. El objetivo de este trabajo fue presentar un nuevo protocolo de plastinación de cortes con resina Biodur® E12/E1, más rápido en su implementación, aplicada por primera vez, en una cabeza de conejo.

Microstructural alterations owing to handling of bovine pericardium to manufacture bioprosthetic heart valves: A potential risk for cusp dehiscence.

INTRODUCTION: Cross-linking and anti-calcification of prosthetic heart valves have been continuously improved to prevent degeneration and calcification. However, non-calcific structural deteriorations such as cuspal dehiscences along the stent still require further analysis. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Based upon the previous analysis of an explanted valve after 7 years, a fresh commercial aortic valve was embedded in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and cut into slices to ensure the detailed observation of the assembly and material structures. A pericardial patch embossed to provide the adequate shape of the cusps was investigated after paraffin embedding and appropriate staining. The microstructural damages that occurred during manufacturing process were identified and evaluated by light microscopy, polarized microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). RESULTS: The wavy collagen bundles, the key structure of the pericardium patch, were damaged to a great extent at suture sites along the stent and in the compressed areas around the stent post. The fixation of the embossed pericardium patch along the plots of the stent aggravated the microstructural modifications. The damages mainly appeared as the elimination of collagen bundle waviness and delamination between the bundles. CONCLUSION: Considering the modes of failure of the explant, the damages to the collagen bundles may identify the vulnerable sites that play an important role in the cusp dehiscence of heart valve implants. Such information is important to the manufacturers. Recommendations to prevent in vivo cusp dehiscence can therefore be formulated.

Transmission electron microscopy method providing high resolution in the cell section without radiation damage.

Several new features of mitochondrial nucleoid and its surroundings in mammalian cells were described previously (Prachar, 2016). Very small details were observed using the improved transmission electron microscopy method, as described in the article. In the meantime, the method has again been improved to 2 Å resolutions in the cell section. The method described in detail in the present work is documented on the same records that were published in lower resolution in the work Prachar (2016), enabling comparison of the achieved resolution with the previous one. New records are also presented, showing extremely high resolution and thus implying the importance of the method. Potential use of this method in different fields is suggested.

Modelo virtual tridimensional de la articulación cubital del perro a partir de cortes plastinados ultradelgados / Three-dimensional virtual model of the elbow joint of the dog by means of ultrathin plastinated slices

La articulación cubital del perro es de tipo compuesta, formada por el cóndilo del húmero, la cabeza del radio y la escotadura troclear de la ulna. Esta articulación es propensa a padecer enfermedades del desarrollo, lesiones traumáticas y degenerativas. La corrección de estos padecimientos suele ser quirúrgica, sin embargo, el planteamiento de la cirugía resulta difícil debido a la complejidad estructural de esta articulación. Los modelos anatómicos tridimensionales (3D) obtenidos de los cortes seriados mediante tomografía computarizada han probado ser eficaces en el planteamiento de los abordajes quirúrgicos, sin embargo tiene limitaciones técnicas en la identificación de los tejidos blandos. Los cortes ultradelgados (1 mm) obtenidos mediante plastinación permiten realizar descripciones anatómicas detalladas de regiones anatómicas complejas y también pueden ser usadas para realizar reconstrucciones 3D. El objetivo del presente trabajo, ha sido obtener una reconstrucción 3D de las estructuras anatómicas que conforman el codo del perro a partir de cortes plastinados ultradelgados.

The dog's elbow joint is a very complex structure formed between the humeral condyle, the radial head and the ulnar trochlear notch. This joint is prone to suffer growth disorders, traumatic injuries, and degenerative conditions. All these problems used to be solved by surgical means, nevertheless, the surgical plan, results in a complex decision making process related with the aforementioned joint characteristics, three dimensional (3D) anatomical models from computed tomography have proven to be useful in the surgical approach, nevertheless the image technique is at some point limited, mainly identifying soft tissues. Ultrathin plastinated slices (1 mm) allows to perform very detailed descriptions of complex structures and 3D reconstructions as well. The aim of this work, was to obtain a 3D reconstruction of ultrathin plastinated elbow joint in the dog.

Report on a sheet plastination technique using commercial epoxy resin / Reporte sobre una técnica de plastinación de cortes usando una resina epoxy comercial

Plastination is a conservation technique which allows anatomical pieces to be preserved, dry and odor-free, for an indefinite period. In particular, plastination of sections of tissue with epoxy resin allows very thin slices to be made of various regions of the anatomy, permitting close viewing of anatomical structures which are difficult to access by dissection or cadaver exploration. The objective of this work is to present a plastination technique developed in our laboratory for tissue sections using commercial epoxy resin, as an alternative to the existing classic plastination techniques. The technique was applied to a human knee, obtaining 5 mm thick sections which were compared with computerized tomography images. The development of an alternative sheet plastination technique using epoxy resin allows the preservation of anatomical regions which are difficult to study, with the possibility of comparing the sections with imaging studies. In this way anatomy can be usefully combined with clinical experience, allowing students to gain more significant knowledge of anatomy. The technique would also ensure provision of anatomical samples for research in the area of morphological science.

La plastinación es una técnica anatómica de conservación cadavérica que permite la preservación por tiempo indeterminado, en forma seca y sin olor, de piezas anatómicas. En particular, la técnica de plastinación por cortes, con resina epoxy, permite a su vez la generación de cortes delgados de diversas regiones anatómicas, permitiendo una visualización precisa de estructuras anatómicas de difícil acceso a través de la disección o la exploración cadavérica. El objetivo de este trabajo es el de presentar el desarrollo por parte de nuestro laboratorio de una técnica de plastinación de cortes con resina epoxy comercial, alternativa a las técnicas clásicas de plastinación de cortes existentes. Se aplicó la técnica en una rodilla humana, obteniéndose cortes de 5 mm de espesor, los cuales fueron comparados con imágenes de tomografía computada. El desarrollo de una técnica alternativa de plastinación de cortes con resina epoxy permitirá la conservación de regiones anatómicas de difícil estudio, con posibilidad de realizar la comparación de cortes con estudios imagenológicos, para combinar en forma adecuada la anatomía con la experiencia clínica y, de esta manera, permitir que el alumno alcance un aprendizaje más significativo de la anatomía, además de asegurar la obtención de muestras anatómicas para el desarrollo de investigación en el área de las ciencias morfológicas.

Comics for laypeople interested in plastination / Comics para personas no expertas interesadas en plastinación

Exhibitions of plastinated specimens are popular around the world, but most people are not aware of the basics of plastination process because they are not interested in reading the related writings. Comics are an attractive medium and could solve this problem. The objective of this study was to enhance public comprehension of plastination using comics. Three topics were selected for the comics: the traditional ways to preserve dissected cadaver specimens, the plastination technique used to resolve the problems of the traditional ways, and the public display of the plastinated specimens. The 67 comic frames were drawn in simple style. The comics were available online (anatomy.co.kr) free of charge. The original files of the comics will be provided to those who utilize the files for making the signs or leaflets for exhibitions. The comics in this study, whether online or not, are expected to help people recognize the value of plastination; the comics' quantity and quality will be upgraded in a variety of ways.

Las exposiciones de especímenes plastinados son populares en todo el mundo, sin embargo, la mayoría de las personas no están conscientes de los conceptos básicos del proceso de plastinación debido a que no existe un interés en leer los textos relacionados. Este problema podría ser resuelto mediante historietas, las que constituyen un atractivo medio de presentación. El objetivo de este estudio fue mejorar la comprensión pública de la plastinación con el uso de historietas cómicas. Se seleccionaron tres temas de historietas: las técnicas tradicionales de preservación de cadáveres diseccionados, la técnica de plastinación, utilizada para resolver los problemas de las técnicas tradicionales de conservación, y la exhibición pública de los especímenes plastinados. Se dibujaron de manera sencilla 67 cuadros de historietas cómicas. Los cómics se encuentran disponibles en línea (anatomy.co.kr) de forma gratuita. Los archivos originales de los cómics podrán ser proporcionados a los usuarios que utilicen estos archivos para realizar avisos publicitarios o folletos para exposiciones. Esperamos que los cómics presentados en este estudio, ya sea en línea o no, sirvan de apoyo para ayudar a las personas a reconocer el valor de la plastinacion, los cuales serán actualizados de diversos modos, ya sea en cantidad como así también en relación a la calidad de los cómics.

Plastinación y descripción anatómica de hígado, bazo, estómago y riñones del delfín nariz de botella (Tursiops truncatus) / Plastination and anatomy description of organs of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)

Se plastinaron y describieron cuatro diferentes órganos internos de delfín nariz de botella (Tursiops truncatus) obteniendo modelos didácticos, perdurables gracias a la técnica de plastinación realizada en ellos, haciéndolos inodoros, no tóxicos y manipulables que permiten el estudio de los órganos internos como son el estómago, riñones e hígado de T. truncatus, contribuyendo a los trabajos de anatomía no patológica en delfines que son de importancia ecológica, turística y económica para nuestro país. Las descripciones anatómicas permiten avanzar en el conocimiento sobre los órganos internos, y si bien es cierto que se ha realizado un esfuerzo por estudiarlos existen pocos trabajos anatómicos realizados en ellos. Siendo este artículo una contribución al estudio de estos cetáceos.

Four different internal organs of bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) were plastinated and described, obtaining didactic models, which let their components to be modified in an unaltered context; the resulting specimens are opaque and firm, but not unbreakable, with an appearance similar to that of the living state. The anatomical descriptions were made in concordance with those of the authors presented within the antecedents of this study; reinforcing the knowledge that the internal organs of T. truncatus described here typify those of mammals in general aspects, since the great uniformity between their structural elements is revealed. Moreover, there are very few non-pathological anatomic studies about dolphins, even though various mophometric and behavioral studies have been carried out, it still can be considered that several biological aspects of bottlenose dolphins remain to be described.

The Elnady Technique: An innovative, new method for tissue preservation.

At the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, there is an increasing number of students but a limited availability of animal cadavers used for dissection, and student exposure to formalin is a known hazard. In order to address these challenges, a new method for tissue preservation was developed, the "Elnady Technique." This method is a modified form of plastination, where the chemicals used are not patented, are inexpensive and locally available, and the process is performed at room temperature. The produced specimens are realistic, durable, have no offensive odor, and are dry, soft and flexible. They can be used to replace the use of animals killed for teaching basic anatomy, embryology, pathology, parasitology and forensic medicine. They have great potential to support training in clinical skills and surgery, including for clinical examination, endoscopy, surgical sutures, and obstetrics simulation.

Descripción anatómica de cinco órganos internos del delfín nariz de botella (Tursiops truncatus), a través de la técnica de plastinación / Anatomy description of the five internal organs of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) through plastinated technique

Se plastinaron y describieron cinco órganos internos de delfín nariz de botella (Tursiops truncatus) obteniendo modelos didácticos, inodoros, no tóxicos y perdurables que permiten el arreglo de sus componentes en un contexto inalterado; los especímenes resultantes son opacos y firmes pero no irrompibles, con apariencia similar al estado vivo. Las descripciones anatómicas estuvieron en conformidad con los de los autores presentados dentro de los antecedentes de este estudio, afianzando el conocimiento de que los órganos internos de T. truncatus aquí descritos tipifican a los de los mamíferos en aspectos generales ya que se revela gran uniformidad entre sus elementos estructurales. Por otra parte existen pocos trabajos de anatomía no patológica en delfines, y si bien es cierto que se les han realizado varios estudios morfométricos y conductuales, aún puede decirse que muchos rasgos biológicos de los delfines nariz de botella quedan por ser descritos.

Five internal organs of bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) were plastinated and described, obtaining odorless, nontoxic and perdurable didactic models, which let their components to be modified in an unaltered context; the resulting specimens are opaque and firm, but not unbreakable, with an appearance similar to that of the living state. The anatomic descriptions were made in concordance with those of the authors presented within the antecedents of this study; reinforcing the knowledge that the internal organs of T. truncatus described here typify those of mammals in general aspects, since the great uniformity between their structural elements is revealed. Moreover, there are very few non pathological anatomic studies about dolphins; even though various mophometric and behavioral studies have been carried out, it still can be considered that several biological aspects of bottlenose dolphins remain to be described.

Comparison of CT numbers of organs before and after plastination using standard S-10 technique.

Plastination is the art of preserving biological tissues with curable polymers. Imaging with plastinates offers a unique opportunity for radiographic, anatomical, pathological correlation to elucidate complex anatomical relationships. The aim of this study was to make plastinates from cadavers using the standard S-10 plastination technique and to compare the radiological properties of the tissue before and afterwards to examine the suitability of plastinates as phantoms for planning radiotherapy treatment. An above-diaphragm and a below-diaphragm specimen were obtained from a male and a female cadaver, respectively, and subjected to the standard S-10 plastination technique. CT images were obtained before and after plastination and were compared using Treatment Planning System for anatomical accuracy, volume of organs, and CT numbers. The plastinated specimens obtained were dry, robust, and durable. CT imaging of the plastinated specimens showed better anatomical detail of the organs than the preplastinate. Organ volumes were estimated by contouring the organs' outline in the CT images of the preplastinated and postplastinated specimens, revealing an average shrinkage of 25%. CT numbers were higher in the plastinated specimens except in bones and air-filled cavities such as the maxillary air sinus. Although plastination by the standard S-10 technique preserves anatomical accuracy, it increases the CT numbers of the organs because of the density of silicone, making it unsuitable for radiation dosimetry. Further improvements of the technique could yield more suitable plastinated phantoms.

Plastination technique in laboratory rats: an alternative resource for teaching, surgical training and research development / Técnica de plastinación en ratas de laboratorio: un recurso alternativo para la enseñanza, entrenamiento quirúrgico y desarrollo de la investigación

Today, alternatives methods are developed for the use of laboratory animals for teaching, research and surgical training. In our work we present a novel alternative to the use of rats, by developing a technique of plastination at room temperature. High-quality rat preparations from the anatomical dissection point of view were obtained, in order to indefinitely preserve them dry, the thoracic and abdominal organs conserve its natural volume and shape, maintaining their texture and color. No odors or hassles and toxic vapors of conventional preserving agents were found. This technique allows the collection of dry, completely biosafe and durable specimens in a short time and with excellent quality. Plastination in laboratory rats complements undergraduate and postgraduate anatomy studies perfectly. Also, radiology and surgery may benefit from this technique.

En la actualidad, se desarrollan alternativas para el uso de animales de laboratorio para enseñanza, investigación y entrenamiento quirúrgico. En nuestro trabajo presentamos una novedosa alternativa para el uso de ratas, a través del desarrollo de una técnica de plastinación a temperatura ambiente. Se obtuvieron preparados de alta calidad desde el punto de vista de la disección anatómica, con órganos torácicos y abdominales que conservaron su volumen, forma, textura y color. Además, los especímenes carecen de olores y no emiten vapores tóxicos, debido a la ausencia de agentes conservantes convencionales. Esta técnica permite desarrollar especÌmenes secos de excelente calidad, completamente bioseguros y duraderos, en muy poco tiempo. La plastinación en ratas de laboratorio complementa los estudios de anatomía de pregrado y postgrado perfectamente. Además, las áreas de radiología y cirugía también pueden beneficiarse de esta técnica.

Accuracy of assessing the mandibular canal on cone-beam computed tomography: a validation study.

PURPOSE: To establish the accuracy of cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) views in determining the position and diameter of the mandibular canal. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two freshly frozen cadaver heads, 1 dentate and 1 edentate, were used to acquire CBCT scans. Measurements on cross-sectional CBCT images were compared with measurements on digitized histologic sections of the same regions in the mandibles. The Student t test was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Comparing CBCT with histologic measurements showed that the position of the mandibular canal differed up to 0.47 mm (standard deviation, 0.29 mm). Mandibular canal diameters were up to 22.8% smaller in the CBCT planes. For the dentate jaw, these differences were statistically significant. CONCLUSION: To be safe, when assessing the mandibular canal position on CBCT views, a 0.76-mm deviation should be taken into account. Because the diameter of the mandibular canal is displayed smaller, an enlargement by 0.74 mm is recommended.

Platelet rich plasma enhances osteoconductive properties of a hydroxyapatite-ß-tricalcium phosphate scaffold (Skelite) for late healing of critical size rabbit calvarial defects.

The use of platelet rich plasma (PRP) in bone repair remains highly controversial. In this work, we evaluated the effect of lyophilized PRP on bone regeneration when associated with a silicon stabilized hydroxyapatite tricalcium phosphate scaffold in a rabbit calvarial defect (Skelite). Critical defects were created in the calvaria of twenty-four rabbits. The periosteum was removed and the defects were either left empty or filled with allogeneic PRP gel; Skelite particles; Skelite and PRP gel. Four animals were killed after 4 weeks, 10 animals after 8 and 10 after 16 weeks. Specimens were processed for X-ray microtomography (µCT) and for resin embedded histology. µCT analysis revealed significant osteoid-like matrix and new bone deposition in PRP + Skelite group at both 8 and 16 weeks in respect to Skelite alone. Histologically, PRP + Skelite defects were highly cellular with more abundant osteoid deposition and more regular collagen fibres. Moreover, in vitro migration assays confirmed the chemotactic effect of PRP to endothelial and osteoprogenitor cells. We conclude that the addition of PRP influenced the local tissue microenvironment by providing key cryptic factors for regeneration, thereby enhancing progenitor cell recruitment, collagen and bone matrix deposition, and by creating a bridging interface between the scaffold and bone.

Loss of osteoprotegerin expression in the inner ear causes degeneration of the cochlear nerve and sensorineural hearing loss.

Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a key regulator of bone remodeling. Mutations and variations in the OPG gene cause many human diseases that are characterized by not only skeletal abnormalities but also poorly understood hearing loss: Paget's disease, osteoporosis, and celiac disease. To gain insight into the mechanisms of hearing loss in OPG deficiency, we studied OPG knockout (Opg(-/-)) mice. We show that they develop sensorineural hearing loss, in addition to conductive hearing loss due to abnormal middle-ear bones. OPG deficiency caused demyelination and degeneration of the cochlear nerve in vivo. It also activated ERK, sensitized spiral ganglion cells (SGC) to apoptosis, and inhibited proliferation and survival of cochlear stem cells in vitro, which could be rescued by treatment with exogenous OPG, an ERK inhibitor, or bisphosphonate. Our results demonstrate a novel role for OPG in the regulation of SGC survival, and suggest a mechanism for sensorineural hearing loss in OPG deficiency.

Efecto del extracto vegetal JV-001 sobre elementos sanguíneos concapacidad fagocítica / Effect of the plant extract JV-001 on blood elements with phagocytic capacity

INTRODUCCIÓN: La respuesta inmune combina una serie de señales y mecanismos complejos para producirse, las que pueden ser moduladas y potenciadas. Esto, según el conocimiento popular es posible empleando extractos vegetales, siendo uno el extracto vegetal JV-001. Éste demostró, en estudios previos, la capacidad de activar y mejorar la respuesta inmune celular de origen murino, pero su efecto a nivel leucocitario humano es desconocido; debido a esto, el objetivo de la investigación fue estudiar el efecto del JV-001 en leucocitos humanos. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Para este trabajo se extrajo sangre heparinizada a varones sanos, ésta fue tratada, en primera instancia, con NH-4Cl 64 por ciento para obtener leucocitos totales, y en otra, separada su fracción mononuclear mediante gradiente de Histopaque®. Las células obtenidas se ajustaron a 8x106; alicuotas de 100 uL de JV-001 o PBS. La placa se incubó a 37ºC por 30 minutos, luego se lavaron y la peroxidasa remanente en cada pocillo se determinó revelándola con Ortofenilendiamina y H2O2, expresando lo obtenido como absorbancia leída a 450 nm. RESULTADOS: Se identificó un aumento en la adhesión de leucocitos totales entre un 44,35 por ciento y 63,3 por ciento expresado mediante la obtención de un delta positivo de absorbancia con respecto a los controles. DISCUSIÓN: Se desconoce el mecanismo que incrementa la adhesión, pero probablemente obedece al aumento en la expresión de integrinas. Es relevante destacar que este aumento no ocurre al incubar las células mononucleares o polimorfonucleares por separado, sugiriendo que el principio activo de JV-001 no actúa directa ni únicamente sobre células adherentes.

INTRODUCTION: The immune response combines a series of signals and complex mechanisms to occur, which can be modulated and enhanced. This one according the popular knowledge is possible using plant extracts, being one of them the plant extract JV-001. This showed, in previous studies, the ability to activate and enhance the cellular immune response of murine origin, but its effect on human leukocyte level is unknown, so the objective of this work was to study the effect of JV-001 in human leukocytes. MATERIAL AND METHOD: In this paper was used heparinized blood of healthy males, at first instance, this was treated with NH4Cl 64 percent to obtain total leukocytes, and in another, separate the mononuclear fraction by Histopaque®gradient. The cells obtained were adjusted to 8x106; aliquots of 100 uL of JV-001 or PBS. The plate was incubated at 37ºC for 30 minutes and then washed, the peroxidase remaining in each recipient was revealed and determined with Orthophenylenediamine and H2O2, expressing the proceeds as absorbance read at 450 nm. RESULTS: The results showed an increase in total leukocyte adhesion between 44.35 percent and 63.3 percent expressed by obtaining a positive delta absorbance with respect to controls. DISCUSSION: The mechanism that increases the adhesion is unknown, but probably due to increased expression of integrins. It is important to note that this increase does not occur upon incubation of mononuclear or polymorphonuclear cells separately, suggesting that the active principle of JV-001 not only does not act directly on adherent cells.