RESUMO
Patients with cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) can develop multiple border-zone infarcts due to hypotension, hypovolemia, or surgery. We report the case of a 41-year-old woman with CADASIL who developed multiple border-zone infarcts due to influenza A virus infection. The patient had no apparent history or episode of stroke or altered consciousness following the onset of respiratory symptoms, which were due to the influenza A infection. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance images of the brain showed multiple acute-phase infarcts in border-zone areas of both cerebral hemispheres and the corpus callosum; fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery magnetic resonance images showed increased signal in the subcortical areas of both temporal poles. Gene analysis identified a heterozygous mutation c.160C>T in exon 2 of the NOTCH3 gene (p.Arg54Cys). A diagnosis of CADASIL was established. Our case demonstrates that infectious conditions such as influenza A can trigger multiple border-zone infarctions in patients with CADASIL.
Assuntos
Infarto Encefálico/etiologia , CADASIL/complicações , Influenza Humana/complicações , Orthomyxoviridae/patogenicidade , Adulto , Infarto Encefálico/diagnóstico , Infarto Encefálico/virologia , CADASIL/diagnóstico por imagem , CADASIL/genética , Análise Mutacional de DNA , Imagem de Difusão por Ressonância Magnética , Feminino , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Humanos , Influenza Humana/diagnóstico , Influenza Humana/virologia , Mutação , Receptor Notch3/genética , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Monocytes are a heterogeneous population of bone marrow-derived cells that are recruited to sites of infection and inflammation in many models of human diseases, including those of the central nervous system (CNS). Ly6Chi/CCR2(hi) inflammatory monocytes have been identified as the circulating precursors of brain macrophages, dendritic cells and arguably microglia in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; Alzheimer's disease; stroke; and more recently in CNS infection caused by Herpes simplex virus, murine hepatitis virus, Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus, Japanese encephalitis virus and West Nile virus. The precise differentiation pathways and functions of inflammatory monocyte-derived populations in the inflamed CNS remains a contentious issue, especially in regard to the existence of monocyte-derived microglia. Furthermore, the contributions of monocyte-derived subsets to viral clearance and immunopathology are not well-defined. Thus, understanding the pathways through which inflammatory monocytes migrate to the brain and their functional capacity within the CNS is critical to inform future therapeutic strategies. This review discusses some of the key aspects of inflammatory monocyte trafficking to the brain and addresses the role of these cells in viral encephalitis.
Assuntos
Infarto Encefálico/patologia , Citocinas/metabolismo , Encefalite Viral/patologia , Monócitos/patologia , Animais , Células da Medula Óssea/patologia , Infarto Encefálico/complicações , Infarto Encefálico/imunologia , Infarto Encefálico/virologia , Diferenciação Celular , Encefalite Viral/complicações , Humanos , Monócitos/classificação , Monócitos/imunologiaAssuntos
Infarto Encefálico/virologia , Tronco Encefálico/irrigação sanguínea , Artérias Cerebrais/virologia , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Herpes Zoster da Orelha Externa/complicações , Vasculite do Sistema Nervoso Central/virologia , Adulto , Angiografia Digital , Anti-Inflamatórios/uso terapêutico , Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Infarto Encefálico/patologia , Infarto Encefálico/fisiopatologia , Tronco Encefálico/patologia , Tronco Encefálico/fisiopatologia , Infartos do Tronco Encefálico/patologia , Infartos do Tronco Encefálico/fisiopatologia , Infartos do Tronco Encefálico/virologia , Artérias Cerebrais/diagnóstico por imagem , Artérias Cerebrais/patologia , Líquido Cefalorraquidiano/virologia , Transtornos de Deglutição/patologia , Transtornos de Deglutição/fisiopatologia , Nervo Facial/patologia , Nervo Facial/fisiopatologia , Nervo Facial/virologia , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/diagnóstico , Herpes Zoster da Orelha Externa/fisiopatologia , Herpesvirus Humano 3/isolamento & purificação , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Paresia/patologia , Paresia/fisiopatologia , Paresia/virologia , Ponte/irrigação sanguínea , Ponte/patologia , Ponte/fisiopatologia , Resultado do Tratamento , Vasculite do Sistema Nervoso Central/patologia , Vasculite do Sistema Nervoso Central/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
GADD34 is expressed in the ischaemic brain and reverses protein synthesis shutdown. Consequently, GADD34 could have neuroprotective potential in stroke. BHK medium, a replication-deficient HSV viral vector (HSV1716) with no insert or containing full-length GADD34, the N terminal or a conserved portion of the gene, was injected into mouse brain before stroke. Infarct size was 1.0+/-0.26, 1.19+/-0.36, 1.5+/-0.36, 1.3+/-0.36, and 1.1+/-0.28 mm3, respectively. The increase in infarct size with full-length GADD34 was statistically significant (P<0.05). Immunohistochemistry confirmed viral protein expression. Tissue culture studies revealed GADD34 gene restored virulence in HSV1716, suggesting that HSV virulence, rather than increased GADD34, exacerbated ischaemic damage.
Assuntos
Antígenos de Diferenciação/genética , Isquemia Encefálica/virologia , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , Vetores Genéticos/efeitos adversos , Simplexvirus/patogenicidade , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/virologia , Animais , Infarto Encefálico/patologia , Infarto Encefálico/virologia , Isquemia Encefálica/patologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Imuno-Histoquímica , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Proteína Fosfatase 1 , Simplexvirus/fisiologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/complicações , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/patologia , VirulênciaRESUMO
A 51-year-old woman with CREST syndrome (calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia) developed stepwise progressive focal neurological deficits without zoster rash. Multifocal ischemic infarcts were seen on magnetic resonance imaging, and cerebral angiography revealed focal stenosis of arteries affecting the intracranial circulation. A brain biopsy was nondiagnostic. Virological etiology of the disease was verified by the detection of varicella-zoster virus antibody in cerebrospinal fluid and by reduced serum-cerebrospinal fluid varicella-zoster virus IgG ratios (compared with normally high ratios of total IgG and albumin). Treatment with intravenous acyclovir stabilized but did not significantly improve her neurological deficits.