Desafíos clínicos y normativos de la internación forzada en Chile, en virtud de la nueva Ley de Salud Mental / Clinical and regulatory challenges of forced hospitalization in Chile under the new Mental Health Law

Forced hospitalization is a common practice in psychiatry. It involves limiting the patient's freedom of movement in a clinical context without expressing informed consent, causing stress to the family and support network. Thus, forced hospitalization may cause violations, disturbances, or threats to the human rights of a vulnerable population. Considering this clinical reality, the present study seeks to analyze the current law on this subject in Chile compared to the international human rights guidelines. The analysis included a review of legal documents and referenced scientific articles. The new law No. 21,331 establishes a more demanding standard for the origin of forced internment, shortening the distance concerning the human rights guidelines regarding intellectual disability. The incoming development of the regulations mandated by the law could fill in the gaps in several situations that may arise and clarify fuzzy points. The key stakeholders' participation level will be critical in this matter.

Impact of the Care and Coercion Act on recorded involuntary care in intellectual disability care: a time-series analysis.

BACKGROUND: On 1 January 2020, the Care and Coercion Act came into effect in the Netherlands, subjecting involuntary care to more strict regulations and monitoring. This study tested changes in recordings of involuntary care during the transitional year of 2020 and after full implementation in 2021, which coincided with the first severe test of the new regulations, when COVID-19 lockdown measures were taken on 16 March 2020. METHODS: Data consisted of weekly counts of involuntary care from 1 January 2017 to 31 December 2021, taken from the care data of more than 3000 clients with intellectual disabilities and challenging behaviour of 's Heeren Loo, a large long-term care organisation in the Netherlands. An interrupted time series design was used to compare the period under the former law with the period under the new law and to the period during and after implementation, taking into account the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown measures on recordings of involuntary care. RESULTS: Under the new act in Week 1 of 2020, a statistically significant drop occurred in involuntary care counts, after which these counts gradually decreased. The start of 2021, the year in which the act was fully implemented, showed an initial increase in counts of involuntary care, followed by a decrease (all Ps < .001). The introduction of the COVID-19 lockdown measures did not statistically affect the weekly counts of involuntary care. CONCLUSIONS: The decrease in registered involuntary care after the Care and Coercion Act came into effect is a first indication of the efficacy of this new law that requires careful multidisciplinary consultations around the right of clients to respect their self-determination. Follow-up research should examine whether the impact of the new law aligns with clients' experiences of self-determination.

Sobre dias em que me senti sem ar: desassossegos do pesquisar / On days when i felt breathless: unrest of search / Sobre días que me sentí sin aliento: disurbios de investigación

Resumo Conceitos como o de alteridade, encontro de saberes, polifasia cognitiva, o princípio de familiaridade e de representações sociais operaram na complexa tarefa de compreender como os encontros entre profissionais e usuários sustentavam e/ou transformavam as práticas de acolhimento. Entretanto, a experiência da minha pesquisa de doutorado me levou a questionar os próprios conceitos utilizados da Teoria das Representações Sociais. Ao final do ensaio, após discutir aspectos teórico-metodológicos, o princípio de familiaridade e a questão da tensão e dos afetos nas representações sociais, espero evidenciar como o movimento provocado pelo encontro com usuários e profissionais de uma Rede de Atenção Psicossocial levou-me a questionar pontos essenciais da teoria: o papel domesticador das representações, a forma ainda estática de evidenciar os fenômenos, a separação entre um sujeito que representa e o objeto representado e a dificuldade em usar suas ferramentas conceituais para acompanhar processos me fazem repensar meu lugar e minha função de pesquisador.

Abstract Concepts such as alterity, encounter of knowledge, cognitive polyphasia, the principle of familiarity and the very concept of social representations operated in the complex task of understanding how the encounters between professionals and users supported and / or transformed user embracement practices. However, the experience of my doctoral research led me to question the very concepts used in the Theory of Social Representations. At the end of the essay, after discussing theoretical and methodological aspects, the principle of familiarity and the issue of tension and affects in social representations, I hope to show how the movement caused by the encounter with users and professionals of a Psychosocial Care Network, led me to question essential points of the theory: the domesticating role of representations, the still static way of showing phenomena, the separation between a subject that represents and the object represented and the difficulty in using their conceptual tools to accompany processes makes me rethink my place and role as a researcher.

Resumen Conceptos como la alteridad, el encuentro de saberes, la polifasia cognitiva, el principio de familiaridad y el concepto mismo de representaciones sociales operaron en la compleja tarea de comprender cómo los encuentros entre profesionales y usuarios apoyaron y / o transformaron las prácticas de acogimiento. Sin embargo, la experiencia de mi investigación doctoral me llevó a cuestionar los propios conceptos utilizados en la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales. Al final del ensayo, después de discutir aspectos teóricos y metodológicos, el principio de familiaridad y el tema de tensión y afectos en las representaciones sociales, Espero mostrar cómo el movimiento provocado por el encuentro con usuarios y profesionales de una Red de Atención Psicosocial, me llevó a cuestionar puntos esenciales de la teoría: el rol domesticador de las representaciones, la forma todavía estática de mostrar los fenómenos, la separación entre un sujeto que representa y el objeto representado y la dificultad para utilizar sus herramientas conceptuales para acompañar procesos, me hace repensar mi lugar y rol como investigador.

O direito à internação psiquiátrica no sistema de saúde brasileiro: as representações sociais do Tribunal de Justiça de São Paulo / The right to psychiatric admission in the Brazilian health system: the São Paulo Court of Justice' social representations

Este artigo teve como objetivo analisar as representações sociais do Tribunal de Justiça de São Paulo sobre o direito à internação psiquiátrica no sistema de saúde brasileiro. Os dados foram coletados do sítio eletrônico do tribunal paulista, a partir de 184 acórdãos de ações julgadas em segunda instância, proferidos em razão de recursos de apelação e publicados no período de janeiro de 1998 a dezembro de 2012, referentes às internações psiquiátricas pleiteadas no Sistema Único de Saúde e no sistema de saúde suplementar. Os métodos empregados para análise dos resultados foram a estatística descritiva e o discurso do sujeito coletivo. Aplicou-se, ainda, a Teoria das Representações Sociais como referencial teórico de interpretação dos discursos elaborados. No Sistema Único de Saúde, a internação reclamada em juízo foi a compulsória, representada, majoritariamente, como medida de proteção da dignidade da pessoa com transtorno mental e, minoritariamente, como violência contra essa mesma dignidade. No sistema suplementar, a representação judicial assumiu o enfoque consumerista, consubstanciado na abusividade da cláusula limitativa da internação psiquiátrica e no direito superior à vida. O direito à saúde, vislumbrado nas decisões judiciais, resumiu-se ao direito de acesso aos serviços de saúde e ao direito à doença. A compreensão do Poder Judiciário, nos dois sistemas investigados, foi a do direito à saúde como o direito ao bem de saúde pleiteado em juízo, o que coloca muitos desafios para os sistemas de saúde e para o Poder Judiciário frente à consolidação dos ideais da reforma psiquiátrica estatuída pela Lei n. 10.216/2001.

The current research sought to present the social representations of judges from the São Paulo Court of Justice about the law regarding psychiatric admissions. Data were collected through the court website, from 184 judgments including all the decisions published between January 1998, and December 2012, regarding psychiatric admissions claimed to both the Brazilian Public Health System, and the private insurance health system. As methods, the author used descriptive statistics and the collective subject speech. The Social Representations Theory was applied as a theoretical framework to interpret the collected speeches. Considering Brazilian Public Health System, the admissions claimed on the court were compulsory and judges presented the psychiatric admissions, mostly, as a protection measure of people with mental disorders dignity and, at a lower degree, as a violence against this same dignity. With respect to the private insurance health system, the judicial representation was related to the consumerist approach, supported by the abuse of a clause restricting the time for psychiatric admissions and its contradiction with the right to life. The right to health was characterized in the decisions as the right of access to health services and the right to be ill. The comprehension of the judges in both investigated systems related the right to health to the right to a health as a good claimed in court, imposing many challenges to health systems and the Judiciary Power in order to consolidate the principles of the psychiatric reform brought by Law n. 10.216/2001.

Tratamento asilar, o desamparo e o acompanhamento terapêutico (at) / Tratamiento asilar, abandono y seguimiento terapéutico (at) / Asylar treatment, helplessness and therapeutic accompaniment (at)

Resumo Trata-se de texto ensaístico que, tendo como fundamento o conceito de desamparo, critica tratamentos asilares e conclui enfatizando a importância de não nos deixarmos capturar por propostas encarceradoras. As reflexões envolvem dois tipos de argumentações: (a) argumentos de conjuntura ampla relacionados a volta do movimento asilar associado ao uso compulsivo de drogas e de políticas de abstinência; (b) argumentos relacionados a conjuntura micropolítica que nos afeta por advirem de nossa luta antimanicomial e da ética antiproibicionista. Tais conjunturas se congregam, nos impulsionando para que não recuemos diante dos quadros de violência extrema que se apresentam onde atuamos e sejamos politicamente criativos. O Acompanhamento Terapêutico pode ser essa vigorosa arte-clínica, alinhada à extinção de tratamentos asilares, se entende que nosso desamparo primordial nos funda em laços com humanos e não humanos e, em oposição aos manicomicidas (assassinos do desejo), não tratando como doentes aqueles que destoam em suas formas de viver.

Resumen Se trata de un ensayo que, a partir del concepto de desamparo, critica los tratamientos de asilo y concluye enfatizando la importancia de no dejarnos atrapar por propuestas de encarcelamiento. Las reflexiones involucran dos tipos de argumentos: (a) argumentos de amplio alcance relacionados con el retorno del movimiento asilar asociado al uso compulsivo de drogas y de políticas de abstinencia; (b) argumentos relacionados con la situación micropolítica que nos afecta ya que surgen de nuestra lucha anti-manicomio y ética antiprohibicionista. Esas situaciones se juntan, urgiéndonos a no retroceder ante la violencia extrema que se presenta en todos los lugares donde operamos y a ser políticamente creativos. El Acompañamiento Terapéutico puede ser este vigoroso arte-clínico, alineado con la extinción de los tratamientos de asilo, se entiende que nuestro desamparo primordial nos funda en lazos con humanos y no humanos y, en oposición a los manicomicidas (asesinos del deseo), no tratan como enfermos a aquellos que desatan en sus formas de vivir.

Abstract This essay is based on the concept of helplessness, it criticizes asylum treatments, and concludes by emphasizing the importance of not allowing ourselves to be captured by incarceration proposals. The reflections involve two types of arguments: (a) wide-ranging arguments related to the return of the asylum movement associated with compulsive use of drugs and abstinence policies; (b) arguments related to the micropolitical situation that affects us as they arise from our anti-asylum struggle and anti-prohibitionist ethics. Such situations come together, urging us not to retreat from the extreme violence that presents itself wherever we operate and to be politically creative. Therapeutic Accompaniment can be this vigorous clinical art, aligned with the extinction of asylum treatments, if we understand that our primordial helplessness is based on ties with human and non-human ties and, in opposition to manicomicides (murderers of desire), we do not treat as sick those who differ from the majority because of their ways of living.

Internação compulsória e consumo de crack: uma reflexão a partir do olhar dos profissionais de saúde mental / Compulsory hospitalization and crack comsuption: a reflection from the perspective of mental health professionals / Hospitalización obligatoria y consumo de crack: una reflexión de la mirada de profesionales de la salud mental

Esse artigo tem como objetivo refletir e compreender a prática da internação compulsória de pessoas que consomem crack, mediante o olhar de profissionais de saúde mental ligados a uma Coordenadoria Regional de Saúde, localizada no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A pesquisa tem um delineamento qualitativo-participante. Além da participação no cotidiano da instituição, foram utilizados o diário de campo e a análise documental. Os resultados indicam que a internação compulsória é uma estratégia amplamente utilizada, embora se observem efeitos iatrogênicos em sua aplicação, reforçados pelas representações sociais do usuário de droga como "louco" ou "criminoso". No que se refere às práticas de cuidado, observou-se que persiste o diálogo fragilizado com o sistema judiciário e que há divergências entre os serviços de saúde, o judiciário e os familiares quanto à lógica do cuidado, com poucos avanços na construção de alternativas de cuidado.

This article aims to reflect and understand the practice of compulsory hospitalization of people who consume crack, from the perspective of mental health professionals linked to the Regional Health Department, located in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The research has a participative qualitative design. In addition to participation in the institution's daily life, the field diary and documentary analysis were used. The results indicate that compulsory hospitalization is a widely used strategy, although iatrogenic effects are observed in its application, reinforced by the social representations of the drug user as "mad" or "criminal". Regarding the practices of care, it was observed that the weakened dialogue with the judicial system endures and there are divergences among health services, the judicial system and family members regarding the logic of care, with little progress in the construction of care alternatives.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo reflexionar y comprender la práctica de la hospitalización obligatoria de las personas que consumen crack, a través de la mirada de los profesionales de la salud mental vinculados a una Coordinación Regional de Salud, ubicada en Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. La investigación tiene un diseño cualitativo participativo. Además de la participación en la vida diaria de la institución, se utilizó el diario de campo y el análisis documental. Los resultados indican que la hospitalización obligatoria es una estrategia ampliamente utilizada, aunque se observan efectos iatrogénicos en su aplicación, reforzados por las representaciones sociales del consumidor de drogas como "loco" o "criminal". Con respecto a las prácticas de cuidado, se observó que persiste el debilitamiento del diálogo con el sistema judicial y existen diferencias entre los servicios de salud, el poder judicial y los familiares en cuanto a la lógica del cuidado, con escasos avances en la construcción de alternativas de cuidado.

Emergency mental health legislation in response to the Covid-19 (Coronavirus) pandemic in Ireland: Urgency, necessity and proportionality.

Many countries have enacted, or are in the process of enacting, emergency mental health legislation in response to the global pandemic of Covid-19 (coronavirus). In Ireland, the Emergency Measures in the Public Interest (Covid-19) Act, 2020 amends the Mental Health Act 2001 to permit the Mental Health Commission to request an independent psychiatric report about an involuntary patient from any consultant psychiatrist who is not treating the patient (and not just those on its designated panel). This independent examination may occur 'in person', 'by other appropriate means', or even, 'due to the exigencies of the public health emergency', not occur at all, once this is explained in the resultant report. The 2020 Act acknowledges that 'the exigencies of the public health emergency' might hamper the independent psychiatrist's work and requires a written report from the patient's treating psychiatrist 'no earlier than the day before' the tribunal, in lieu of the psychiatrist physically attending a tribunal hearing, although, if possible, they will attend (i.e. phone in to) a tribunal held by conference call. The 2020 Act permits the Mental Health Commission to, if necessary, appoint tribunals 'consisting of one member who shall be a practising barrister or solicitor'. Such a tribunal shall, if possible, consult with a consultant psychiatrist if the reports from the independent psychiatrist and treating psychiatrist conflict or if it is otherwise 'necessary in the interest of the patient'. A tribunal can extend an involuntary order by a second period of 14 days 'of its own motion if the tribunal, having due regard to the interest of the patient, is satisfied that it is necessary'. Tribunals for current involuntary patients will be prioritised over retrospective tribunals for discharged patients; a tribunal can direct a witness to provide 'a written statement' rather than attending; and the patient can make written representation to the tribunal instead of physically attending a tribunal hearing, although they may attend (i.e. phone in to) a tribunal held by conference call. Psycho-surgery for involuntary patients is banned. While it is clear that revisions are urgent and necessary in light of Covid-19, the proportionality of these changes will depend on how, and the extent to which, they are used in practice. With good communication, efficient team-working and close adherence to professional codes of practice and ethics, it is hoped that these amendments will result in a review system that is as reasonable, robust and reassuring as the current, highly unusual circumstances permit.

Held Against Our Wills: Reimagining Involuntary Commitment.

Involuntary psychiatric treatment for people with serious mental illness should focus on returning to health instead of reducing danger.

Institucionalização prolongada, transtornos mentais e violência: uma revisão científica sobre o tema / Prolonged institutionalization, mental disorders and violence: a scientific review on the topic

Resumo Trata-se de uma revisão de literatura sobre institucionalização prolongada, transtornos mentais e violência. Uma busca sistematizada foi realizada nos principais bancos de dados e foram analisados trabalhos dos últimos 22 anos. Os resultados foram divididos em dois grupos: "Estudos relacionando fatores ligados à predição/risco de violência e institucionalização" e "Estudos relacionando risco de violência e desassistência/desinstitucionalização". Verificou-se que a doença mental isoladamente não é fator diretamente associado ao maior risco de violência, que fatores relacionados à própria institucionalização e à assistência com privação de liberdade influenciam a predição de violência. Conclui-se que abordagens humanizadas, multiprofissionais e com equipe treinada, aliadas ao gerenciamento dos reais fatores de risco de violência, contribuirão para uma melhor assistência e menor necessidade de institucionalização.

Abstract This study is a review of institutionalization, mental disorders and violence. A systematic search was performed in major databases, focusing on studies from the last twenty-two years. The results were divided into two groups: 'studies on factors related to the risk of violence/prediction and institutionalization' and 'studies on the risk of violence and deinstitutionalization/inadequate mental treatment'. We found that mental illness is not directly associated with high risk of violence. Specific details of the institutionalization and assistance with deprivation of liberty are related to violent behavior. We concluded that humanized, multiprofessional approaches and trained staff, combined with the management of real risk factors of violence can contribute to a better health assistance and reduce the need for institutionalization.

O manejo da internação psiquiátrica compulsória por profissionais de saúde em seu cotidiano / La gestión de la hospitalización psiquiátrica obligatoria por profesionales de salud en su curso diario / The management of compulsory psychiatric hospitalization by health professionals in their daily practice

Resumo As internações psiquiátricas compulsórias (IPC) têm sido amplamente discutidas, ressaltando tensões entre seu aumento expressivo e o que preconiza a reforma psiquiátrica. O objetivo deste artigo é compreender os sentidos produzidos com equipes de saúde mental sobre IPC e seus desafios cotidianos. Para tanto, criamos seis grupos focais com profissionais de um hospital psiquiátrico. Os encontros foram audiogravados e as transcrições analisadas qualitativamente, com destaque aos sentidos construídos sobre IPC e seus desafios no cotidiano. Nossa análise aponta que, embora os profissionais façam uso dos mesmos recursos terapêuticos, a IPC se diferencia no cotidiano pela forma como é feita a admissão, que implica em baixa adesão e prorrogação da internação pela interferência do judiciário. Concluímos que o uso de IPC, para sanar questões sociais, persiste, e que o diálogo entre a justiça e a saúde é fundamental para recuperação dos princípios éticos e humanos que orientam a reforma psiquiátrica.

Resumen Las hospitalizaciones psiquiátricas obligatorias (IPC) han sido ampliamente discutidas, destacando las tensiones entre su aumento significativo y lo que aboga la reforma psiquiátrica. El objetivo de este artículo es comprender los significados que se producen con los equipos de salud mental sobre el IPC y sus desafíos diarios. Para ello, creamos seis grupos focales con profesionales de un hospital psiquiátrico. Los encuentros fueron registrados en audio y las transcripciones analizadas cualitativamente, con énfasis en los significados construidos sobre el IPC y sus desafíos en la vida diaria. Nuestro análisis muestra que, aunque los profesionales hacen uso de los mismos recursos terapéuticos, el IPC se diferencia en la vida diaria por la forma en que se realiza el ingreso, lo que implica una baja adherencia y extensión de la hospitalización por la interferencia del poder judicial. Concluimos que el uso de los IPC, para solucionar problemas sociales persiste, y que el diálogo entre justicia y salud es fundamental para recuperar los principios éticos y humanos que orientan la reforma psiquiátrica.

Abstract Compulsory psychiatric hospitalizations (CPH) have been widely discussed, highlighting tensions between their expressive increase and what the psychiatric reform advocates. This article aims to understand the meanings that are produced with mental health teams about CPH and its daily challenges. For this matter, we performed six focus groups with professionals from a psychiatric hospital. The meetings were audiotaped and the transcripts were qualitatively analyzed, highlighting the meanings constructed about CPH and its daily challenges. Our analysis shows that, although the professionals use the same therapeutic resources, the CPH differs in daily life by the way in which admission is made, which implies a low adherence and prolongation of hospitalization due to the judiciary system's interference. We conclude that the use of CPH to resolve social issues persists and that the dialogue between the justice and health is fundamental in order to recover the ethical and human principles that guide the psychiatric reform.

Explicações de familiares sobre o sofrimento psíquico: diversidade e integralidade em questão / Explicaciones de familiares sobre el sufrimiento psíquico: diversidad e integralidad en cuestión / Explanations of family members about psychological distress: diversity and comprehensiveness in question

RESUMO Este estudo apresenta como tema as explicações de familiares sobre o sofrimento psíquico pelos itinerários terapêuticos de usuários na atenção em saúde mental a partir da ótica da família. O Itinerário Terapêutico (I.T.) é entendido como todos os movimentos suscitados por grupos ou indivíduos a fim de resguardar ou recuperar a saúde, que podem impulsionar diversos recursos, desde práticas religiosas e cuidados caseiros até os dispositivos biomédicos predominantes. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar as explicações dadas pelo familiar a respeito do problema de saúde mental da pessoa em sofrimento psíquico. Efetuou-se um estudo qualitativo em que foram realizadas dez entrevistas com familiares de usuários de um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial (CAPS). De acordo com a análise das entrevistas com base na Teoria Fundamentada em Dados foi possível o agrupamento das explicações dadas em: (1) espirituais, (2) orgânicas, (3) histórico familiar, (4) eventos de vida, (5) diagnóstico e (6) outros. As explicações dadas pelos familiares envolvem um olhar múltiplo, que incorpora diferentes causas e motivos, aproximando-se da ideia de integralidade em saúde.

RESUMEN En este estudio se presenta como tema las explicaciones de familiares sobre el sufrimiento psíquico por intermedio de los itinerarios terapéuticos de usuarios en la atención en salud mental a partir de la óptica de la familia. El Itinerario Terapéutico (I.T.) es entendido como todos los movimientos suscitados por grupos o individuos a fin de resguardar o recuperar la salud, que pueden impulsar diversos recursos, desde prácticas religiosas y cuidados caseros hasta los dispositivos biomédicos predominantes. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar las explicaciones dadas por el familiar acerca del origen del problema de salud mental de la persona en sufrimiento psíquico. Se efectuó un estudio cualitativo en el que se realizaron 10 entrevistas con familiares de usuarios de un Centro de Atención Psicosocial (CAPS). De acuerdo con el análisis de las entrevistas con base en la Teoría Fundamentada en Datos fue posible la agrupación de las explicaciones dadas en: (1) Espiritual, (2) Orgánico, (3) Historia familiar, (4) Eventos de la vida (5) Diagnóstico y (6) Otros. Las explicaciones, dadas por los familiares, involucra una mirada múltiple, que incorpora diferentes causas y motivos, aproximándose a la idea de integralidad en salud.

ABSTRACT. This study presents the explanations of family members about psychological distress through the therapeutic itineraries of patients in mental health care from the perspective of the family. The Therapeutic Itinerary (T.I.) is understood as all movements raised by groups or individuals in order to safeguard or recover health, which can boost various resources, from religious practices and home care to the predominant biomedical devices. This study aimed to identify the explanations given by the family member regarding the mental health problem of the person in psychological distress. A qualitative study was carried out in which 10 interviews were conducted with family members of users of a Psychosocial Care Center (CAPS). According to the analysis of the interviews based on the Grounded Theory, it was possible to group the explanations into: (1) Spiritual, (2) Organic, (3) Family history, (4) Life events, (5) Diagnosis and (6) Others. The explanations given by family members involve a multiple look, which incorporates different causes and reasons, approaching the idea of integrality in health.

Internación psiquiátrica involuntaria: antecedentes, reflexiones y desafíos / Involuntary psychiatric hospital admissions

The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Article 12 General Commentary, explicitly states that persons with mental illnesses must always have full exercise of their legal rights in all their aspects. Assistants or support persons must not substitute or have undue influence on the decisions of persons with disabilities, including the expression of their consent. However, the number of involuntary psychiatric hospitalizations appears to be increasing globally and in our country. This article reviews the national and international context of involuntary hospitalizations, including the Chilean legislation and administrative rules, the published evidence about patients' outcomes and clinician attitudes. The authors conclude that the conflict in this issue is not limited to the respect for autonomy and the obligation to provide care. We are now experiencing a new way of caring patients. The complex local, social and cultural realities, require a renewed knowledge and documentation of experiences.

Community treatment orders: an analysis of the first five years of use in England.

BACKGROUND: Community treatment orders (CTOs) were introduced in England in 2008. Aims To measure the rate of CTO use in England during the first 5 years following introduction. METHOD: The number of involuntary detentions and CTOs in National Health Service (NHS) hospital trusts was collected between 2009 and 2014. Rates of CTO use and the ratio of CTOs to detentions on admission were calculated, and how these varied between trusts. RESULTS: The number of new CTOs each year ranged between 3834 and 4647. The number subject to a CTO per 100 000 population increased from 6.4 in 2009/10 to 10.0 in 2013/14. There was variation between NHS trusts in the use of CTOs when compared with the number of involuntary detentions CONCLUSIONS: The number of patients on CTOs increased year on year. Those on forensic sections were more likely to be discharged on a CTO than those on civil sections. There was considerable variation in the pattern of use between hospitals. Declaration of interest None.

Expressões da sexualidade e de gênero na injunção crime-loucura: engendramentos moralizantes no tratamento do paciente judiciário / Expressions of sexuality and gender at the interface between crime and madness: moralizing conceptions in the treatment of the "criminally insane" patient / Expresiones de sexualidad y género en procedimientos judiciales relacionados con casos de crimen-locura: sentencias moralizadoras en el trato a pacientes judiciales

Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar a forma como as expressões da sexualidade e de gênero emergem nos trâmites judiciais que definem os destinos dos sujeitos na injunção crime-loucura. Para isso, explora os processos penais referentes às pessoas em sofrimento mental que cometeram crimes, os chamados pacientes judiciários, que recebem uma medida de segurança. Utilizando-se da genealogia como aporte metodológico, adentra-se nas condições de proveniência e de emergência do "anormal", figura produzida e esquadrinhada pelo discurso médico-jurídico. Foram analisadas seis peças judiciais, focando principalmente os laudos psiquiátricos de pessoas não heterossexuais e/ou não cisgêneras que receberam uma medida de segurança. A análise do córpus indica que a base teórico-conceitual na qual se sustentam os pressupostos da medida de segurança se concentra no laudo psiquiátrico. A análise do discurso médico-jurídico aponta para uma valoração moral das expressões da sexualidade e de gênero do paciente judiciário considerado "desviante". Por fim, sinalizam-se alternativas de produção de novos modelos de tratamento para o paciente judiciário, que buscam superar a ficção da presunção de periculosidade como base pretensamente científica, revisando a inimputabilidade como dispositivo jurídico que viola direitos inalienáveis dos sujeitos na injunção crime-loucura.

This article aims to analyze how expressions of sexuality and gender emerge in the legal proceedings that determine the fate of individuals at the interface between crime and madness. The text explores the criminal proceedings against persons in mental distress that have committed crimes, or so-called "criminally insane" patients, and who are subject to security measures. Using genealogy as the methodological approach, the article analyzes the conditions underlying the source and emergence of the "abnormal", a figure produced and scrutinized by forensic medical discourse. Six court briefs were analyzed, focusing especially on the psychiatric reports pertaining to non-heterosexual and/or non-cisgender persons that were subjected to security measures. Analysis of the textual corpus indicates that the theoretical and conceptual basis for the assumptions in the security measures focuses on the forensic psychiatric report. The analysis of the forensic medical discourse points to a moral judgment of the expressions of sexuality and gender in the criminally insane patient, considered "deviant". Finally, the article signals alternatives for the production of new treatment modalities for the criminally insane patient, seeking to supplant the presumption of danger to society as a purportedly scientific concept, reviewing non-imputability as a legal device that violates the inalienable rights of individuals at the interface between crime and madness.

El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido analizar la forma en la que surgen expresiones de sexualidad y género en procedimientos judiciales, que definen las sentencias a sujetos durante los trámites judiciales relacionados con casos de crimen-locura. Para tal fin, investiga procesos penales en relación con personas que padecen enfermedades mentales y que cometieron crímenes, denominados pacientes judiciales, a quienes se les otorgan medidas de seguridad. Utilizando la genealogía como aporte metodológico, se adentra en las condiciones de procedencia y emergencia de lo "anormal", figura creada y escudriñada dentro del discurso médico-jurídico. Se analizaron seis autos judiciales, centrándose principalmente en los dictámenes psiquiátricos de personas no heterosexuales y/o no cisgénero, a quienes se les otorgó medidas de seguridad. El análisis del corpus indica que la base teórico-conceptual, en la que se basan los presupuestos de las medidas de seguridad, se concentra en el dictamen psiquiátrico. El análisis del discurso médico-jurídico apunta a una valoración moral de las expresiones de la sexualidad y de género del paciente judicial, considerado como "desviado". Finalmente, se señalan alternativas para la producción de nuevos modelos de tratamiento en el caso del paciente judicial, que buscan superar la ficción de la presunción de peligrosidad, como base presuntamente científica, revisando la inimputabilidad como dispositivo jurídico que viola derechos inalienables de los individuos en los procedimientos judiciales relacionados con casos de crimen-locura.

[Standards for treatment in forensic committment according to § 63 and § 64 of the German criminal code : Interdisciplinary task force of the DGPPN]. / Standards für die Behandlung im Maßregelvollzug nach §§ 63 und 64 StGB : Interdisziplinäre Task-Force der DGPPN.

People who have been convicted of a crime due to a severe mental disorder and continue to be dangerous as a result of this disorder may be placed in a forensic psychiatric facility for improvement and safeguarding according to § 63 and § 64 of the German Criminal Code (StGB). In Germany, approximately 9000 patients are treated in clinics for forensic psychiatry and psychotherapy on the basis of § 63 of the StGB and in withdrawal centers on the basis of § 64 StGB. The laws for treatment of patients in forensic commitment are passed by the individual States, with the result that even the basic conditions differ in the individual States. While minimum requirements have already been published for the preparation of expert opinions on liability and legal prognosis, consensus standards for the treatment in forensic psychiatry have not yet been published. Against this background, in 2014 the German Society for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics and Neurology (DGPPN) commissioned an interdisciplinary task force to develop professional standards for treatment in forensic psychiatry. Legal, ethical, structural, therapeutic and prognostic standards for forensic psychiatric treatment should be described according to the current state of science. After 3 years of work the results of the interdisciplinary working group were presented in early 2017 and approved by the board of the DGPPN. The standards for the treatment in the forensic psychiatric commitment aim to initiate a discussion in order to standardize the treatment conditions and to establish evidence-based recommendations.

Time trends in first admission rates for schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders in Taiwan, 1998-2007: a 10-year population-based cohort study.

PURPOSE: To examine the trend in annual first admission rates for psychotic disorders as a whole as well as individual psychotic disorders in Taiwan from 1998 to 2007, and influences of age, sex, and geographic region on the trend. METHOD: Using the inpatient claims records in the National Health Insurance Research Database, we estimated the yearly first admission rates for schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, including voluntary (1998-2007) and involuntary (2004-2007) admissions. Both narrow and broad definitions of psychotic disorders were examined. RESULTS: While involuntary first admission rates were stable, a crescendo-decrescendo change in voluntary first admission rates for psychotic disorders was observed, peaking in 2001. The increase from 1998 to 2001 was closely associated with health insurance expansion. Before 2001, the voluntary first admission rates in males aged 15-24 were underestimated as military personnel records were not included in the database. From 2001 to 2007, voluntary first admissions for psychotic disorders decreased 38%; the decrease could not be accounted for by the mild diagnostic shifts away from schizophrenia to affective psychosis or substance-induced psychosis. During the entire observation period, first admission rates for schizophrenia decreased 48%, while affective psychosis increased 84%. Gender disparities in the first admission rates gradually diminished, but geographic disparities persisted. CONCLUSIONS: First admission rates for psychosis significantly reduced in Taiwan between 1998 and 2007, mainly driven by the reduced hospitalization risk for schizophrenia. Special attention should be paid to the increased hospitalization for other types of psychotic disorders (especially affective psychosis) and the unresolved geographic disparities.