Can an anti-inflammatory diet be effective in preventing or treating viral respiratory diseases? A systematic narrative review.

Respiratory Viruses infections (RVI) such as rhinovirus, coronavirus, influenza virus, and adenovirus affect the respiratory and the immune systems. The role of nutrition in the respiratory and immune systems has been studied in some studies, and its importance is undeniable. In addition, one of the key findings in this disease is high inflammation that affects almost all patients. This systematic narrative review aims to answer the question, "Can an anti-inflammatory diet be effective in preventing or treating viral respiratory diseases?" A systematic review search was used for the articles extraction. All studies published in English from 1999 to 2020 investigating dietary inflammatory conditions and RVI were included. Food items with anti-inflammatory properties were selected based on the definition of the dietary inflammatory index (DII). We used Google Scholar, Pub Med, Scopus, Web of Science, Springer, Science Direct, Directory of Open Access Journals, Elsevier, Taylor and Francis, ProQuest, EBSCO, MEDLINE, and SciELO databases for extracting articles. Keywords were restricted by DII. Based on DII, food items/nutrients are involved in inflammation, some of which have anti-inflammatory and some inflammatory properties. Some foods/nutrients, in addition to their anti-inflammatory properties, have antioxidant, antiviral, and immune-enhancing properties. Considering the immune system's involvement, increased inflammation, and involvement of the pulmonary system in RVI and the remarkable role of the anti-inflammatory foods for counteracting them, it is recommended to use a predominantly anti-inflammatory diet along with prevention/control and treatment protocols. An anti-inflammatory diet (based on DII) includes turmeric, ginger, garlic, onions, saffron, dietary vitamin C, vitamin D, zinc, and omega-3 are recommended to reduce infection symptoms and duration.

Probiotic nasal spray development by spray drying.

The upper respiratory tract (URT) is the main entrance point for many viral and bacterial pathogens, and URT infections are among the most common infections in the world. Recent evidences by our own group and others imply the importance of lactobacilli as gatekeepers of a healthy URT. However, the benefits of putting health-promoting microbes or potential probiotics, such as these URT lactobacilli, in function of URT disease control and prevention is underestimated, among others because of the absence of adequate formulation modalities. Therefore, this study entails important aspects in probiotic nasal spray development with a novel URT-derived probiotic strain by spray drying. We report quantitative and qualitative analysis of several spray-dried formulations, i.e. powders for reconstitution, based on disaccharide or sugar alcohol combinations with a polymer, including their long-term stability. Four formulations with the highest survival of >109 (Colony Forming Units) CFU/g after 28 weeks were further examined upon reconstitution which confirmed sufficiency of one bottle/dosage form during 7 days and rheological properties of shear-thinning. Tests also demonstrated maintained viability and cell morphology overall upon spraying through a nasal spray bottle in all 4 formulations. Lastly, application suitability in terms of high adherence to Calu-3 cells and antimicrobial activity against common URT pathogens was demonstrated and was not impacted neither by powder production process nor by spraying of reconstituted powder through a nasal spray device.

Respiratory syncytial virus acute respiratory infection-associated hospitalizations in preterm Mexican infants: A cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of severe acute respiratory infections (ARI) in preterm infants. The incidence of RSV-associated hospitalizations has not been defined in Mexico. OBJECTIVES: To determine the incidence of ARI- and RSV-associated hospitalizations in preterm infants during the first year of life. METHODS: Prospective cohort study of 294 preterm infants followed up through monthly telephone calls and routine outpatient visits. Hospitalized children were identified through daily visits to pediatric wards of participating hospitals and through telephone calls. Respiratory samples were tested for RSV by RT-PCR. RESULTS: Mean gestational age of participating infants was 33 weeks. Ninety-six infants were diagnosed with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and 17 with congenital heart disease (CHD); 11 had both conditions. There were 71 hospitalization episodes in 53 infants. Respiratory samples for RSV detection were available in 44 hospitalization episodes, and the result was positive in 16 (36.3%). At least one hospitalization for ARI was recorded in 33 of 96 participants with BPD, in seven of 17 with CHD, and 18 of 192 infants without these diagnoses. Five (71.4%) of CHD infants who required admission also had BPD. RSV-confirmed hospitalization rates were 9.4%, 5.9%, and 2.6% for infants with BPD, CHD, and otherwise healthy preterm infants, respectively. Attributable RSV admission frequencies were estimated to be 13.6%, 16.5%, and 4.1%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Mexican preterm infants, particularly those with BPD, have high rates of ARI- and RSVassociated hospitalizations. Specific interventions to reduce the incidence of severe infections in this highrisk group are required.

Does food intolerance play a role in recurrent respiratory papillomatosis?

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the potential role of food intolerances in the management of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP). METHODS: This is a retrospective case review of 4 pediatric patients with RRP. All of the patients, cared for by the primary author between 2005 and 2010, were managed using microdebrider resection, intralesional injection of cidofovir, and required multiple surgeries. Skin prick test (SPT) and/or radioallergosorbent test (RAST) were obtained for 2 patients. Oral food challenge was utilized in all 4 patients. RESULTS: Standard SPT and RAST did not identify any immunoglobulin E (IgE)-based allergens. A detailed medical history followed by an oral food challenge was successful at identifying food intolerances in all 4 patients. When specific food elimination was implemented in these patients' treatments in addition to microdebrider resection and cidofovir injection, statistically significant long-term remissions were achieved. CONCLUSION: Food intolerance and its impact on RRP and immune dysfunction deserve further investigation and may benefit some patients with RRP.

Alimentación enteral precoz en lactantes con infección respiratoria baja / Early enteral feeding of infants with lower respiratory infections

La disminución en la ingesta alimentaria durante la fase aguda de una infección respiratoria baja puede afectar el curso de la enfermedad. Estudiamos 42 lactantes (2 a 12 meses) con infección respiratoria baja identificada por los hallazgos clínicos y radiográficos, a los que se les administró antibióticos y nebulizaciones con salbutamol. A su ingreso fueron asignados aleatoriamente al grupo A, alimentados por sonda nasogástrica en bolo intermitente; grupo B, alimentados por sonda nasogástrica a goteo continuo, y grupo C, alimentados por boca ad libitum, todos con una fórmula a base de leche de vaca en polvo reconstituida al 7,5%, con sacarosa 5%y maltodextrina 5%(77 kcal/dl). La ingesta energética en el grupo A aumentó de 69 a 110 kcal*kg*día; en el grupo B, de 68 a 114 y en el C de 55 a 109 (p 0,005 para los primeros tres días). Los lactantes de los grupos A y B tuvieron estadas hospitalarias más corta que los de C (8,7 y 8,4 vs 9,8 días; p < 0,002) y recuperación más rápida de los índices de insuficiencia respiratoria (4,1 y 3,8 vs 5,5 días; p < 0,001). Los grupos A y B también mostraron mayor descenso de la frecuencia cardíaca media (170 a 134 pulsaciones minuto) que el grupo C (169 a 142; p < 0,01). No hubo diferencias en la frecuencia respiratoria, peso/talla, albuminemia, proteína C-reactiva, VHS y glicemia. El apoyo nutricional temprano vía sonda nasogástrica parece favorecer la recuperacion clínica en lactantes con infecciones agudas del tracto respiratorio bajo

Supplemental nasogastric feeding in cystic fibrosis patients during treatment for acute exacerbation of chest disease.

The use of overnight, nasogastric, nutritional supplementation during hospitalization of children with cystic fibrosis (CF) receiving antibiotic therapy for acute exacerbations of respiratory disease was evaluated in 11 children (mean age = 7.75 years). Supplementary feeding significantly increased inpatient energy intake from 116 +/- 30% to 165 +/- 30% (P less than 0.001) of recommended dietary allowance with minimal effect on oral intake. It also resulted in significantly improved weight gains but neither increased energy intakes nor weights were sustained at short-term (mean = 5.7 weeks) or long-term (mean = 21.6 weeks) follow-up. The notion that short bursts of nasogastric feeding for inpatients with CF improve growth status is not supported. However, the study did show that treatment of chest infections alone does not positively affect spontaneous oral energy intake.