Is Body Appreciation a Moderator of Women's Satisfaction and Distress with the Body Changes that Occur after Breast Cancer Surgery? A One-Year Longitudinal Study.

Women with breast cancer show dissatisfaction with their appearance, a perception of loss of femininity and bodily integrity, and dissatisfaction with the outcome of the surgery. Body Appreciation (BA) is defined as positive attitudes toward one's body, beyond satisfaction and dissatisfaction with one's appearance. Although studies about the protective role of BA have increased, to the best of our knowledge, there are no published studies on the association between BA, body dissatisfaction, and distress in participants with breast cancer. The aims of this study are: (a) To analyze whether BA is a moderator of satisfaction with the body from before breast surgery to the one-year follow-up; and (b) to analyze whether BA is a moderator of distress from before breast surgery to the one-year follow-up. The sample consisted of 115 women diagnosed with breast cancer. Several hierarchical regression analyses were conducted. The results indicated that BA moderated the association between the appearance evaluation before the surgery and the appearance evaluation 12 months after the surgery. Although BA was a significative predictor of distress, it was not a moderator of distress from the moment before breast surgery to the one-year follow-up. This study highlights the importance of evaluating the construct of BA in participants with breast cancer using longitudinal designs and developing psychological interventions that focus on increasing BA.

Eating Disorder Symptomatology Among Young Adult Cigarette and E-Cigarette Users.

Objective: Tobacco use is elevated among individuals with eating disorders (EDs). Yet, further research is needed to understand associations between cigarette and e-cigarette use patterns and ED symptomatology. To gain a more comprehensive understanding of tobacco use and EDs, this study characterized ED symptomatology and tobacco use patterns, including exclusive cigarette use, e-cigarette use, dual use, and nonuse. Method: Young adults aged 18-24 years who self-reported exclusive cigarette, e-cigarette, dual, or nonuse (N = 2500) were recruited via Lucid, an online survey management company. Participants completed questionnaires assessing body dissatisfaction, global ED psychopathology, binge eating and self-induced vomiting frequency, and demographics. ED diagnostic groups included: anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia spectrum eating disorders (BSED), atypical AN, and night eating syndrome (NES). Results: Multinomial logistic models revealed those with AN were more likely to be dual users, those with atypical AN were more likely to be exclusive e-cigarette users, and participants with a BSED or NES were more likely to be exclusive e-cigarette or dual users, compared to those without an ED. General linear models suggested body dissatisfaction and global ED psychopathology were higher among exclusive e-cigarette and dual users, while binge eating and self-induced vomiting frequencies were greater among all tobacco use groups compared to nonusers. Discussion: Our findings suggest young adults with ED symptomatology were more likely to be users of e-cigarettes exclusively or dual users. It will be necessary to examine how these associations manifest using longitudinal and clinical populations in future research.

Effects of videoconferencing use on momentary changes in disordered eating urges, body dissatisfaction, and mood.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic led to a global surge in videoconferencing use for work/study-related reasons. Although these platforms heighten exposure to one's image, the implications of videoconferencing use on body image and eating concerns remain scantly examined. This study sought to investigate, in an Australian sample, whether videoconferencing for work/study-related reasons predicted increases in body dissatisfaction (BD), urge to engage in disordered eating (DE; restrictive eating, exercise, overeating/purging), and negative mood at the state level. Participants (N = 482, 78.8% women, Mage  = 20.5 years [SD = 5.3]) completed baseline demographic measures, accompanied by an ecological momentary assessment (EMA) of videoconferencing for work/study-related reasons, BD, DE urges, and negative mood six times a day for 7 days via a smartphone application. Most participants (n = 429; 89.0%) reported state-based videoconferencing use during the EMA phase. Consistent with expectations, state-based videoconferencing use was associated with an increase in state-level urges to engage in exercise. However, contrary to predictions, state-based videoconferencing use was linked to a decrease in state-level BD at the next assessment point and failed to predict negative mood and urges to engage in restrictive eating or overeating/purging at the state level. Given the simplified measure of videoconferencing use, the current research is considered preliminary and future replication and extension, using more nuanced measures, is warranted.

Self-awareness and Social Influences as Predictors of Body Dissatisfaction and Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery for Social Reasons Among Men.

BACKGROUND: Body dissatisfaction and the use of surgery for purely aesthetic reasons among men is steadily increasing. Nevertheless, compared to women, few studies have focused on specific sociocultural and individual factors predicting men's body dissatisfaction and interest in cosmetic surgery procedures. The present study investigated the role of media, significant others, public and private self-awareness in predicting men's body dissatisfaction and acceptance of cosmetic surgery for social reasons. METHODS: Participants were 203 men (mean-age 24 years), who completed a questionnaire containing the Sociocultural Attitudes Toward Appearance Questionnaire-4R, the Situational Self-Awareness Scale, the Muscular internalization subscale, the Male Body Attitudes Scale, and the Social subscale of the Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery Scale. A path analysis was performed. RESULTS: The influence of significant others and public self-awareness predicted men's body dissatisfaction directly and indirectly, via muscularity internalization, while media was only directly associated with body dissatisfaction. A significant link between private self-awareness and body dissatisfaction was found. Moreover, media was not associated with cosmetic surgery either directly or indirectly and public self-awareness showed only a significant association with internalization. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide information about the role that self-awareness and sociocultural factor play on body dissatisfaction and acceptance of surgery for social reasons among men. The study highlighted the importance of designing preventive programs aimed at enhancing men's ability to resist various forms of pressure regarding body image and its management. Moreover, the advantages of focusing one's attention on internal states and feelings can limit body dissatisfaction and can discourage consideration of cosmetic surgery for social benefits. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE V: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Mindfulness-based interventions for body image dissatisfaction among clinical population: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) are well-validated interventions to enhance the favourable body image of individuals. Despite their wide application, the efficacy of MBIs in reducing body image dissatisfaction (BID) among various clinical populations remains unclear. This study aims to expand the literature on MBIs for BID and identify effective types of MBIs for reducing BID in diverse clinical populations for future research and practice. METHODS: A systematic search for studies published in English on the effectiveness of MBIs for BID among the clinical population was done on APA PsycNet, PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases in August 2023. Of the 1962 articles initially identified, 17 were found eligible and evaluated based on the JBI checklist. RESULTS: Random effects meta-analyses on six MBIs revealed their effectiveness in reducing BID among the clinical population (SMD = -.59 and 95% CI = -1.03 to -.15, p = .009), with Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) (SMD = -1.29, 95% CI = -2.06 to -.52, p = .001) and My Changed Body (MyCB) (SMD = -.24, 95% CI = -.46 to -.01, p = .04) reporting significant effect sizes. Among the patients with breast cancer, MyCB (SMD = -.24, 95% CI = -.46 to -.01, p = .04) showed a significant effect size. CONCLUSIONS: MBIs appear to be promising interventions in reducing BID among the clinical population. However, findings should be considered cautiously due to the possible publication bias, high heterogeneity and fewer available studies.

Anxiety and Negative Body Image are Associated with Binge Eating in Patients Who Underwent Bariatric Surgery a Minimum of 2 Years.

PURPOSE: Bariatric surgery is an effective method for the treatment of severe obesity, however, binge eating disorder (BED) and negative body image can interfere with post-surgical evolution. OBJECTIVE: To describe the factors associated with BED in bariatric patients with a minimum of 2 years post-surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional observational study conducted with patients who underwent bariatric surgery through the Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde [SUS]) and presenting a minimum of 2 years post-surgery. BED, depression symptoms, anxiety symptoms, quality of life and body image concerns were assessed by the Binge Eating Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Bariatric Analysis and Reporting Outcome System, and Body Shape Questionnaire, respectively. Socioeconomic and anthropometric data were also collected. RESULTS: Based on the ninety-two (92) patients evaluated, 83.7% were female, and had a mean age of 43.3 ± 9 years. Symptoms of depression (p = 0.002), anxiety (p = 0.000), body image concerns (p = 0.000), poor quality of life (p = 0.010), and obesity (p = 0.008) were associated with the presence of BED. All the anthropometric variables were higher in patients with BED, except excess weight loss. Regression analysis predicted BED through the presence of body image concern and anxiety symptoms. CONCLUSION: Anxiety symptoms and body image concerns are associated with BED in patients who underwent bariatric surgery a minimum of 2 years.

The relationship between body dissatisfaction, lifestyle, and nutritional status among university students in Southern China.

BACKGROUND: In recent years, obesity in early adulthood has become an urgent global public health concern. Body dissatisfaction may have adverse effects on lifestyle habits, leading to obesity. However, research on nutritional status and body dissatisfaction among Chinese young adults is still insufficient. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the relationship between body dissatisfaction, dietary habits, physical activity, and nutritional status among university students. In addition, we explored the feasibility of improving university students' nutritional status by improving the levels of body dissatisfaction. METHODS: This study was conducted in Ganzhou City, Jiangxi Province, China, at a randomly selected university. All 1900 undergraduate students volunteered to participate and signed the consent form. Students were required to completed anthropometric measurements and three questionnaires, which included the Physical Activity Rating Scale-3 (PARS-3), Chinese version of the Dutch Dietary Behavior Questionnaire (C-DEBQ), and Body Dissatisfaction. Of these, 1714 students (age: 18-24 years; men: 933, women: 781) with complete and valid data were included. RESULTS: Higher obesity levels were observed in men compared to women (p<0.01). Meanwhile, body dissatisfaction was higher in women compared to men (p<0.01). Overeating and insufficient physical activity were more problematic in women compared to in men (p<0.01). Multiple regression analyses were conducted separately, with BMI and body dissatisfaction as the dependent variables. Body dissatisfaction (ß=0.72, p<0.01), muscle mass (ß=0.33, p<0.01), emotional eating score (ß=0.05, p<0.01), sex (ß=-0.05, p<0.05) and physical activity (ß=-0.04, p<0.05) score were significant predictors of obesity. Furthermore, Muscle mass (ß=0.61, p<0.01), sex (ß=0.54, p<0.01), restrained eating score (ß=0.25, p<0.01), physical activity score (ß=-0.20, p<0.01) and emotional eating score (ß=0.08, p<0.01) were significant predictors of body dissatisfaction. CONCLUSION: The data presented in this study highlight the impact of university students' body dissatisfaction in China on physical activity deficiency and overeating, discovering that reducing body dissatisfaction has great potential for preventing obesity.

Terapia Centrada na Pessoa e Processo de Reorganização da Autoimagem e Autoestima: Pesquisa-Ação / Person-Centered Therapy and the Reorganizing Self-Image and Self-Esteem Process: Action Research / Terapia No Dirigida y el Proceso de Reorganización de la Autoimagen y la Autoestima: Investigación-Acción

Este artigo objetivou compreender o processo terapêutico proporcionado por uma prática interventiva de curta-duração centrada em pessoas com problemas de autoimagem corporal e autoestima. Seguindo um delineamento metodológico qualitativo, a pesquisa e as intervenções terapêuticas aconteceram sob a influência do desenho de pesquisa-ação. Trabalhou-se com as seguintes etapas: planejamento do processo terapêutico à luz das condições necessárias e suficientes para mudança de personalidade e as fases do processo terapêutico; desenvolvimento da prática de ajuda; monitoramento da ação a partir da supervisão, revisão dos atendimentos e entrevistas semiestruturadas com os participantes; análise fenomenológica empírica dos impactos afetivos da terapia a partir da perspectiva dos clientes atendidos; entendimento disso a partir do referencial rogeriano. Foram elaborados e discutidos os seguintes eixos temáticos relacionados ao processo terapêutico: fatores que levaram à busca por ajuda psicológica e constituíram a atmosfera terapêutica; significação negativa da experiência corporal; significação real da experiência de autoestima em relação ao corpo; mudanças de atitudes em relação à percepção de si e ao autocuidado. Concluiu-se que a terapia centrada na pessoa produziu impactos afetivos significativos que ajudaram esses clientes a lidar com suas experiências de imagem corporal e autoestima.

This article aimed to understand the therapeutic process provided by a short-term interventional practice centered on people with body self-esteem and self-image problems. Following a qualitative methodological design, the research and therapeutic interventions took place under the influence of the action research design. The following stages were used: planning the therapeutic process in light of the necessary and sufficient conditions for personality change and the therapeutic process phases; development of aid practice; action monitoring based on supervision, service review and semi-structured interviews with the participants; empirical phenomenological analysis of the affective impacts of therapy from the perspective of the clients assisted; understanding of this from the Rogerian framework. The following thematic axes related to the therapeutic process were elaborated and discussed: factors that led to the search for psychological help and constituted the therapeutic atmosphere; negative meaning of bodily experience; real meaning of the self-esteem experience in relation to the body; changes in attitudes towards self-perception and self-care. It was concluded that person-centered therapy produces significant affective impacts that helped these clients to deal with their body image and self-esteem experiences.

Este articulo tuvo como objetivo comprender el proceso terapéutico proporcionado por una práctica intervencionista de corta duración centrada en personas con problemas de autoimagen corporal y autoestima. Siguiendo un diseño metodológico cualitativo, la investigación y las intervenciones terapéuticas se desarrollaron bajo la investigación-acción. Se trabajó con los siguientes pasos: planificación del proceso terapéutico a la luz de las condiciones necesarias y suficientes para el cambio de personalidad y las fases del proceso terapéutico; desarrollo de prácticas de ayuda; seguimiento de la acción basado en la supervisión, revisión del servicio y entrevistas semiestructuradas con los participantes; análisis fenomenológico empírico de los impactos afectivos de la terapia desde la perspectiva de los clientes atendidos; comprensión de esto desde el referencial rogeriano. Fueron elaborados los siguientes ejes: factores que llevaron a búsqueda de ayuda psicológica y constituyen una atmósfera terapéutica; significado negativo de la experiencia corporal; significación real de la experiencia de la autoestima en relación con el cuerpo; cambios en las actitudes en relación con la autopercepción y autocuidado. Se concluyó que la terapia centrada en la persona produjo impactos afectivos significativos que ayudaron a estos clientes a lidiar con sus experiencias de imagen corporal y autoestima.

Expanding upon the relationship between gender-affirming hormone therapy, neural connectivity, mental health, and body image dissatisfaction.

OBJECTIVE: Transgender/non-binary (TNB) youth are at increased risk for anxiety, depression, and suicidality compared to cisgender youth. Gender affirming hormone therapy (GAHT, i.e., testosterone or estrogen) is a standard of care option for TNB youth, and we have recently shown that GAHT (testosterone) in transgender youth assigned a female sex at birth is associated with reductions in internalizing symptomatology. The current analysis explores: 1) whether these benefits are observed in both TNB youth assigned female at birth (TNBAFAB) and TNB youth assigned male at birth (TNBAMAB) and 2) the extent to which body image dissatisfaction and alteration in neural circuitry relate to internalizing symptoms. METHOD: The current study is an expansion of a previous publication from our lab that explored the association between gender-affirming testosterone and internalizing symptomatology. While participants in our previous study consisted of 42 TNBAFAB youth, participants in the current study included adolescent TNBAFAB receiving GAHT (n = 21; GAHT+) and not receiving GAHT (n = 29; GAHT-) as well as adolescent GAHT+ TNBAMAB (n = 15) and GAHT- TNBAMAB (n = 17). Participants reported symptoms of trait and social anxiety, depression, suicidality in the past year, and body image dissatisfaction. Brain activation was measured during a face processing task designed to elicit amygdala activation during functional MRI. RESULTS: GAHT+ TNBAFAB had significantly lower rates of social anxiety, depression, and suicidality compared to GAHT- TNBAFAB. While there were no significant relationships between estrogen and depression and anxiety symptoms, longer duration of estrogen was related to less suicidality. Both testosterone and estrogen administration were related to significantly lower rates of body image dissatisfaction compared to GAHT- youth. No significant differences emerged for BOLD response in the left or right amygdala during the face processing task, however, there was a significant main effect of GAHT on functional connectivity between the right amygdala and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, such that GAHT+ youth had stronger co-activation between the two regions during the task. Body image dissatisfaction, greater functional connectivity, their interaction effect, and age predicted depression symptomatology and body image dissatisfaction additionally predicted suicidality in the past year. CONCLUSION: The current study suggests that GAHT is associated with fewer short-term internalizing symptoms in TNBAFAB than in TNBAMAB, although internalizing symptoms among TNBAMAB may diminish with longer durations of estrogen treatment. Controlling for age and sex assigned at birth, our findings indicate that less body image dissatisfaction and greater functional connectivity between the amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex were both predictors of fewer levels of internalizing symptoms following GAHT.

Prevalencia del síndrome del impostor y nivel de autoestima en estudiantes de una facultad de medicina del Ecuador / Prevalence of impostor syndrome and level of self-esteem in students of a medical school in Ecuador

INTRODUCCIÓN. El síndrome del impostor es un trastorno caracterizado por la incapacidad del individuo para reconocer sus habilidades e interiorizar sus logros, lo cual impacta negativamente en la salud mental y desempeño académico-laboral. OBJETIVO. Identificar la prevalencia del síndrome del impostor y nivel de autoestima en estudiantes de una facultad de medicina del Ecuador. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Estudio transversal descriptivo, aplicado en los estudiantes de medicina de segundo a décimo nivel, de la facultad de medicina de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador en el periodo febrero a junio de 2022. Para el análisis estadístico se aplicaron frecuencias absolutas y relativas, tablas cruzadas, razón de prevalencia, chi cuadrado como contraste de hipótesis. RESULTADOS. La mayoría de estudiantes con síndrome de impostor fueron mujeres (74,2%); pertenecer al sexo femenino aumentó dos veces su probabilidad (Razón de prevalencia: 2,12; Índice de confianza: 95% 1,66-2,17; p: <0,001). Para el sexo masculino autopercibirse como perfeccionista incrementó dos veces la probabilidad (Razón de prevalencia: 2,3; Índice de confianza: 95% 1,53-3,46; p: < 0,001). La autoestima baja no se asoció a mayor probabilidad de desarrollar este síndrome. En contraste, no percibir apoyo social incrementó al doble su probabilidad (Razón de prevalencia: 1,72; Índice de confianza: 95% 1,16-2,55; p 0,007). DISCUSIÓN. Estudios previos muestran elevada prevalencia de este síndrome en estudiantes medicina, con predominio en mujeres. En concordancia con la literatura citada, no existió asociación entre nivel de carrera y síndrome del impostor; el perfeccionismo se asocia a mayor probabilidad de síndrome del impostor. CONCLUSIÓN. El síndrome del impostor es frecuente en estudiantes de medicina, existen factores determinantes que incrementan la probabilidad del síndrome como ser mujer, autopercibirse como perfeccionista en la población masculina y no percibir apoyo social, la importancia de su reconocimiento reside en la prevención del distrés psicológico y la deserción académica.

INTRODUCTION. Impostor syndrome is a disorder characterized by an individual's inability to recognize his or her abilities and internalize his or her accomplishments, which negatively impacts mental health and academic and occupational performance. OBJECTIVE. To identify the prevalence of impostor syndrome and level of self-esteem in students of a medical school in Ecuador. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Descriptive cross-sectional study, applied to medical students from second to tenth level, of the medical school of the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador in the period January to June 2022. For the statistical analysis, absolute and relative frequencies, cross tables, prevalence ratio, chi-square and hypothesis testing were applied. RESULTS. The majority of students with impostor syndrome were female (74.2%); belonging to the female sex increased their probability twice (Prevalence ratio: 2.12; Confidence index: 95% 1.66-2.17; p: < 0.001). For the male sex, self-perceiving oneself as a perfectionist increased the probability twice (Prevalence ratio: 2.3; Confidence index: 95% 1.53-3.46; p: < 0.001). Low self-esteem was not associated with a higher probability of developing this syndrome. In contrast, not perceiving social support doubled its probability (Prevalence ratio: 1.72; Confidence index: 95% 1.16-2.55; p 0.007). DISCUSSION. Previous studies show a high prevalence of this syndrome in medical students, with a predominance in women. In agreement with the literature cited, there was no association between career level and impostor syndrome; perfectionism is associated with a higher probability of impostor syndrome. CONCLUSIONS. Impostor syndrome is frequent in medical students, there are determinant factors that increase the probability of the syndrome such as being a woman, self-perceived perfectionism in the male population and not perceiving social support, the importance of its recognition lies in the prevention of psychological distress and academic desertion.

Population-level policy recommendations for the prevention of disordered weight control behaviors: A scoping review.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this scoping review was to identify recommendations and gaps in knowledge surrounding the prevention of disordered weight control behaviors (DWCBs) through policy. METHOD: A search was conducted in several databases to identify English language articles that described an active policy, recommendation, guideline, or educational curriculum that could be implemented by governments or regulatory bodies to prevent DWCBs or related constructs (e.g., weight stigma, body dissatisfaction). Two researchers independently screened articles with oversight from a third researcher. Data were extracted from the final sample (n = 65) and analyzed qualitatively across all articles and within the domains of education, public policy, public health, industry regulation, and media. RESULTS: Only a single empirical evaluation of an implemented policy to reduce DWCBs was identified. Over one-third of articles proposed recommendations relating to industry regulation and media (n = 24, 36.9%), followed by education (n = 21, 32.3%), public policy (n = 19, 29.2%), and public health (n = 10, 15.4%). Recommendations included school-based changes to curricula, staff training, and anti-bullying policies; legislation to ban weight discrimination; policies informed by strategic science; collaboration with researchers from other fields; de-emphasizing weight in health communications; diversifying body sizes and limiting modified images in media; and restricting the sale of weight-loss supplements. DISCUSSION: The findings of this review highlight gaps in empirically evaluated policies to reduce DWCBs but also promising policy recommendations across several domains. Although some policy recommendations were supported by empirical evidence, others were primarily based on experts' knowledge, highlighting the need for greater research on population-level DWCBs prevention through policy. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE: Our scoping review of the evidence on policies for the prevention of disordered weight control behaviors identified several recommendations across the domains of education, public policy, public health, and industry regulation and media. Although few empirical investigations of implemented policies have been conducted, expert recommendations for policies to prevent disordered weight control behaviors among populations are plentiful and warrant future consideration by researchers and policymakers alike.

OBJETIVO: El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática exploratoria fue identificar recomendaciones y lagunas en el conocimiento sobre la prevención de comportamientos disfuncionales de control de peso (DWCB) a través de políticas. MÉTODO: Se realizó una búsqueda en varias bases de datos para identificar artículos en ingel resumenlés que describieran una política activa, recomendación, directriz o currículo educativo que pudieran implementar los gobiernos u organismos reguladores para prevenir DWCB o constructos relacionados (por ejemplo, estigma de peso, insatisfacción corporal). Dos investigadores examinaron de forma independiente los artículos con la supervisión de un tercer investigador. Los datos se extrajeron de la muestra final (n = 65) y se analizaron cualitativamente en todos los artículos y dentro de los dominios de educación, políticas públicas, salud pública, regulación de la industria y medios de comunicación. RESULTADOS: Solo se identificó una evaluación empírica única de una política implementada para reducir los DWCB. Más de un tercio de los artículos propusieron recomendaciones relacionadas con la regulación de la industria y los medios de comunicación (n = 24, 36.9%), seguido de educación (n = 21, 32.3%), políticas públicas (n = 19, 29.2%) y salud pública (n = 10, 15.4%). Las recomendaciones incluyeron cambios en los planes de estudio, capacitación del personal y políticas contra el acoso (bullying); legislación para prohibir la discriminación por peso; políticas basadas en la ciencia estratégica; colaboración con investigadores de otros campos; restar importancia al peso en las comunicaciones sanitarias; diversificar los tamaños corporales y limitar las imágenes modificadas en los medios; y restringir la venta de suplementos para bajar de peso. DISCUSIÓN: Los hallazgos de esta revisión destacan las brechas en las políticas evaluadas empíricamente para reducir los DWCB, pero también las recomendaciones de políticas prometedoras en varios dominios. Aunque algunas recomendaciones de políticas estaban respaldadas por evidencia empírica, otras se basaban principalmente en el conocimiento de expertos, destacando la necesidad de una mayor investigación sobre la prevención de DWCB a nivel poblacional a través de políticas.

INFLUENCIA DEL USO DE REDES SOCIALES SOBRE LA CONFORMIDAD CON LA IMAGEN CORPORAL / INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL MEDIA USE ON BODY IMAGE CONFORMITY

Introducción: La insatisfacción corporal se asocia a la morbilidad psicofísica. Uno de los factores estudiados como disparador de malestar sobre la imagen corporal es la exposición a mensajes culturales de ideales físicos o de belleza. El presente trabajo explora la relación entre el uso de las redes sociales y la preocupación por el propio cuerpo, el deseo de hacer dieta para bajar de peso, y la generación de pensamientos obsesivos por la forma y tamaño corporal durante el período de Aislamiento Social, Preventivo y Obligatorio (ASPO). Materiales y Métodos: Estudio transversal, descriptivo, realizado a través de un cuestionario online en participantes mayores de 18 años residentes en Argentina. Se evaluaron antecedentes demográficos, datos antropométricos, conformidad con la imagen corporal e influencia del uso de redes sociales sobre la imagen corporal y la conformidad con el propio cuerpo. Resultados: Un total de 2236 individuos (85,5% mujeres), con una media de edad de 38.88±15.20 años, y una media de IMC de 25.55±5.36 kg/m2, aceptó participar del presente estudio. El 34% de los encuestados manifestaron que nunca o rara vez se encontraban conformes con su cuerpo y el 66% refirió sentir culpa al excederse con la comida. El 68,1% manifestó haber sentido miedo a aumentar de peso en algún momento de su vida. El análisis multivariado arrojó una relación inversa entre la edad de los encuestados y la percepción de que las redes sociales influyeron negativamente sobre su imagen corporal, y que estas incrementaron su deseo de hacer una dieta destinada a bajar de peso. El efecto negativo de las redes sociales fue significativamente mayor en aquellos que presentaban disconformidad corporal previo al ASPO. Conclusión: El incremento del uso de las redes sociales en pandemia se vio reflejado en el grado de insatisfacción corporal en el grupo de mayor vulnerabilidad en la muestra estudiada

Introduction: Body image dissatisfaction is associated with psychophysical morbidity. Exposure to cultural messages about physical or beauty ideals is one of the studied factors which initiate body image dissatisfaction. This work explores the relationship between social media use and preoccupation with one's own body, the desire for a diet to lose weight, and the generation of obsessive thoughts about body shape and size during the period of Social Preventive and Mandatory Isolation (SPMI). Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out using an online questionnaire of participants over 18 years residing in Argentina. Demographic information, anthropometric data, conformity with body image and the influence of the use of social media on body image and conformity with one's own body were evaluated. Results: 2236 individuals participated in this study (85,5% women) with a mean age of 38.88±15.20 years and a mean IMC of 25.55±5.36 kg/m2. Thirty-four percent of the sample expressed that they never or hardly ever were satisfied with their bodies and 66% referred to a feeling of fault when they overindulge in food. Sixty-eight percent stated that they had been afraid of gaining weight at some moment in their life. The multivariate analysis showed an inverse relationship between age and perception of social media's negative influence on their body image, and that they increased their desire to diet to lose weight.The negative social media effect was significantly higher in participants who presented body dissatisfaction previous to the SPMI.Conclusion: The increase in social media use during the pandemic was reflected in the level of body dissatisfaction in the most vulnerable group of this sample

Body Weight Dissatisfaction and Health Risk Behaviors in Adolescents.

Body weight dissatisfaction has been described as a marker for various health diseases, given its direct association with social, physical, and emotional suffering. We investigated the association between body weight dissatisfaction and health risk behaviors in adolescents. This was a cross-sectional study conducted with 668 adolescents aged 14-19 years in the city of São José, southern Brazil. Body weight satisfaction/dissatisfaction was assessed using a questionnaire validated for the investigated population. Health risk behaviors included smoking, alcohol, illicit drugs, medication, non-prescription anabolic steroids, not using seatbelt, unsafe sexual behavior and not knowing how to deal with day-to-day stress. Among males, 66.1% were dissatisfied with their body weight (32.1% due to thinness and 34.0% due to overweight). Among females, 80.0% were dissatisfied with their body weight (24.5% due to thinness and 55.5% due to overweight). There were no significant differences regarding health risk behaviors according to body weight satisfaction/dissatisfaction and sex. Compared to males who were satisfied with their body weight, those who were dissatisfied due to being overweight were more likely to be using tobacco (OR: 2.9; 95% CI: 2.1-4.2), alcohol (OR: 1.7; 95% CI: 1.5-1.9) and anabolic steroids (OR: 2.7; 95% CI: 1.2-5.7). Compared to females who were satisfied with their body weight, those who were dissatisfied due to thinness were more likely to be consuming alcoholic beverages (OR: 1.6; 95% CI: 1.2-2.0) and less likely to be consuming illicit drugs (OR: 0.5; 95% CI: 0.3-0.8). Interventions aimed at health education regarding the non-adoption of risk behaviors such as alcohol and tobacco use, as well as the non-use of anabolic steroids, and favoring the maintenance of general health, may be important for adolescents with body dissatisfaction. These data suggest that health risk behaviors such as adolescent male use of tobacco, alcohol, and anabolic steroids and the use of alcohol and drugs by female adolescents can be related to body weight dissatisfaction.

Earlier Age at Menarche Is Associated with Body Fat and Negative Body Image in Adult Life.

Earlier age at menarche is one of the well-documented antecedents of a range of adverse health effects in adulthood including obesity and psychopathological effects. Yet, few researchers have examined the potential association of menarcheal age with body fat distribution, self-perception, and body image. We retrospectively tested a sample (N = 392) of adult women (18-80 years) to examine the associations of age at menarche with body composition and body image indices. Analyses of covariance and multivariable logistic and linear regression were fitted adjusting for age, physical activity level, smoking, and alcohol consumption. Further adjustment was made for body mass index (BMI) and percentage of fat mass. Earlier age at menarche was associated with slightly increased odds of higher BMI and abdominal fat percentage; of note is the positive correlation with lower body composition indices including hip and calf circumferences/skinfolds. Additionally, earlier age at menarche was associated with higher scores in the negative body image scales, namely overweight preoccupation and self-classified weight, whereas lower risks were found for higher scores in the positive body image scales, namely appearance evaluation and body area satisfaction scales. These findings remained significant after correcting for body fat percentage. The present results showed positive associations for earlier age at menarche with gross indices of obesity with the associations mainly confined to distribution of body fat in the lower part of the body, whereas an increased risk of negative body image was also found. Future research could refine our understanding of the biological and psychological mechanisms underlying these associations.

Imagem corporal e autoestima em adolescentes da rede pública estadual de Salvador-Bahia / Imagen corporal y autoestima en adolescentes de la red pública estatal de Salvador-Bahía / Body image and self-esteem in adolescents from the state public network of Salvador-Bahia

RESUMO. Objetivo: Analisar a associação entre insatisfação com a imagem corporal e autoestima de adolescentes matriculados na rede pública estadual de ensino fundamental em Salvador-Bahia. Método: Participaram deste estudo de corte transversal 860 adolescentes de 10 a 19 anos de idade, de ambos os sexos, matriculados do 7º sétimo ao 9º nono ano em 12 escolas de médio porte da rede pública estadual do ensino fundamental em turno integral, do município de Salvador, Bahia. A autoestima foi avaliada por meio da Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg e a insatisfação com a imagem corporal pelo Body Shape Questionnaire. Dados demográficos e socioeconômicos, maturação sexual, estado antropométrico, nível de atividade física e sedentarismo foram também avaliados. A associação entre insatisfação com a imagem corporal e autoestima foi analisada pela regressão multinominal para variáveis politômicas utilizando o programa estatístico SPSS, versão 23.0. Resultados: Entre os adolescentes, 24,8% tinham moderada autoestima e 27,3% apresentaram os menores escores desse constructo. A insatisfação com a imagem corporal foi identificada em 25,2% dos adolescentes. A análise de associação revelou que adolescentes com insatisfação com a imagem corporal possuem 5,61 (IC 95% 3,08-10,24) vezes maior chance em manifestar baixa autoestima para o sexo feminino e 3,83 (IC 95% 2,03-7,25) vezes para o sexo masculino. Ainda entre as meninas, a insatisfação com a imagem corporal permaneceu associada positivamente à moderada autoestima após ajuste do modelo (OR: 2,31; IC 95% 1,21-4,41). Conclusão: Foi observada alta prevalência de níveis baixos e moderados de autoestima e que a insatisfação com a imagem corporal influenciou a baixa autoestima em ambos os sexos e a moderada entre as meninas.

RESUMEN. Objetivo: Analizar la asociación entre la insatisfacción con la imagen corporal y la autoestima en adolescentes matriculados en escuelas públicas estatales en Salvador - Bahía. Métodos: Participó en esta sección transversal un total de 860 adolescentes de 10 a 19 años, de ambos sexos, de 7º a 9º grado, matriculados en doce escuelas medianas en instituiciones públicas estatales de enseñanza a tiempo completo, en la ciudad de Salvador, Bahía. La Escala de autoestima de Rosenberg y el Body Shape Questionnaire evaluarón, respectivamente, la autoestima y la insatisfacción con la imagen corporal. También se evaluaron los datos demográficos y socioeconómicos, la maduración sexual, el estado antropométrico, el nivel de actividad física y la inactividad física. La asociación entre la insatisfacción con la imagen corporal y la autoestima se analizó mediante regresión multinominal para variables politómicas utilizando el programa estadístico SPSS Versión 23.0. Resultados: Entre los adolescentes, el 24,8% tenían una moderada autoestima y el 27,3% tenían las puntuaciones más bajas de este constructo. La insatisfacción con la imagen corporal se identificó en el 25,2% de los adolescentes. El análisis de asociación reveló que las chicas y los chicos con la insatisfacción con la imagen corporal tenían, respectivamente, 5,61 (IC 95% 3,08 - 10,24) veces y 3,83 (IC 95% 2,03 - 7,25) veces en tener más chances de tener baja autoestima. También entre las chicas, la insatisfacción con la imagen corporal se mantuvo positivamente asociada con uma moderada autoestima después del ajuste del modelo (OR: 2,31; IC del 95%: 1,21 a 4,41). Conclusión: Se observó una alta ocurrencia de baja y moderada autoestima y que la insatisfacción con la imagen corporal influyó en la baja autoestima en ambos sexos y en la moderada autoestima entre las chicas.

ABSTRACT. Objective: To analyze an association between dissatisfaction with body image and self - esteem of adolescents enrolled in the public elementary school system in Salvador - Bahia. Methods: Participated in this cross-sectional study 860 adolescents aged 10 to 19, of both sexes from the 7th to the 9th year, enrolled in twelve medium-sized schools of the public elementary school system in full shift, in the city of Salvador, Bahia. Self-esteem was assessed through the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale and body image dissatisfaction by the Body Shape Questionnaire. Demographic and socioeconomic data, sexual maturation, anthropometric status, physical activity level and sedentary lifestyle were evaluated. The association between dissatisfaction with body image and self-esteem was analyzed by multinominal regression for polytomic variables using the statistical program SPSS Version 23.0. Results: Among the adolescents, 24.8% had moderate self-esteem and 27.3% had the lowest scores of this construct. Body image dissatisfaction was identified in 25.2% of the adolescents. The association analysis revealed that adolescents with body image dissatisfaction have 5.61 (95%ci 3.08-10.24) times greater chance of manifesting low self-esteem for females and 3.83 (95%ci 2.03-7.25) times for males. Still among girls, dissatisfaction with body image remained positively associated with moderate self-esteem after adjusting the model (OR: 2.31; 95%ci 1.21-4.41). Conclusion: It was concluded that the prevalence of low and moderate self-esteem was high, and dissatisfaction with body image influenced low self-esteem in both sexes and a moderate among girls.

Percepções e expectativas de homens trans acerca dos relacionamentos afetivo-sexuais pós-transição / Trans men's perceptions and expectations of post-transition affective-sexual relationships / Percepciones y expectativas de los hombres trans sobre las relaciones afectivo-sexuales después de la transición

As identidades transmasculinas ganharam visibilidade social e acadêmica no Brasil a partir de 2010, contudo, as questões subjetivas dos homens trans ainda são pouco debatidas, em particular temas associados aos relacionamentos afetivos na experiência desses sujeitos. Este estudo qualitativo tem por objetivo identificar as percepções e expectativas dos homens trans acerca dos relacionamentos afetivo-sexuais no cenário pós-transição de gênero. Participaram da pesquisa 15 homens transexuais hormonizados, com idades entre 20 e 41 anos. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de entrevista semiestruturada nas modalidades presencial e on-line. Empregou-se análise temática reflexiva, que resultou em dois temas analíticos. Os resultados apontam que os homens trans, ao contrário de suas expectativas iniciais, percebem que tiveram menos oportunidades de relacionamentos afetivo-sexuais depois de sua transição de gênero. Os participantes atribuem essa dificuldade especialmente ao fato de não terem se submetido à cirurgia de redesignação sexual. O desconforto é acentuado por sua materialidade corpórea divergente da cisnormatividade, sistema regulador que associa pessoas pertencentes ao gênero masculino à presença de um pênis. Outra fonte de desconforto é o repúdio social, que alimenta a abjeção, exotização e fetichização dos corpos transmasculinos. Também são descritas as especificidades do relacionamento dos homens trans com mulheres cisgênero, heterossexuais e lésbicas. Os resultados evidenciam que a fixação persistente no genital, como referente e signo determinante do gênero e da sexualidade, modula e regula a busca e o encontro de parceira(o) íntima(o).(AU)

Transmasculine identities have gained social and academic visibility in Brazil since 2010, but subjective issues, especially those associated with affective relationships, are still little discussed. This qualitative study sought to identify trans men's perceptions and expectations regarding post-transition affective-sexual relationships. A total of 15 transsexual men undergoing hormone therapy, aged between 20 and 41 years, participated in the research. Data were collected by means of in-person and online semi-structured interviews and analysed using reflexive thematic analysis, which resulted in two analytical themes. Results show that trans men, differently from their initial expectations, perceive fewer opportunities for affective-sexual relationships after their gender transition. The participants attribute this difficulty, especially, to the fact that they have not undergone sexual reassignment surgery. Discomfort isaccentuated by their bodily materiality diverging from cisnormativity, the regulatory system that associates people belonging to the male gender with the presence of a penis. Another source of discomfort is the social repudiation, which reinforces the abjection, exoticization, and fetishization of transmasculine bodies. The specifics of trans men's relationships with cisgender, heterosexual, and lesbian women are also described. The results show that the persistent fixation on the genital, as a referent and determinant sign of gender and sexuality, modulates and regulates the search for and encounter of intimate partners.(AU)

Las identidades transmasculinas han ganado visibilidad social y académica en Brasil desde 2010, sin embargo, las cuestiones subjetivas de los hombres trans son aún poco discutidas, en particular las cuestiones asociadas a las relaciones afectivas en la experiencia de estos sujetos. Este estudio cualitativo tiene como objetivo identificar las percepciones y expectativas de los hombres trans sobre las relaciones afectivo-sexuales después de la transición de género. Participaron en la investigación 15 hombres transexuales hormonados, de edades comprendidas entre los 20 y los 41 años. La recopilación de datos se realizó mediante una entrevista semiestructurada en las modalidades presencial y en línea. Se realizó un análisis temático reflexivo, que dio como resultado dos temas analíticos. Los resultados muestran que los hombres trans, al contrario de sus expectativas iniciales, perciben que han tenido menos oportunidades de relaciones afectivo-sexuales después de su transición de género. Los participantes atribuyen esta dificultad especialmente al hecho de no haberse sometido a cirugía de reasignación sexual. La incomodidad se acentúa por su materialidad corpórea divergente de la cisnormatividad, un sistema normativo según el cual las personas pertenecientes al género masculino deben tener pene. Otra fuente de malestar es el repudio social, que alimenta la abyección, la exotización y la fetichización de los cuerpos transmasculinos. También se describen las especificidades de las relaciones de los hombres trans con las mujeres heterosexuales, cisgénero y lesbianas. Los resultados muestran que la persistente fijación en los genitales, como referente y signo determinante del género y la sexualidad, modula y regula la búsqueda y el encuentro de parejas íntimas.(AU)

Relatos da pandemia: ser mulher e mãe em tempos de covid-19 / Pandemic reports: being a woman and mother in covid-19 times / Relatos de la pandemia: ser mujer y madre en tiempos del covid-19

Partindo da pergunta "Como tem sido ser mulher e mãe em tempos de pandemia?", o presente estudo convidou mulheres que são mães, em redes sociais virtuais, a partilhar um relato de suas experiências com a readaptação parental em função do distanciamento social causado pela pandemia de covid-19. O objetivo foi refletir sobre a experiência de ser mulher e mãe em tempos de covid-19 e distanciamento social, apontando algumas ressonâncias do cenário pandêmico na subjetividade dessas mulheres. O estudo teve como base o referencial psicanalítico, tanto na construção da pesquisa e análise dos relatos quanto na sua discussão. A análise dos cerca de 340 relatos coletados, os quais variaram de uma breve frase a longos parágrafos, apontou para uma série de questionamentos, pontos de análise e reflexões. A pandemia, e o decorrente distanciamento social, parece ter colocado uma lente de aumento sobre as angústias das mulheres que são mães, evidenciando sentimentos e sofrimentos sempre presentes. Destacaram-se, nos relatos, a sobrecarga das mulheres com as tarefas de cuidado dos filhos e da casa, a culpa, a solidão, a exaustão, e o sentimento de que não havia espaço nesse contexto para "ser mulher", sendo isso entendido especialmente a questões estéticas e de vaidade.(AU)

Starting from the question "How does it feel to be a woman and a mother in pandemic times?", this study invited women who are mothers, in virtual social networks, to share their experiences regarding parental adaptations due to social distancing caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The objective was to reflect on the experience of being a woman and a mother in the context of COVID-19 and of social distancing, pointing out some resonances of the pandemic scenario in the subjectivity of these women. The study was based on the psychoanalytical framework, both in the construction of the research and analysis of the reports and in their discussion. The analysis of about 340 collected reports, which ranged from a brief sentence to long paragraphs, pointed to a series of questions, analysis topics, and reflections. The pandemic, and the resulting social distancing, seems to have placed a magnifying glass over the anguish of women who are mothers, showing ever-present feelings and suffering. The reports highlighted women's overload with child and house care tasks, the guilt, loneliness, exhaustion, and the feeling that there was no space in this context to "be a woman," and it extends to aesthetic and vanity related questions especially.(AU)

A partir de la pregunta "¿cómo te sientes siendo mujer y madre en tiempos de pandemia?", este estudio invitó por las redes sociales a mujeres que son madres a compartir un relato de sus experiencias sobre la readaptación parental en función del distanciamiento social causado por la pandemia del covid-19. Su objetivo fue reflexionar sobre la experiencia de ser mujer y madre en tiempos del covid-19 y el distanciamiento social, señalando algunas resonancias del escenario pandémico en la subjetividad de estas mujeres. Este estudio se basó en el marco psicoanalítico, tanto en la construcción de la investigación y análisis de los informes como en su discusión. El análisis de los casi 340 relatos, que variaron de una pequeña frase a largos párrafos, generó en las investigadoras una serie de cuestionamientos y reflexiones. La pandemia y el consecuente distanciamiento social parece haber agrandado las angustias de las mujeres que son madres, evidenciando sentimientos y sufrimientos siempre presentes. En los relatos destacan la sobrecarga de las mujeres con las tareas de cuidado de los hijos y del hogar, la culpa, la soledad, el cansancio, así como el sentimiento de que no hay espacio em este contexto para "ser mujer", relacionado principalmente a cuestiones estéticas y de vanidad.(AU)

Factors associated with perception of the current silhouette and body image dissatisfaction in adults with obesity / Fatores associados à percepção da silhueta atual e à insatisfação da imagem corporal em adultos com obesidade

ABSTRACT Objective To verify the factors associated with the perception of current silhouette and body image dissatisfaction in adults with obesity. Methods Cross-sectional study derived from the baseline of a randomized clinical trial. The perception of current silhouette and dissatisfaction with body image, defined by the difference between the perception of current and ideal silhouette, were obtained from a scale that ranged from one (smallest silhouette) to nine (largest silhouette). The independent variables investigated as associated factors (crude and adjusted linear regression) were: sex, age, skin color, body mass index (kg/m2), percentage of body fat, level of physical activity, and food intake. Results Sixty-nine obese individuals (body mass index ≥30kg/m2) were studied, 42 of whom were female and with the following mean values: 34.7 (±7.2) years; 33.5 (±2.8) kg/m2, and current silhouette of 6.6 (±0.9). All were dissatisfied with their excess body weight. The categories associated with a perception that matched the current silhouettes were male sex, white skin color, and higher body mass index values when compared to female sex, non-white, and lower body mass index values, respectively. Regarding body image dissatisfaction, white people had lower scores than those with other skin colors. Conclusion Being male, having white skin color, and having a higher body mass index were risk factors for the perception of larger body silhouettes, while only non-white skin color was associated with dissatisfaction with body image.

RESUMO Objetivo Verificar os fatores associados à percepção da silhueta atual e à insatisfação com a imagem corporal em adultos com obesidade. Métodos Estudo transversal derivado da linha de base de um ensaio clínico randomizado. A percepção de silhueta atual e a insatisfação com a imagem corporal, definida pela diferença entre a percepção da silhueta atual e da ideal, foram obtidas a partir de uma escala variando de um (menor silhueta) a nove pontos (maior silhueta). As variáveis independentes investigadas como fatores associados (regressão linear bruta e ajustada) foram: sexo, idade, cor da pele, índice de massa corporal (kg/m2), percentual de gordura corporal, nível de atividade física e ingestão alimentar. Resultados Foram investigados 69 obesos (índice de massa corporal ≥30kg/m2), sendo 42 do sexo feminino e com os seguintes valores médios: 34,7 (±7,2) anos; 33,5 (±2,8) kg/m2 e silhueta atual de 6,6 (±0,9). Todos estavam insatisfeitos pelo excesso de peso corporal. As categorias que se associaram à percepção da silhueta atual foram o sexo masculino, a cor de pele branca e maiores valores de índice de massa corporal quando comparados os dados referentes ao sexo feminino, a pessoas de cor da pele não branca e a menores valores de índice de massa corporal, respectivamente. Quanto à insatisfação com a imagem corporal, pessoas consideradas brancas tiveram escores mais baixos que aquelas com outras cores de pele. Conclusão Ser do sexo masculino, ter cor da pele branca e ter maior índice de massa corporal foram fatores de risco para a percepção de silhuetas corporais maiores, enquanto apenas a cor da pele não branca esteve associada à insatisfação com a imagem corporal.

Quem é o comedor restritivo?: Modelos teóricos segundo variáveis do comportamento alimentar e a influência de redes sociais / Who is the restrained eater?: Theoretical models according to eating behaviour variables and the influence of social media

Introdução: O comer restritivo é relacionado à importantes questões de saúde pública, como obesidade e transtornos alimentares devido às relações com peso corporal; mas há divergência quanto a sua definição e variáveis relacionadas e são sugeridas particularidades para mulheres e homens em relação aos aspectos da imagem corporal, comportamento alimentar e susceptibilidade destes componentes à influência de redes sociais. Objetivo: Avaliar o comer restritivo e seus componentes [descontrole alimentar (DA), restrição cognitiva (RC) e comer emocional (CE)] em modelos teóricos que incluam insatisfação corporal, autoestima, índice de massa corporal e a influência da observação de perfis no Instagram® do tipo "fitness" entre mulheres e homens. Métodos: A partir de desenho experimental online (observação dos perfis de Instagram®), a pesquisa foi dividida em 3 etapas: 1) desenho intra sujeitos que utilizou análises de variância (ANOVAs) com medidas repetidas e covariáveis para comparar mulheres (vs. homens), que observaram perfis fitness no Instagram® (vs. perfis controle), antes (vs. após a intervenção) - distribuídos randomicamente entre os grupos respeitando sexo. A etapa avaliou o interesse por comidas indulgentes (versus não indulgentes) antes e após a intervenção experimental; 2) modelos de regressão linear múltipla para identificar a influência dos grupos experimentais (mulheres que observaram perfis fitness x perfis controle x homens que observaram perfis fitness x perfis controle), da insatisfação corporal, do comportamento de comer transtornado (CCT), da baixa autoestima, idade, renda, índice de massa corporal (IMC) e nível subjetivo de fome sobre os componentes do comer restritivo; 3) proposta de modelo teórico para o comer restritivo e componentes explicados pela insatisfação corporal e moderadores ou mediadores da relação: comportamento de comer transtornado, autoestima, IMC, nível subjetivo de fome e tipo de perfis de Instagram® observado (fitness x controle) por modelagem por equações estruturais (MEE). Resultados: A etapa 1 demonstrou que apenas os homens (H), apresentaram maior interesse por imagens de comidas doces e indulgentes após a observação de perfis fitness no Instagram® (p=0,04, d=0,45) e que tanto mulheres (M) como H apresentaram maior interesse por imagens de comidas doces e não indulgentes após observarem perfis fitness no Instagram® (M: p=0,001, d=0,68; H: p=0,001, d=0,67). A etapa 2 demonstrou que independentemente do perfil de Instagram® observado, mulheres apresentaram maior pontuação para DA, RC e CE. E para todos, a insatisfação corporal foi a variável mais explicativa [DE: ß = 0,25, p≤0,001; RC: ß= 0,26, p≤0,001; e CE: ß= 0,29, p≤0,001]. A etapa 3 revelou que entre a amostra de homens, o poder da teoria foi maior considerando a relação entre a insatisfação com a musculatura (e não para insatisfação geral com o corpo). O modelo para toda a amostra [CMIN =2,13, CFI=0,96, TLI = 0,94, RMSEA (90% IC) =0,06 (0,032-0,090)], apontou que entre as mulheres houve relações significativamente mais fortes entre insatisfação corporal total e comer restritivo (λ=0,54, p<0,001), IMC (λ= 0,28, p<0,001) e CCT (λ= 0,31, p<0,001) e relação significativa entre CCT e comer restritivo (λ=0,21, p<0,01). Porém houve relação significativamente mais forte para os homens entre IMC e comer restritivo (λ= 0,41, p<0,001). Houve moderação das outras variáveis do modelo na relação entre insatisfação corporal total e comer restrito. No entanto, para mulheres a presença das variáveis diminuiu a intensidade desta relação, ao passo que para homens a presença destas variáveis intensificou a relação. O comer emocional para mulheres e homens foi o constituinte mais relevante do comer restritivo nesta análise (M: λ=0,90, p<0,001; H: λ=0,87, p<0,001). Não houve influência dos tipos de perfis de Instagram® nesta etapa. Conclusão: O comedor restritivo foi melhor representado pelas mulheres, e cada sexo apresentou particularidades. Entre as mulheres a insatisfação corporal exerceu influência mais forte sobre o comer restritivo, principalmente afetando o comer emocional. Entre os homens a relação entre o aumento do IMC e maiores pontuações para comer restritivo foi a mais evidente, residindo na insatisfação corporal ligada à musculatura o principal elemento que explicou do comer restritivo entre eles. A autoestima não se revelou um moderador de destaque das relações estudadas e apesar da observação dos perfis fitness ter aumentado o interesse de M e H por imagens de comidas não indulgentes, mas não foi capaz de influenciar atributos duradouros dos indivíduos, como os avaliados nas variáveis pertencentes aos modelos teóricos propostos.

Introduction: Restrained eating is related to important public health issues, such as obesity and eating disorders related to body weight; but there is disagreement regarding its definition and related variables and particularities are suggested for women and men in relation to aspects of body image, eating behaviour and the susceptibility of these components to the influence of social networks. Objective: To evaluate restrained eating and its components [uncontrol eating (UE), cognitive restriction (CR) and emotional eating (EA)] in theoretical models that include body dissatisfaction, self-esteem, body mass index and the influence of observing profiles on Instagram® of the "fitness" type between women and men. Methods: Using an online experimental design (observation of Instagram® profiles), the research was carried out in 3 stages: 1) within-subjects design that used analyzes of variance (ANOVAs) with repeated measures and covariates to compare women (vs. men), who observed fitness profiles on Instagram® (vs. control profiles), before (vs. after the intervention) - randomly distributed between groups according to sex. The stage assessed interest in indulgent (versus non-indulgent) foods before and after the experimental intervention; 2) multiple linear regression models to identify the influence of experimental groups (women who observed fitness profiles x control profiles x men who observed fitness profiles x control profiles), body dissatisfaction, disordered eating behaviour (DEB), low self-esteem , age, income, body mass index (BMI) and subjective level of hunger on the components of restrictive eating; 3) proposed theoretical model for restrained eating and components explained by body dissatisfaction and moderators or mediators of the relationship: disordered eating behavior, self-esteem, BMI, subjective level of hunger and type of Instagram® profiles observed (fitness x control) by structural equation modeling (SEM). Results: Stage 1 demonstrated that only men (H) showed greater interest in images of sweet and indulgent foods after observing fitness profiles on Instagram® (p=0.04, d=0.45) and that both women (M) and H showed greater interest in images of sweet and non-indulgent foods after observing fitness profiles on Instagram® (M: p=0.001, d=0.68; H: p=0.001, d=0.67). Step 2 demonstrated that regardless of the Instagram® profile observed, women had higher scores for UE, RC and EA. And for everyone, body dissatisfaction was the most explanatory variable [DE: ß= 0.25, p≤0.001; RC: ß= 0.26, p≤0.001; and CE: ß= 0.29, p≤0.001]. Step 3 revealed that among the sample of men, the power of the theory was greater considering the relationship between dissatisfaction with musculature (and not general dissatisfaction with the body). The model for the entire sample [CMIN =2.13, CFI=0.96, TLI = 0.94, RMSEA (90% CI) =0.06 (0.032-0.090)], showed that among women there were significantly stronger between total body dis-satisfaction and restrained eating (λ=0.54, p<0.001), BMI (λ= 0.28, p<0.001) and DEB (λ= 0.31, p<0.001) and a significant relationship between DEB and restrictive eating (λ=0.21, p<0.01). However, there was a significantly stronger relationship for men between BMI and restrictive eating (λ= 0.41, p<0.001). There was moderation of the other variables in the model in the relationship between total body dissatisfaction and restrained eating, however, for women the presence of the variables decreased the intensity of this relationship while for men the presence of these variables intensified the relationship. Emotional eating for women and men was the most relevant constituent of restrictive eating in this analysis (M: λ=0.90, p<0.001; H: λ=0.87, p<0.001). There was no influence of the types of Instagram® profiles at this stage. Conclusion: The restrictive eater was best represented by women, and each sex had particularities. Among women, body dissatisfaction had a stronger influence on restrictive eating, mainly affecting emotional eating. Among men, the relationship between increased BMI and higher scores for restrictive eating was the most evident, with body dissatisfaction linked to musculature being the main element that explained restrictive eating among them. Self-esteem did not prove to be a prominent moderator of the relationships studied and although the observation of fitness profiles increased M and H's interest in images of non-indulgent foods, it was not able to influence lasting attributes of the individuals, such as those assessed in the variables belonging to the proposed theoretical models.

Body Dissatisfaction and Binge Eating: The Moderating Roles of Sweet Taste Reward Sensitivity and Dietary Restraint among Tobacco Product Users.

Body dissatisfaction is a key predictor of binge eating, yet less is known about factors that may potentiate the association between body dissatisfaction and binge eating. This study examined self-reported dietary restraint and sweet taste reward sensitivity as candidate moderators of the association between body dissatisfaction and binge eating in adults. A convenience sample of 221 tobacco product users completed measures of eating disorder pathology and sweet taste reward sensitivity. Results revealed that elevated sweet taste reward sensitivity strengthened the positive association between higher body dissatisfaction and binge eating. However, there was no main effect, or moderation effect, of dietary restraint on binge eating. The findings of this study demonstrate the key role of sweet taste reward sensitivity in potentiating the association between body dissatisfaction and binge eating. Sweet taste reward sensitivity may serve as a key dispositional factor for uncontrolled eating.