For the People and the Profession.

In 1982 Dean Warren delivered the presidential address "Not for the Profession… For the People" in which he identified substandard surgical residency programs graduating residents who were unable to pass American Board of Surgery exams. Drs. Warren and Shires as members of the independent ACGME began to close the substandard programs in order to improve surgical care for average Americans i.e. "for the people". By 2003 these changes dramatically reduced the failure rate for the ABS exams and trained good surgeons who could operate independently however the residents were on duty for every other or every third night. In 2003 the ACGME mandated duty hour restrictions in order improve resident wellness and improve the training environment for the profession. However, work hour restrictions reduced the time surgical residents spent in the hospital environment primarily when residents had more autonomy and had exposure to emergency cases which degraded readiness for independent practice. Surgical educators in the 2 decades after the work hour restrictions have improved techniques of training so graduates could not only pass the board exams but also be prepared for independent practice. Surgical residency training has improved by both the changes implemented by the independent ACGME in 1981 and by the work hour restrictions mandated in 2003. Five recommendations are made to ensure that Dr Warren's culture of excellence in surgical training continues in an environment that enhances wellbeing of the trainee i.e. "For the People and the Profession".

The Thoracic Surgery Residents Association: Past contributions, current efforts, and future directions.

OBJECTIVE: The Thoracic Surgery Residents Association (TSRA) is a resident-led organization established in 1997 under the guidance of the Thoracic Surgery Directors Association to represent the interests and educational needs of cardiothoracic surgery residents. We aim to describe the past contributions, current efforts, and future directions of the TSRA within a conceptual framework of the TSRA mission. METHODS: Primary review of educational resources was performed to report goals and content of past contributions. TSRA Executive Committee input was used to describe current resources and activities, as well as the future goals of the TSRA. Podcast analytics were performed to report national and global usage. RESULTS: Since 2011, the TSRA has published 3 review textbooks, 5 reference guides, 3 test-preparation textbooks, 1 supplementary publication, and 1 multiple-choice question bank and mobile application, all written and developed by cardiothoracic surgery trainees. In total 108 podcasts have been recorded by mentored trainees, with more than 175,000 unique listens. Most recently, the TSRA has begun facilitating trainee submissions to Young Surgeon's Notes, fostered a trainee mentorship program, developed the monthly TSRA Newsletter, and established a wide-reaching presence on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram to help disseminate educational resources and opportunities for trainees. CONCLUSIONS: The TSRA continues to be the leading cardiothoracic surgery resident organization in North America, providing educational resources and networking opportunities for all trainees. Future directions include development of an integrated disease-based resource and continued collaboration within and beyond our specialty to enhance the educational opportunities and career development of cardiothoracic trainees.

The Department of Surgery of the Université de Montréal, 70th anniversary.

SUMMARY: The Department of Surgery of the Université de Montréal was officially chartered in 1961, but the structure had been in place since since 1951. The department grew as a fusion of hospital-based surgery training programs from the largest French-speaking hospitals in Montreal. Currently 448 professors (135 women and 313 men) teach in the department. The research activity, both clinical and applied, is in strong progression. The Department of Surgery is the largest French and bilingual training centre in Canada and North America. In 2021 the department will celebrate its 70th anniversary. As members, we should be proud of the work achieved by our predecessors and by the current rank of professors, teachers and researchers. The department strives to promote the essential role of and highlight the rewards and benefits of academic surgery.

Brown Urology: A Historical Perspective.

The first Urology Residency Program in the United States was founded at the Johns Hopkins Hospital in the wake of the first structured surgery residency as established by Dr. William Halsted in the early 20th Century.1 Dr. Hugh Hampton Young was selected to lead the Genitourinary Division and the foundation for the first urology residency training program was established.2 The Brown University Medical School, initially opened in 1811, effectively closed circa 1827, and re-established in the 1970s, has a long tradition in training surgeons.3,4 The Rhode Island Hospital Urology Residency Training Program was organized in the early 1950s and will be explored in this article. Brown University affiliated with the residency program in the mid-1980s to establish the first and only academic urology residency program in Rhode Island. Today, this program provides state-of-the-art urologic care for thousands of patients in the state.

La Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria en Uruguay de 1997 a 2019: ¿cuántos kilómetros faltarán para llegar al pueblo aquel? / Family and Community Medicine in Uruguay from 1997 to 2019: how many kilometers will it take to reach that town?

Resumen La residencia de medicina familiar y comunitaria comenzó en Uruguay en el año 1997. A través de un proceso autogestionado, las primeras generaciones se moldearon en una formación que integraba en ellos el conocimiento y la experiencia hospitalarios junto con la praxis territorial en un servicio de salud de base comunitaria con población de referencia. El reconocimiento académico de la especialidad y la instalación de los ámbitos institucionales para su gestión fueron conquistas paralelas a ese proceso en la primera década. La segunda década estuvo marcada por la expansión territorial de la estructura docente-asistencial, la descentralización de la universidad y la participación activa de la medicina familiar y comunitaria en la reforma de la salud y la agenda de derechos. La tercera década de la especialidad se presenta en su inicio como crisis dada por la caída sostenida en la aspiración a la residencia. Desde una aproximación inicial a las explicaciones, se reflexiona sobre la posibilidad de estar frente a una crisis más profunda y la necesidad de encontrar las claves de una medicina del siglo XXI que permita alcanzar los principios de Alma Ata, siempre vigentes.

Abstract The Family and Community Medicine Residency started in Uruguay in 1997. Through a self-managed process, the first generations were molded into training that integrated hospital knowledge and experience with territorial praxis in a community-based health service with a population of reference. The academic recognition of the specialty and the installation of the institutional areas for its management were achievements parallel to that process in the first decade. The second decade was marked by the territorial teaching-assistance expansion in the country, university decentralization and the active participation of Family and Community Medicine in the Health Reform, and the country's rights agenda. The third decade of the specialty begins with a crisis triggered by the sustained decline in the aspiration for residency. An initial approach to explanations reflects on the possibility of facing a more profound crisis and the need to find the keys to a 21st century Medicine that allows us to achieve the principles of Alma-Ata that are still current.

Pioneers in Modern Craniofacial Surgery: Assessing the Academic Impact of Drs. Joseph Gruss and Paul Manson.

BACKGROUND: The authors conducted this study to assess the impact that Drs. Joseph Gruss and Paul Manson have had on craniofacial surgery through their individual contributions and through their trainees. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of fellows trained by either Dr. Gruss or Dr. Manson. Demographic and bibliometric measures were recorded for each fellow. Demographic factors included years since completion of fellowship training, current practice of craniomaxillofacial surgery, academic practice, and academic leadership roles. Bibliometric measures included number of publications, number of citations, and h-index. To adjust for scholarly activity before fellowship training, only contributions published after fellowship training were included. RESULTS: Over a 39-year period, a total of 86 surgeons completed fellowship training with either of the two principal surgeons. The mean time since completion of training was 18.7 ± 11.4 years. Seventy-nine percent of surgeons had active practices in craniomaxillofacial surgery; 54 percent had academic practices. The mean number of publications was 26.4 ± 69.3, the mean number of citations was 582 ± 2406, and the average h-index was 6.7 ± 10.6. Among academic surgeons, the average h-index was 10.7 ± 13.1, 89 percent practiced in North America, 89 percent had active practices in craniomaxillofacial surgery, and nearly 50 percent had achieved a leadership role. CONCLUSIONS: Modern craniofacial reconstruction has evolved from principles used in trauma and correction of congenital differences. The extensive impact that Drs. Paul Manson and Joseph Gruss have had on the field, and plastic surgery at large, is evident through their primary contributions and the immense impact their trainees have had on the field.

Necessity is the mother of invention: William Stewart Halsted's addiction and its influence on the development of residency training in North America

Summary: William Stewart Halsted developed a novel residency training program at Johns Hopkins Hospital that, with some modifications, became the model for surgical and medical residency training in North America. While performing anesthesia research early in his career, Halsted became addicted to cocaine and morphine. This paper dissects how his innovative multi-tier residency program helped him hide his addiction while simultaneously providing outstanding patient care and academic training.

The Role of the American Board of Surgery in the Development of Surgical Residencies in Post-World War II America.

The creation of Boards fundamentally altered the American medical landscape and transformed the process of educating physicians. The American Board of Surgery, founded in 1937, epitomized this role. It established expectations, implemented an inspection system to enforce those standards, and ultimately collaborated with other professional organizations to create the Residency Review Committee that endures today. Using surgery as an example, we show how the appeal of board certification imbued Boards with the power and authority to reshape graduate medical education in their image in post-World War II America.

Los internados verticales actuales en la Carrera de Medicina / Current vertical internship in the Medical Major

Introducción: La Comisión Nacional de la Carrera de Medicina ha estado confeccionando nuevas propuestas de programas perfeccionados. La creación de internados verticales en los últimos 2 años ha creado expectativas positivas y negativas en el claustro de profesores de más experiencia en la Educación Médica en distintas universidades del país. Objetivo: Invitar al análisis y reflexión sobre los nuevos internados verticales y cual considerar el más apropiado en la actualidad para las especialidades derivadas de la clínica o para la formación del médico general básico. Desarrollo: Se realizó un breve recorrido desde su creación inicial hasta nuestros tiempos. Se destacó el Internado Vertical en medicina en su programa como base para las demás especialidades derivadas de la clínica, así como los retos de los nuevos programas de internado de otras especialidades. Se enfatizó en la importancia del Internado Rotatorio para la formación del Médico General Básico. Conclusiones: Se expresa nuestra posición e invitamos al análisis y reflexiones de esos nuevos programas partiendo del diseño curricular actual de la carrera de medicina en lograr un médico capaz de brindar a la sociedad la asistencia de calidad esperada. Valoramos necesario retornar al año académico de Semiología y Propedéutica y al año académico de Medicina Clínica para una mejor preparación y desarrollo de habilidades del sistema de competencias del futuro egresado y la aplicación correcta del método clínico y el razonamiento diagnóstico(AU)

Introduction: The Medical Major National Board has been preparing new proposals for improved programs. The creation of vertical internships in the last two academic years has built positive and negative expectations among the most experience faculty in the field of medical education nationwide. Objective: To invite the analysis and reflection on the new vertical internships and which one is to be considered as the most appropriate at present for clinical specialties or for the training of the basic general physician. Development: A brief journey was made from its creation to our times. The Vertical Internship in Medicine was highlighted considering its program as a basis for the other clinical specialties, together with the challenges of the new internship programs for other specialties. Emphasis was placed on the importance of the Rotary Internship for the training of the basic general physician. Conclusions: Our position is expressed and we invite the analysis and reflections of these new programs based on the current curricular design of the medical major to train a physician capable of providing the society with the expected quality healthcare. We value the need to return to the academic year of Semiology and Propaedeutics and the academic year of Clinical Medicine for better preparation and development of skills of the future graduate competence system and the correct application of the clinical method and diagnostic reasoning(AU)

Doctor Armando Amable Pancorbo Pancorbo. Figura cimera de la Docencia Médica Superior en Matanzas / Doctor Armando Amable Pancorbo Pancorbo. Crowning figure of the high medical teaching in Matanzas

El 6 de enero de 1969 se distingue en la provincia de Matanzas por ser el inicio de la docencia médica superior en la Provincia, al arribar a la misma 32 estudiantes del sexto año de la carrera de medicina, al frente de la vice dirección docente en la Provincia de Matanzas se encontraba entonces el doctor Armando Amable Pancorbo Pancorbo , especialista en Pediatría, quien entre otras funciones dirigió todo este proceso y le dedicó todos su esfuerzos, por sus cualidades humanas y revolucionarias le fueron asignadas múltiples funciones a lo largo de su vida profesional, algunas relacionadas con su especialidad, otras de más impacto en el desarrollo de la Educación Médica Superior lo cual es estimado como uno de sus mayores logros. Se considera que es esta una merecida semblanza de quien dedicó su vida a la salud pública en Matanzas y quien fuera querido y admirado por sus compañeros, por sus pacientes, por sus estudiantes y por su familia. A todos dedicó todo su amor.

January 6th 1969 is a notorious date in the province of Matanzas because high medical education began that day in the province with the arrival of 32 sixth-year students of the medicine curriculum. The teaching vice-direction in the province of Matanzas was then headed by Doctor Armando Amable Pancorbo Pancorbo, specialist in Pediatrics, who directed the starting process and devoted his efforts to it. Due to his human and revolutionary qualities, he was assigned many responsibilities through his long professional life, some of them related to his specialty and others related to the development of the high medical education, estimated as one of his highest achievements. Be this a deserved biographical sketch for a people who consecrated his life to public health in the province of Matanzas, and who was loved and admired by his coworkers, his patients, his students and by the members of his family. He devoted his love to all of them.

Historical Trajectory and Implications of Duty-Hours in Graduate Medical Education.

Duty-hours policies continue to be debated. Most know the pro and con arguments, but many may not be aware of background information preceding and intertwining the development and implementation of these policies. Interestingly, several aspects of law were involved or potentially correlated with policies enacted. This review updates new generations of physicians and scholars on the historical trajectory of duty-hour policies and highlights policy implications and the current state of evidence. In reviewing the historical and legal trajectory of duty-hours, many updates seemed to be a reaction to potential federal entanglement. Additionally, the review of the postimplementation literature revealed minimal empirical evidence. Instead, the majority of the positive findings were perception based. These summaries demonstrate a need for further outcomes evidence to validate policies.