Infecção do sítio cirúrgico após cesariana em uma maternidade de Manaus, Brasil: a importância do uso racional da antibioticoterapia / Surgical site infection after cesarean section in a maternity hospital in Manaus, Brazil: the importance of rational antibiotic therapy

Objetivo: Descrever o perfil epidemiológico e microbiológico das puérperas com diagnóstico de infecção após cesárea, caracterizando as infecções de sítio cirúrgico e o tratamento. Métodos: Coorte prospectiva de parturientes submetidas a parto cesáreo em maternidade pública de Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil, com diagnóstico de infecção de sítio cirúrgico, entre 1º de julho de 2019 e 30 de abril de 2020. Foram coletados dados epidemiológicos. Para a investigação do perfil microbiológico, foi realizada a identificação da cultura a partir da secreção da infecção do sítio cirúrgico e do antibiograma das culturas. Resultados: Um total de 81 pacientes foi diagnosticado com infecção de sítio cirúrgico durante o período de estudo. A taxa de infecção de sítio cirúrgico na maternidade em estudo foi de 6,0%. As pacientes possuíam baixa escolaridade e baixa renda mensal, com ocupações que requerem menor qualificação, sendo a maioria solteira. Entre as pacientes, 70,4% eram obesas e 28,4% apresentaram sobrepeso; 45,6% delas tiveram parto cesáreo de emergência e 29,6% não usaram antibióticos profiláticos. Staphylococcus aureus foi a cultura identificada mais frequentemente e apresentou resistência ao antibiótico mais prescrito: a gentamicina. Conclusão: A taxa de infecção do sítio cirúrgico foi alta durante o período do estudo. Ressaltamos a necessidade de um protocolo eficaz de identificação bacteriana e acompanhamento da puérpera. O conhecimento das características epidemiológicas e microbiológicas pode auxiliar no planejamento dos cuidados realizados pelas instituições de saúde para minimizar os casos de infecção de sítio cirúrgico e suas consequências.(AU)

Objective: To describe the epidemiological and microbiological profiles of puerperal women diagnosed with the infection after cesarean sections, characterizing the surgical site infections and treatment. Methods: Prospective cohort of parturients underwent cesarean delivery at a public maternity hospital in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, diagnosed with surgical site infection between July 1, 2019, and April 30, 2020. Epidemiological data were collected. To investigate the microbiological profile, both culture identification from surgical site infection secretion and antibiogram for the cultures were performed. Results: A total of 81 patients were confirmed to have surgical site infection during this study period; The surgical site infection rate in the maternity hospital under study was 6.0%. The patients presented a low level of education and monthly income, with occupations that require lower qualification, and most of them are single. Seventy point four percent of the patients were obese, and 28.4% were overweight. Forty-five point six percent of patients had an emergency cesarean delivery, and 29.6% did not use prophylactic antibiotics. Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequent culture identified from surgical site infection secretion and presented resistance to the most prescribed antibiotic, Gentamicin. Conclusion: The rate of surgical site infection was high during the study period. We highlight the need for an effective bacterial identification protocol and monitoring of puerperal women. Knowledge of epidemiological and microbiological characteristics can assist in the planning of care performed by the health institutions to minimize cases of surgical site infection and its consequences.(AU)

Resistencia de Staphylococcus aureus frente a cefalosporinas en la sepsis neonatal y puerperal / Staphylococcus Aureus Resistance against Cephalosporins in Neonatal and Puerperal Sepsis

Introducción: El mecanismo más común de actividad antibiótica es la interferencia en la síntesis de la pared celular bacteriana. Las cefalosporinas tienen el mismo mecanismo de acción que las penicilinas; sin embargo, tienen un espectro antibacteriano más amplio, son resistentes a muchas b-lactamasas y tienen propiedades farmacocinéticas mejoradas. Objetivos: Identificar por servicios los gérmenes aislados y determinar la resistencia del Staphylococcus aureus a las cefalosporinas. Método: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, transversal y descriptivo en hospital Ginecobstétrico de Guanabacoa desde enero de 2014 hasta diciembre de 2016. Se seleccionaron como variables los gérmenes aislados y el patrón de resistencia del germen que predominó frente a todas las generaciones de cefalosporinas. Resultados: En el servicio de neonatología el mayor aislamiento fue en el hemocultivo seguido del catéter venoso (19 pacientes) y tubo endotraqueal. En el servicio de Obstetricia, los loquios y el sitio quirúrgico fue donde se aisló mayor número (69 y 31 pacientes, respectivamente). Conclusiones: El germen más frecuente aislado en ambos servicios fue el Staphylococcus aureus y la resistencia a las cefalosporinas fue muy elevado(AU)

Introduction: The synthesis interference of bacterial cell wall is the most common antibiotic mechanism. Cephalosporins have the same mechanism of action as penicillin. However, they have wider antibacterial spectrum, they are more resistant to B-lactamases and better pharmacokinetics properties. Additionally, cephalosporins have higher activity in front of gram-negative bacteria than penicillin. Objective: To identify isolated germs in these services and to determine the Staphylococcus aureus resistance to cephalosporins. Method: A retrospective, transversal and descriptive study was conducted in Guanabacoa Gynecobstetric hospital from January 2014 to December 2016. selected variables as isolated microorganism, and resistance pattern in front of cephalosporin generations. The isolated germs and the resistance pattern of the germ that prevailed against all generations of cephalosporins were selected as variables. In the Obstetrics Service, the largest number of germs was isolated in the lochia and surgical sites. (69 and 31, respectively). Results: In neonatology service, the most frequent isolation occurred in blood culture (35), venous catheter (19) and endotracheal tube (10). In Obstetric service, the most frequent isolation occurred in liquors (69) and the surgical site isolated (31). Conclusions: Staphylococcus Aureus was the main microorganism isolated in hospital and its cephalosporin resistance was very high(AU)

Sepse em gestantes atendidas em um hospital público de Curitiba - PR / Sepsis in pregnant women attended at a public hospital in Curitiba - PR

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a frequência de sepse em gestantes e puérperas atendidas em um hospital, identificar os principais focos originários de sepse na gestação e puerpério, e verificar os principais agentes etiológicos envolvidos em sua etiopatogenia. MÉTODOS: Estudo do tipo transversal descritivo realizado no Hospital do Trabalhador, em Curitiba (PR), de agosto de 2014 a agosto de 2016. Revisão e análise de 71 prontuários de pacientes diagnosticadas com sepse, sepse grave ou choque séptico. Os aspectos estudados foram idades gestacional, agente etiológico, foco infeccioso, principal trimestre gestacional acometido e prevalência de cada tipo de sepse. RESULTADOS: A frequência de sepse durante a gestação e o puerpério no período estudado foi de nove casos para cada mil gestantes. A ocorrência de sepse foi relacionada principalmente ao segundo semestre gestacional (39,4%). Os casos de sepse somaram 73,2% do total, enquanto os demais evoluíram com quadros de sepse grave e choque séptico . Escherichia coli representou 33,8%, sendo o urinário o foco infeccioso mais prevalente (70,4%). Ceftriaxona foi o antibiótico mais utilizado, tanto isoladamente quanto em associação (84,4%). Entre os desfechos para o feto, 85,9% não tiveram complicações. CONCLUSÕES: Os novos conceitos de sepse publicados pela Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) e pela European Society of Critical Care Medicine (ESICM) contrariam os interesses dos países conhecidos como de baixos e médios recursos. Foi encontrado aumento da incidência de sepse gestacional, ocorrendo prevalência do foco urinário; consequentemente, o agente principal foi E. coli. Ademais, ocorreram importantes consequências perinatais como mortalidade e prematuridade. (AU)

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the frequency of sepsis in pregnant and puerperal patients attended in a hospital, and to identify the main focus of sepsis during gestation and puerperium, and check the main etiological agents involved in its pathogenesis. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional and descriptive study carried out at Hospital do Trabalhador (city of Curitiba, state of Paraná), from August 2014 to August 2016. It is a review and analysis of the charts of 71 patient diagnosed with sepsis, severe sepsis, or septic shock. Aspects studied: gestational age, etiologic agent, infectious focus, main affected gestational trimester, and prevalence of each type of sepsis. RESULTS: The frequency of sepsis during pregnancy and puerperium was 9 cases for 1000 pregnant women. The occurrence of sepsis was mainly related to the second gestational semester (39.4%). Severe sepsis and septic shock comprised 73.2% of the cases. Escherichia coli accounted for 33.8%, and the most prevalent infectious focus was urinary (70.4%). Ceftriaxone was the most commonly used antibiotic, both alone and in combination (84.4%). Among the outcomes for the fetus, 85.9% had no complications. CONCLUSIONS: The new concepts of sepsis, published by the Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM), and by the European Society of Critical Care Medicine (ESICM) contradict the interests of the countries with low and medium resources. An increase in the incidence of gestational sepsis occurred, with a prevalence of urinary focus; consequently the main agent was Escherichia coli. In addition, there were important perinatal consequences such as mortality and prematurity. (AU)

Pregnancy in fanconi anaemia with bone marrow failure: a case report and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Fanconi anaemia is a rare inherited disease characterized by congenital abnormalities, progressive bone marrow failure and predisposition to malignancy. Successful pregnancies in transplanted patients have been reported. In this paper we will describe the pregnancy of a patient with Fanconi anaemia without transplantation. CASE PRESENTATION: A 34-year-old nulliparous woman with Fanconi anaemia was referred to our institution. Pregnancy was complicated by progressive pancytopenia and two severe infections. C-section was performed at 36 weeks. Both infant and mother are well. CONCLUSION: Successful pregnancy in a Fanconi anaemia patient with bone marrow failure is possible. The mode of delivery in patients with bone marrow failure should be determined by obstetric indications. The case highlights the safe outcome of the pregnancy with strict clinical and laboratory control by a multidisciplinary team.

Acupuncture and postpartum pyogenic sacroiliitis: a case report.

INTRODUCTION: Pyogenic sacroiliitis, a rare form of septic arthritis, occurs in patients following trauma, intravenous drug use, genitourinary infections and pregnancy. Here we report a rare case where both acupuncture and pregnancy served as predisposing risk factors to the development of this infection. CASE PRESENTATION: A 33-year-old white woman received several sessions of acupuncture treatment during her gestation at the site of her sacroiliac joint for sciatica; she developed biopsy-confirmed sacroiliitis with methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus during the immediate postpartum period. The diagnosis, medical management and treatment course are described. CONCLUSIONS: Low back and pelvic pain are common conditions during pregnancy and postpartum. Acupuncture is a common modality of medication-free treatment used by many patients. Recognition of the potential complications of such therapies can lead to early diagnosis, accurate treatment, decreased morbidity and increased chances for a successful outcome.

Actinomycotic osteomyelitis of the cranial vault presenting with headache: an unusual presentation.

A case of left parietal calvarial actinomycotic osteomyelitis in a young woman is described. She had no predisposing illnesses. She had delivered a live child at term and presented in the puerperal period. No extracranial focus of infection was identified. She responded well to a combination of surgery and medical therapy and had an excellent outcome. The authors emphasise the importance of establishing a histopathological diagnosis since radiological signs are non-specific and unreliable.

Puerperal brain cryptococcoma in an HIV-negative woman successfully treated with fluconazole: a case report.

Cryptococcus spp. cerebral abscesses are uncommon in immunocompetent subjects. The recommended induction treatment is the administration of amphotericin B plus flucytosine combined with resection for lesions ≥3cm. In this paper, we describe an HIV-negative woman diagnosed with a large cryptococcoma in the immediate postpartum period. The lesion was not resected, and due to amphotericin B intolerance, she received an extended course of fluconazole monotherapy. There was no disease recurrence during the 4 years of follow-up. The abrupt onset of her symptoms following delivery suggests that she developed a postpartum immune reconstitution syndrome. This case also demonstrates that in specific situations fluconazole monotherapy can be attempted in immunocompetent patients with cryptococcoma.

Puerperal brain cryptococcoma in an HIV-negative woman successfully treated with fluconazole: a case report

Cryptococcus spp. cerebral abscesses are uncommon in immunocompetent subjects. The recommended induction treatment is the administration of amphotericin B plus flucytosine combined with resection for lesions ≥3cm. In this paper, we describe an HIV-negative woman diagnosed with a large cryptococcoma in the immediate postpartum period. The lesion was not resected, and due to amphotericin B intolerance, she received an extended course of fluconazole monotherapy. There was no disease recurrence during the 4 years of follow-up. The abrupt onset of her symptoms following delivery suggests that she developed a postpartum immune reconstitution syndrome. This case also demonstrates that in specific situations fluconazole monotherapy can be attempted in immunocompetent patients with cryptococcoma.

Determination of ceftiofur derivatives in serum, endometrial tissue, and lochia in puerperal dairy cows with fever or acute puerperal metritis after subcutaneous administration of ceftiofur crystalline free acid.

Acute puerperal metritis (APM) is one of the most common diseases during the puerperal period. Systemic administration of ceftiofur for 5 consecutive days has been shown to be effective for treatment of APM. The objective of this study was to determine concentrations of ceftiofur derivatives in serum, endometrial tissue, and lochia of cows with fever postpartum or APM 4 to 6d after treatment with a single subcutaneous dose of 6.6 mg of ceftiofur crystalline free acid (CCFA)/kg of estimated BW at the base of the ear. In the first experiment, samples from CCFA-treated cows with fever postpartum or APM (n=42) were taken on d 4, 5, or 6 after treatment. Concentrations of ceftiofur derivatives were quantified using an HPLC assay. Concentrations of active ceftiofur metabolite desfuroylceftiofuracetamide (DCA) were greatest at d 4 after treatment with CCFA in all samples, but they were considerably lower than the concentrations of DCA in healthy postpartum cows treated with the same dose of CCFA. The concentrations of DCA in serum, endometrial tissue, and lochia were affected by odor of vaginal discharge before treatment with CCFA. Mean concentrations of DCA could be detected above the reported minimal drug concentrations (minimum inhibitory concentrations, MIC) required to inhibit relevant pathogens such as Escherichia coli and Arcanobacterium pyogenes in serum on all days and in endometrial tissue and lochia only on d 4 in CCFA-treated cows with fetid vaginal discharge before treatment. In the second experiment, samples from CCFA-treated cows with APM (n=8) were taken on d 0 (before treatment) and d 4, 5, and 6 after treatment. Mean concentrations of DCA in serum and lochia were similar on d 4 to 6 in both laboratories. Furthermore, determined concentrations of DCA from both laboratories were correlated for serum and lochia. Mean concentrations of DCA could be detected above the reported MIC in serum and lochia only on d 4. Our 2 experiments demonstrated that in postpartum cows with fever postpartum or APM concentrations above the MIC for relevant bacteria (>0.5 µg/mL or >0.5 µg/g) of DCA could be sustained only for 4 (serum: 15/17; endometrial tissue: 2/17; lochia: 1/16) to 5d (serum: 10/13; endometrial tissue: 1/13; lochia: 2/12) after a single treatment with CCFA only in a certain proportion of cows. Overall, our data provide first pharmacological evidence that a single subcutaneous administration of 6.6g of CCFA/kg of BW might not be sufficient to efficaciously treat APM in postpartum dairy cows.

Non-surgical management of post-cesarean uterine infection with marked myometrial gas formation.

Gas in an infected organ generally indicates a severe infection, often requiring surgery; however, data are lacking as to post-cesarean gas-forming uterine infection. A 27-year-old Japanese primigravida underwent a difficult cesarean section, after which a high fever continued. Computed tomography (CT) revealed marked gas in the uterine anterior myometrium. Diagnosing this condition as post-cesarean uterine scar infection, we recommended surgical intervention, that is, hysterectomy or at least drainage; however, the patient refused it. Considering the patient's desire and lack of organ-failure signs, we employed intensive antibiotic treatment for 6 weeks. Serial CT indicated a gradual decrement in the gas amount and she recovered completely after 8 weeks. This case suggests that surgical procedure may not always be necessary for post-cesarean gas-forming uterine infection and CT may be useful to detect/follow this condition.

Donovanosis presenting as a pelvic mass mimicking ovarian cancer.

A 29-year-old female presented with chronic postpartum abdominal pain. Computerized tomography scan was consistent with ovarian carcinoma, and biopsy yielded macrophages laden with eosinophilic bodies. Cultures, histoplasma serologies, and taxoplasma serologies were negative. A diagnosis of pelvic donovanosis was reached; the patient was treated with azithromycin resulting in clinical and radiographic resolution.

Puerperal pyrexia: a review. Part I.

UNLABELLED: Puerperal pyrexia and sepsis are among the leading causes of preventable maternal morbidity and mortality not only in developing countries but in developed countries as well. Most postpartum infections take place after hospital discharge, which is usually 24 hours after delivery. In the absence of postnatal follow-up, as is the case in many developing countries, many cases of puerperal infections can go undiagnosed and unreported. Besides endometritis (endomyometritis or endomyoparametritis), wound infection, mastitis, urinary tract infection, and septic thrombophlebitis are the chief causes of puerperal infections. The predisposing factors leading to the development of sepsis include home birth in unhygienic conditions, low socioeconomic status, poor nutrition, primiparity, anemia, prolonged rupture of membranes, prolonged labor, multiple vaginal examinations in labor, cesarean section, obstetrical maneuvers, retained secundines within the uterus and postpartum hemorrhage. Maternal complications include septicemia, endotoxic shock, peritonitis or abscess formation leading to surgery and compromised future fertility. The transmissions of infecting organisms are typically categorized into nosocomial, exogenous, and endogenous. Nosocomial infections are acquired in hospitals or other health facilities and may come from the hospital environment or from the patient's own flora. Exogenous infections come from external contamination, especially when deliveries take place under unhygienic conditions. Endogenous organisms, consisting of mixed flora colonizing the woman's own genital tract, are also a source of infection in puerperal sepsis. Aseptic precautions, advances in investigative tools and the use of antibiotics have played a major role in reducing the incidence of puerperal infections. Part I of this review provides background information and definitions, discusses the incidence and risk factors, explains the microbiology and pathophysiology of various infections, and delineates the signs and symptoms of major puerperal infection. TARGET AUDIENCE: Obstetricians & Gynecologists, Family Physicians Learning Objectives: After completion of this article, the reader should be able to recall that world wide puerperal sepsis is a leading cause of maternal mortality, state that many of the predisposing factors are preventable, explain that both nosocomial infections as well as exogenous infections are serious factors, and relate that septic techniques and antibiotics can play a major role in reducing the incidence of puerperal infections.

Non-surgical management of post-cesarean endomyometritis associated with myometrial gas formation.

We present a case of post-cesarean delivery, nonclostridial endomyometritis in which uterine (myometrial) gas formation raised concern for myonecrosis and need for hysterectomy. The patient fully recovered without surgery. Myometrial gas formation in this setting and in an otherwise stable patient may be an insufficient reason for hysterectomy.

Antibioticoprofilaxia pela cefazolina e cefalotina para partos cesáreos eletivos e de baixo risco para desenvolvimento de infecçäo pós-operatória / Antibiotic propfylaxis for cefazolin and cefalotin in elective low risk to infection cesarean section

O presente estudo analisou os resultados obtidos com o uso de antibioticoprofilaxia (ATBP) em partos cesáreos eletivos e de baixo risco para infecçäo através das taxas de infecçäo da parede cirúrgica, comparando o uso ou näo e o tipo de antibiótico (AA). Realizou-se estudo de coorte prospectivo, envolvendo 1034 pacientes. A droga de escolha foi a cefazolina, sendo a cefalotina aceita como alternativa. A administraçäo do AA ocorria após o clampeamento do cordäo umbilical e as pacientes eram seguidas até trinta dias após a alta hospitalar. Dos casos selecionados, ocorreram 12 casos de infecçäo (1,2 por cento). Do total de pacientes que fez uso de AA, 9 (1 por cento) apresentaram infecçäo, enquanto que 3 (5,8 por cento) das pacientes que näo utilizaram AA, infectaram-se (p=0,022). A taxa de infecçäo nas pacientes que se submeteram a OC eletiva e que näo fizeram uso de ATBP foi de 58 infecçöes/1000 cirurgias/ano (p=0,022; OR=6,12 e IC=1,25-26,01).

Systemic phaeohyphomycosis in pregnancy and the puerperium.

Systemic fungal infections are rare. In pregnancy, treatment is problematic because of the risk of possible teratogenic effects of the antifungal drugs. We present the case of a 32 year-old woman who presented during pregnancy with a two-month history of painless subcutaneous nodules. Excision biopsy of one lesion showed dematiaceous fungal elements. Anti-fungal treatment was deferred and the pregnancy proceeded uneventfully. The remaining nodules were excised at the time of caesarean section delivery. Three weeks into the puerperium, she developed generalised seizures and investigations indicated systemic fungal infection with positive cultures for Aureobasidium spp which responded to appropriate antifungal therapy of flucytosine and itraconazole.

Systemic phaeohyphomycosis in pregnancy and the puerperium

Systemic fungal infections are rare. In pregnancy, treatment is problematic because of the risk of possible teratogenic effects of the antifungal drugs. We present the case of a 32 year-old woman who presented during pregnancy with a two-month history of painless subcutaneous nodules. Excision biopsy of one lesion showed dematiaceous fungal elements. Anti-fungal treatment was deferred and the pregnancy proceeded uneventfully. The remaining nodules were excised at the time of caesarean section delivery. Three weeks into the puerperium, she developed generalised seizures and investigations indicated systemic fungal infection with positive cultures for Aureobasidium spp which responded to appropriate antifungal therapy of flucytosine and itraconazole.

Antibioticoterapia profilática em obstetrícia: comparaçäo entre esquemas / Prophylactic antibiotic treatment in obstetrics: comparison of regimens

Objetivos: avaliar a eficiência de vários esquemas de antibioticoterapia profilática no parto na prevençäo da infecçäo puerperal. Métodos: segundo a via de parto (vaginal ou abdominal) e conforme a presença ou näo de um ou mais fatores de risco para infecçäo puerperal, as pacientes foram distribuídas entre os grupos de baixo, médio e alto risco para a infecçäo puerperal. Foram incluídas 2.263 pacientes no período de março de 1994 a junho de 1997. Resultados: a incidência de infecçäo puerperal variou entre os grupos. Foi de 3,1 por cento no grupo de baixo risco, em que nenhum antibiótico, foi administrado e de 8,5 por cento no grupo de alto risco, no qual todas as pacientes receberam cefalotina 1g EV em três doses, com intervalo de seis horas entre as doses. No grupo de médio risco a taxa de infecçäo puerperal foi de 5,3 por cento entre as pacientes que receberam cefoxitina 1g EV em três doses; 5,0 por cento entre as usuárias de cefalotina 1g EV em três doses; 4,0 por cento quando se utilizou a cefoxitina em dose única e 3,4 por cento quando utilizou-se cefalotina em dose única. Conclusöes: no grupo de baixo risco é desnecessária a antibioticoterapia profilática. A cefalosporina de 2ª geraçäo (cefoxitina) teve eficácia semelhante a de 1ª geraçäo (cefalotina) na prevençäo a infecçäo puerperal, independente da posologia utilizada. A cefalotina parece ser eficaz na prevençäo da infecçäo puerperal no grupo de alto risco.