Rol de enfermería en terapia de reemplazo renal continuo en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Quirúrgicos / Nursing Involvement in Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in a Surgical Intensive Care Unit

Introducción: La disfunción renal aguda es una complicación grave y frecuente en Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos, que se asocia al empleo de terapias continuas de reemplazo renal, donde la actuación de enfermería es determinante para su aplicación exitosa. Objetivo: Describir el rol de enfermería en el uso de terapias de reemplazo renal continuo en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Quirúrgicos. Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo de corte transversal, en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Centro Nacional de Cirugía de Mínimo Acceso, La Habana, Cuba, desde 2016 hasta 2019. Universo de 10 pacientes con terapias de reemplazo renal continuo, se revisaron en historias clínicas las variables edad, sexo, duración del hemofiltro, duración de la terapia, acceso venoso, valores de creatinina y urea. Se utilizó el programa IBM SPSS para Windows para calcular distribuciones de frecuencias absolutas, porcentajes, media, mediana, desviación típica, valor mínimo y máximo. Resultados: La mediana de edad fue 73 años, el hemofiltro con duración media de 14,70 horas, tiempo medio de terapia 77 horas, valores medios de creatinina 206,9 É¥mol/l y urea 22,4 mmol/l. Se utilizó anticoagulación sistémica. Conclusiones: El rol de enfermería fue decisivo en el uso exitoso de terapias de reemplazo renal continuo en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Quirúrgicos estudiada. La insuficiencia renal aguda fue la causa de inicio de las terapias, predominaron los pacientes adultos mayores sin diferencias en relación al sexo. Se mantuvo la terapia por más de 72 horas en varios pacientes, se debe lograr una mayor longevidad de los filtros(AU)

Introduction: Acute renal dysfunction is a serious and frequent complication in Intensive Care Units, associated with the use of continuous renal replacement therapies, where nursing action is decisive for successful application. Objective: To describe the involvement of nursing in the use of continuous renal replacement therapies in a Surgical Intensive Care Unit. Methods: A quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study of 10 patients with continuous renal replacement therapies in the Intensive Care Unit was carried out at the National Center for Minimal Invasive Surgery, Havana, Cuba, from 2016 to 2019. The medical records were reviewed for the variables age, sex, hemofilter duration, duration of therapy, venous access, creatinine and urea values. The IBM SPSS program for Windows was used to calculate absolute frequency distributions, mean, percentages, median, standard deviation, minimum and maximum value. Results: The median age was 73 years, hemofilter had a mean duration of 14.70 hours, mean therapy time 77 hours, mean creatinine values 206.9 µmol /l and urea 22.4 mmol /l. Systemic anticoagulation was used. Conclusions: The nursing involvement was decisive in the successful use of continuous renal replacement therapies in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit studied. Acute renal failure was the cause of initiation of therapies; older patients predominated with no differences in relation to sex. The therapy was kept for more than 72 hours in several patients; a greater longevity of the filters should be achieved(AU)

COVID-19-Associated Glomerular Disease.

BACKGROUND: Studies have documented AKI with high-grade proteinuria in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. In some patients, biopsies have revealed collapsing glomerulopathy, a distinct form of glomerular injury that has been associated with other viruses, including HIV. Previous patient reports have described patients of African ancestry who developed nephrotic-range proteinuria and AKI early in the course of disease. METHODS: In this patient series, we identified six patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), AKI, and nephrotic-range proteinuria. COVID-19 was diagnosed by a positive nasopharyngeal swab RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 infection. We examined biopsy specimens from one transplanted kidney and five native kidneys. Three of the six patients underwent genetic analysis of APOL1, the gene encoding the APOL1 protein, from DNA extracted from peripheral blood. In addition, we purified genomic DNA from paraffin-embedded tissue and performed APOL1 genotype analysis of one of the native biopsies and the donor kidney graft. RESULTS: All six patients were of recent African ancestry. They developed COVID-19-associated AKI with podocytopathy, collapsing glomerulopathy, or both. Patients exhibited generally mild respiratory symptoms, and no patient required ventilator support. Genetic testing performed in three patients confirmed high-risk APOL1 genotypes. One APOL1 high-risk patient developed collapsing glomerulopathy in the engrafted kidney, which was transplanted from a donor who carried a low-risk APOL1 genotype; this contradicts current models of APOL1-mediated kidney injury, and suggests that intrinsic renal expression of APOL1 may not be the driver of nephrotoxicity and specifically, of podocyte injury. CONCLUSIONS: Glomerular disease presenting as proteinuria with or without AKI is an important presentation of COVID-19 infection and may be associated with a high-risk APOL1 genotype.

[Unusual Cause of Acute Kidney Failure in a Patient with Metastatic Bladder Carcinoma Undergoing Palliative Chemotherapy]. / Ungewöhnliche Ursache für ein Nierenversagen bei Patient mit metastasiertem Urothelkarzinom der Harnblase unter palliativer Chemotherapie.

Unusual Cause of Acute Kidney Failure in a Patient with Metastatic Bladder Carcinoma Undergoing Palliative Chemotherapy Abstract. Tumour lysis syndrome is a potentially life-threatening complication of cancer and its treatment. It mostly occurs in highly proliferative haematological neoplasms under cytotoxic therapy but can also be seen spontaneously and in solid neoplasms, particularly with high tumour burden and/or high chemosensitivity. The present case report describes a tumour lysis syndrome in a patient with metastatic bladder cancer with an elevated lactate dehydrogenase as only potential correlate of a high tumour burden.

Meropenem dosing recommendations for critically ill patients receiving continuous renal replacement therapy.

PURPOSES: To gather available meropenem pharmacokinetics and define drug dosing regimens for Asian critically ill patients receiving CRRT. METHODS: All necessary pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data from Asian population were gathered to develop mathematic models with first order elimination. Meropenem concentration-time profiles were calculated to evaluate efficacy based on the probability of target attainment (PTA) of 40%fT>4MIC. A group of 5000 virtual patients was created and tested using Monte Carlo simulations for each dose in the models. The optimal dosing regimens were defined as the doses achieved at least 90% of the PTA. RESULTS: The recommended meropenem dosing regimen for Asian critically ill patients receiving CRRT with standard (20-25 mL/kg/h) and high (35 mL/kg/h) effluent rates was 750 mg q 8 h to manage Gram negative infections with expected MIC < 2 mg/L in virtual Asian patients. Some meropenem dosages from available clinical resources could not achieve the aforementioned target. The volume of distribution, body weights and nonrenal clearance significantly contributed to drug dosing adaptation especially in the specific population. CONCLUSIONS: A meropenem regimen of 750 mg q 8 h was recommended for Asian critically ill patients receiving 2 different CRRT modalities with standard and high effluent rates. Clinical validation of these results is needed.

Protein Profiles of Pretransplant Grafts Predict Early Allograft Dysfunction After Liver Transplantation From Donation After Circulatory Death.

BACKGROUND: Predicting the development of early allograft dysfunction (EAD) following liver transplantation (LT) remains challenging for transplant clinicians. The objectives of this study are to investigate the potential relationship between the protein profiles of pretransplant grafts and the onset of EAD, and then combine with clinical parameters to construct a mathematically predictive model. METHODS: Clinical data of 121 LT procedures from donation after circulatory death at the authors' center were analyzed. The expression levels of 7 studied proteins were determined by immunohistochemistry. Another independent cohort of 37 subjects was designed for further validation of the predictive model. RESULTS: With an incidence of 43.0% (52/121), EAD was linked to significantly increased risk of acute kidney injury and renal replacement therapy, as well as reduced 6-month patient and liver graft survival. Allograft weight and high intrahepatic vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression were identified as independent risk factors of EAD and survival outcomes. Liver grafts with high VEGF expression exhibited delayed functional recovery within the first postoperative week. The combination of VEGF overexpression and EAD yielded the highest frequency of renal dysfunction and the worst survival. Based on allograft weight and intrahepatic VEGF expression, an EAD risk assessment model was developed. The incidence of EAD differed significantly between grafts with risk scores ≥-1.72 and <-1.72. The model functioned well in the validation cohort. CONCLUSIONS: Pretransplant intrahepatic protein profiling contributes to the estimation of early graft performance and recipient outcomes following LT. The predictive model could allow for an accurate prediction of EAD.

Elucidation of the novel role of ethnicity and diabetes in poorer outcomes after cardiac surgery in a multiethnic Southeast Asian cohort.

BACKGROUND: Although diabetes is associated with ethnicity and worse cardiac surgery outcomes, no research has been done to study the effect of both diabetes and ethnicity on cardiac surgery outcomes in a multiethnic Southeast Asian cohort. Hence, this study aimed to delineate the association of ethnicity on outcomes after cardiac surgery among diabetics in a multiethnic Southeast Asian population. METHODS: Perioperative data from 3008 adult patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery from 2008 to 2011 at the two main heart centers in Singapore was analyzed prospectively, and confirmatory analysis was conducted with the generalized structural equation model. RESULTS: Diabetes was significantly associated with postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI) and postoperative hyperglycemia. Postoperative AKI, Malay ethnicity, and blood transfusion were associated with postoperative dialysis. Postoperative AKI and blood transfusion were also associated with postoperative arrhythmias. In turn, postoperative dialysis and arrhythmias increased the odds of 30-day mortality by 7.7- and 18-fold, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified that diabetes is directly associated with postoperative hyperglycemia and AKI, and indirectly associated with arrhythmias and 30-day mortality. Further, we showed that ethnicity not only affects the prevalence of diabetes, but also postoperative diabetes-related outcomes.

Kidney disease in Africans with HIV and tuberculosis.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the spectrum of kidney disease in African patients with HIV and tuberculosis (TB). METHODS: We used data from three cohorts: consecutive patients with HIV/TB in South London (UK, 2004-2016; n = 95), consecutive patients with HIV/TB who underwent kidney biopsy in Cape Town (South Africa, 2014-2017; n = 70), and consecutive patients found to have HIV/TB on autopsy in Abidjan (Cote d'Ivoire, 1991; n = 100). Acute kidney injury (AKI) was ascertained using the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria. In the Cape Town cohort, predictors of recovery of kidney function at 6 months were assessed using Cox regression. RESULTS: In the London cohort, the incidence of moderate/severe AKI at 12 months was 15.1 (95% CI 8.6-26.5) per 100 person-years, and the prevalence of chronic and end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) 13.7 and 5.7%, respectively. HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) was diagnosed in 6% of patients in London, and in 6% of autopsy cases in Abidjan. Evidence of renal TB was present in 60% of autopsies in Abidjan and 61% of kidney biopsies in Cape Town. HIVAN and acute tubular necrosis (ATN) were also common biopsy findings in Cape Town. In Cape Town, 40 patients were dialyzed, of whom 28 (70%) were able to successfully discontinue renal replacement therapy. Antiretroviral therapy status, CD4 cell count, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at biopsy and renal histology, other than ATN, were not predictive of eGFR recovery. CONCLUSION: Kidney disease was common in Africans with HIV/TB. Monitoring of kidney function, and provision of acute dialysis to those with severe kidney failure, is warranted.

Greater Rates of Acute Kidney Injury in African American Total Knee Arthroplasty Patients.

BACKGROUND: This retrospective study compared the change in serum creatinine between African American and Caucasian total knee arthroplasty (TKA) patients. The authors hypothesized that African Americans would demonstrate significantly greater change, and that a significantly greater proportion would demonstrate creatinine changes consistent with acute kidney injury (AKI). METHODS: Primary TKAs performed at a single institution between July 2011 and June 2016 were identified: 1035 primary TKAs met inclusion and exclusion criteria (110 African American, 925 Caucasian, excluding Hispanic and Asian patients). None were excluded based on gender, age, body mass index, preoperative diagnosis, or comorbidities. All patients had preoperative and postoperative creatinine levels available in the electronic medical records. Each patient received the same preop and postop protocol for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use along with other drugs administered including anesthesia. All patients received 1 g of intravenous vancomycin with some patients additionally receiving 1 g of vancomycin powder administered locally at the end of surgery. All patients were controlled for fluid intake and blood loss, along with no patient receiving a transfusion or intravenous contrast. Patient demographics and preoperative/postoperative serum creatinine were recorded and then analyzed for presence of AKI (≥0.3 mg/dL). Preoperative/postoperative serum creatinine concentrations were compared between African American and Caucasian patients using 2 × 2 repeated measures analysis of variance. Prevalence of patients in each group demonstrating AKI was calculated using Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: African American patients had significantly greater serum creatinine preoperatively (1.00 ± 0.26 vs 0.90 ± 0.22, P < .001) and a significantly greater increase postoperatively (0.10 vs 0.03, P < .001). A significantly greater number of African American patients demonstrated AKI (10.9% vs 5.1%, P = .03). Furthermore, a significantly greater number of African American patients stayed in the hospital an additional 2 or more days for renal issues (2.7% vs 0.4%, P = .03). CONCLUSION: Altered renal function was significantly more common in African American TKA patients. Future studies are necessary to determine if tailoring anti-inflammatories, perioperative medications, and preoperative comorbidities reduce the risk of renal injury and/or a longer hospital stay for this subset of patients.

ANCA-associated vasculitis in Hispanic Americans: an unrecognized severity.

This study aims to compare the severity and outcomes of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) between Hispanics and Caucasians living in the same geographical area. All patients diagnosed with AAV at two academic institutions in Chicago from January 2006 to December 2012 were retrospectively and prospectively identified. Disease activity was measured with the Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score (BVAS), and disease damage was measured with the Vasculitis Damage Index (VDI). Student's t test and chi-square tests were employed; p ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. Seventy patients with AAV were identified; 15 patients were excluded. Fifty-five patients were included in the study: 23 Hispanics and 32 Caucasians, 35 patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's), 12 with microscopic polyangiitis, 7 with eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, and 1 with renal-limited vasculitis. Compared to Caucasians, Hispanics had a higher BVAS at presentation (16.3 ± 7.6 versus 10.7 ± 7.5, p = 0.006), a higher VDI at presentation (2.90 ± 1.50 versus 2.06 ± 1.30, p = 0.030), and a cumulative VDI (3.90 ± 1.70 versus 2.50 ± 1.90, p = 0.010). Renal involvement was more common among Hispanics (85 % of Hispanics versus 48 % of Caucasians, p = 0.01). Seventy percent of Hispanics had acute renal failure (mean creatinine = 3.37 ± 4.4 mg/dl) of whom seven (50 %) required dialysis, versus 25 % of Caucasians (mean creatinine = 1.78 ± 1.57 mg/dl, p = 0.03) and only two requiring dialysis. Compared to Caucasians, Hispanics with AAV present with more severe disease and higher damage indices. Larger studies are required to confirm these findings and delineate the respective roles of environment and genetics in the pathogenesis of the disease.

Characteristics and clinical outcome of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced acute hepato-nephrotoxicity among Chinese patients.

AIM: To determine the clinicopathological characteristics of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced acute hepato-nephrotoxicity among Chinese patients. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective chart review of patients using the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision diagnosis code for acute kidney injury (AKI) (584.5 or 584.9) and for acute liver injury (ALI) (570.0 or 573.3) from January 2004 to December 2013. Medical records were reviewed to confirm the diagnosis of AKI and ALI and to quantify NSAID administration. RESULTS: Seven of 59 patients (11.8%) were identified with acute hepato-nephrotoxicity induced by NSAIDs. Five patients (71.4%) received over the recommended NSAIDs dose. Compared with NSAIDs-associated mere AKI, the risk factors of NSAIDs-induced acute hepato-nephrotoxicity are age older than 60 years (57.1%), a high prevalence of alcohol use (71.4%) and positive hepatitis B virus (HBV) markers (85.7%). Compared with NSAIDs-associated mere ALI, the risk factors of NSAIDs-induced acute hepato-nephrotoxicity are age older than 60 years (57.1%), increased extracellular volume depletion (71.4%), and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitor combined use (57.1%). Acute interstitial nephritis and acute tubulointerstitial disease were apparent in three out of six (42.9%) kidney biopsy patients, respectively. Acute hepatitis was found in four out of six (66.7%) liver biopsy patients. Overall complete recovery occurred in four patients within a mean of 118.25 ± 55.42 d. CONCLUSION: The injury typically occurred after an overdose of NSAIDs. The risk factors include age older than 60 years, alcohol use, positive HBV markers, extracellular volume depletion and RAAS inhibitor combined use.

Prevalence of acute kidney injury following cardiac surgery and related risk factors in Chinese patients.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Acute kidney injury (AKI) following surgery is a major complication, but the prevalence and risk factors in the Asian population are unclear. Recently, a consensus definition of AKI (AKIN) was proposed. We studied a cohort of cardiac surgery patients and identified AKI by AKIN and associated risk factors. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 1,056 consecutive patients undergoing cardiac surgery in Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China from January 1, 2004 to June 30, 2007. We recorded AKIN stage, clinical characteristics, perioperative variables and complications, as well as clinical outcomes. Univariate and multivariate regression as well as survival analysis was performed. RESULTS: AKI occurred in 328 (31.1%) patients, stage 1 in 21.1%, stage 2 in 6.3% and stage 3 in 3.7%. Patients with AKI were older (65.8 vs. 53.5 years, p < 0.001), more often male (66.8 vs. 54.1%, p < 0.001), and had higher Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) (CCI >2: 22.6 vs. 7.8%, p < 0.001). In logistic regression, advanced age (OR 1.48 per decade, 95% CI 1.32-1.67), CCI >2 (OR 2.82, 95% CI 1.80-4.41), hypertension (OR 2.13, 95% CI 1.47-3.09), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) <45% (OR 1.97, 95% CI 1.14-3.40), postoperative central venous pressure (CVP) <6 cm H(2)O (OR 13.28, 95% CI 8.72-20.14) and postoperative use of ACEI/ARB (OR 1.90, 95% CI 1.27-2.85) were risk factors of AKI. Mortality rose progressively with increased AKIN stage (non-AKI 0.7%, stage 1 4.9%, stage 2 12.1% and stage 3 48.7%). In ROC analysis, AKIN classification was identified to be associated with in-hospital mortality with an AUC of 0.865 (95% CI 0.801-0.929, sensitivity 0.884, specificity 0.714, p < 0.001). Finally, in a Cox proportional hazards model, AKIN stage (HR 2.40, p < 0.001), re-exploration (HR 6.30, p = 0.002) and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) (HR 4.42, p = 0.001) were associated risk factors for in-hospital mortality. CONCLUSION: We evaluated AKIN as a marker of AKI and mortality risk in a large, unselected Chinese cohort of incident patients undergoing cardiac surgery. AKI following cardiac surgery was diagnosed by AKIN criteria in around one third of the patients, and AKI may be associated with outcome. The value of preventative strategies to reduce AKI and their effect on in-hospital mortality should be studied.

Association of genetic polymorphisms with risk of renal injury after coronary bypass graft surgery.

BACKGROUND: Post-cardiac surgery renal dysfunction is a common, serious, multifactorial disorder, with interpatient variability predicted poorly by preoperative clinical, procedural, and biological markers. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that selected gene variants are associated with acute renal injury, reflected by a serum creatinine level increase after cardiac surgery. METHODS: One thousand six hundred seventy-one patients undergoing aortocoronary surgery were studied. Clinical covariates were recorded. DNA was isolated from preoperative blood; mass spectrometry was used for genotype analysis. A model was developed relating clinical and genetic factors to postoperative acute renal injury. RESULTS: A race effect was found; therefore, Caucasians and African Americans were analyzed separately. Overall, clinical factors alone account poorly for postoperative renal injury, although more so in African Americans than Caucasians. When 12 candidate polymorphisms were assessed, 2 alleles (interleukin 6 -572C and angiotensinogen 842C) showed a strong association with renal injury in Caucasians (P < 0.0001; >50% decrease in renal filtration when they present together). Using less stringent criteria for significance (0.01 > P > 0.001), 4 additional polymorphisms are identified (apolipoproteinE 448C [4], angiotensin receptor1 1166C, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase [eNOS] 894T in Caucasians; eNOS 894T and angiotensin-converting enzyme deletion and insertion in African Americans). Adding genetic to clinical factors resulted in the best model, with overall ability to explain renal injury increasing approximately 4-fold in Caucasians and doubling in African Americans (P < 0.0005). CONCLUSION: In this study, we identify genetic polymorphisms that collectively provide 2- to 4-fold improvement over preoperative clinical factors alone in explaining post-cardiac surgery renal dysfunction. From a mechanistic perspective, most identified genetic variants are associated with increased renal inflammatory and/or vasoconstrictor responses.

Insuficiência renal aguda em pacientes com infecçäo pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) / Acute kidney failure in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection

Estudamos a freqüência de insuficiência renal aguda (IRA) entre 240 pacientes internados com sintomas da infecçäo pelo HIV, encontrando 34 episódios em 33 pacientes (13,75). Sua freqüência foi maior nas crianças que nos demais pacientes da série (respectivamente, 34,4 por cento x 12,7 por cento, p < 0,05). O número de sobreviventes 1 mês após a instalaçäo da IRA foi baixo (5 casos, 15,2 por cento). Nenhum dos 21 doentes com quadro séptico associado sobreviveu por mais de 1 mês após o surgimento da IRA, enquanto 5 dos 12(41,7 por cento) näo sépticos ultrapassaram este período (p < 0,01), obtendo alta. Conclui-se que IRA foi importante causa de morbidade entre os pacientes com infecçäo pelo HIV, estando as crianças sob maior risco de desenvolvê-la. O prognóstico após a IRA é ruim, especialmente quando associada à sepsis