WRKY Transcription Factors in Jasminum sambac: An Insight into the Regulation of Aroma Synthesis.

WRKY transcription factors are one of the largest families of transcription regulators that play essential roles in regulating the synthesis of secondary metabolites in plants. Jasmine (Jasminum sambac), renowned for its aromatic nature and fragrant blossoms, possesses a significant abundance of volatile terpene compounds. However, the role of the WRKY family in terpene synthesis in jasmine remains undetermined. In this study, 72 WRKY family genes of J. sambac were identified with their conserved WRKY domains and were categorized into three main groups based on their structural and phylogenetic characteristics. The extensive segmental duplications contributed to the expansion of the WRKY gene family. Expression profiles derived from the transcriptome data and qRT-PCR analysis showed that the majority of JsWRKY genes were significantly upregulated in fully bloomed flowers compared to buds. Furthermore, multiple correlation analyses revealed that the expression patterns of JsWRKYs (JsWRKY27/33/45/51/55/57) were correlated with both distinct terpene compounds (monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes). Notably, the majority of jasmine terpene synthase (JsTPS) genes related to terpene synthesis and containing W-box elements exhibited a significant correlation with JsWRKYs, particularly with JsWRKY51, displaying a strong positive correlation. A subcellular localization analysis showed that JsWRKY51 was localized in the nucleus. Moreover, transgenic tobacco leaves and jasmine calli experiments demonstrated that overexpression of JsWRKY51 was a key factor in enhancing the accumulation of ß-ocimene, which is an important aromatic terpene component. Collectively, our findings suggest the roles of JsWRKY51 and other JsWRKYs in regulating the synthesis of aromatic compounds in J. sambac, providing a foundation for the potential utilization of JsWRKYs to facilitate the breeding of fragrant plant varieties with an improved aroma.

Chemical Constituents from the Roots of Jasminum sambac (L.) Ait. and their Cytotoxicity to the Cancer Cell Lines.

BACKGROUND: The roots of J. sambac is the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) with analgesic and anesthetic effects. However, relatively fewer studies on the chemical compositions and the biological activities of the roots of J. sambac have been carried out till now. We studied the chemical compositions of the roots of J. sambac planted in Fujian Province to discover new compounds from this TCM to develop new drugs or drug candidates. AIM: This work aims to find the new compounds from the roots of Jasminum sambac (L.) Ait. (J. sambac) for the development of new drugs or drug candidates. METHODS: The dichloromethane (DCM) extract was selected to isolate over silica gel column chromatography to obtain different polar fractions. Several similar fractions were combined according to Thin Layer Chemotherapy (TLC) or High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The combined fractions were reisolated by silica gel column chromatography, preparative TLC or HPLC to obtain nine pure compounds (1-9). The purity of the isolated compounds was detected by HPLC, and their structures were determined by 1D, 2D NMR, and HRESIMS analysis. The in vitro anticancer activity was evaluated using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) method. RESULTS: Nine compounds were isolated in this work. Compounds (1-3) are new compounds, while compounds (4-9) were isolated for the first time from the roots of J. sambac. Their structures were elucidated by 1D, 2D NMR, and HRESIMS analysis. The biological evaluation showed that compound 7 exhibited potent cytotoxic efficacy against MCF-7 cell lines with IC50 values of 148.3 µM for 24 hs and 35.94 µM for 48 hs, respectively; compound 1 displayed significant cytotoxic potential against MCF-7 cell lines with IC50 value of 38.5 µM for 24 hs; while compound 3 and 4 displayed potent cytotoxic effects against MCF-7 cell lines with IC50 values of 161.1 µM and 243.7 µM for 48 hs, respectively. CONCLUSION: We discovered new compounds from the roots of J. sambac. and several compounds exhibited potent cytotoxity to MCF-7 cell lines. This work encourages us to further study the chemical constituents and their biological activities from the roots of J. sambac.

Jasminum humile (Linn) ameliorates CCl4-induced oxidative stress by regulating ER stress, inflammatory, and fibrosis markers in rats.

Jasminum humile (Linn) is highly valued for its medicinal properties. The pulp and decoction made from its leaves are effective for skin diseases. Juice prepared from roots is used against ringworm illness. Our current study aims to illustrate the non-toxicity and protective potential of methanol extract of Jasminum humile (JHM) against CCl4-induced oxidative stress in the liver of rats. Qualitative phytochemical screening, total flavonoids (TFC), and total phenolic content (TPC) assays were performed with JHM. The toxicity of the plant was estimated by treating female rats at different JHM doses while to assess anti-inflammatory potential of plant nine groups of male rats (six rats/group) received different treatments such as: CCl4 only (1 ml/kg mixed with olive oil in a ratio of 3:7), silymarin (200 mg/kg) + CCl4, different doses of JHM alone at a ratio of 1:2:4, and JHM (at a ratio of 1:2:4) + CCl4, and were examined for different antioxidant enzymes, serum markers, and histological changes, while mRNA expression of stress, inflammatory and fibrosis markers were assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. Different phytochemicals were found in JHM. A high amount of total phenolic and flavonoid content was found (89.71 ± 2.79 mg RE/g and 124.77 ± 2.41 mg GAE/g) in the methanolic extract of the plant. Non-toxicity of JHM was revealed even at higher doses of JHM. Normal levels of serum markers in blood serum and antioxidant enzymes in tissue homogenates were found after co-administration of JHM along with CCl4. However, CCl4 treatment caused oxidative stress in the liver by enhancing the levels of stress and inflammatory markers and reducing antioxidant enzyme levels, while JHM treatment showed significant (P < 0.05) downregulation was in mRNA expression of those markers. Investigation of mechanism of specific signaling pathways related to apoptosis and clinical trials to assess safety and efficacy of optimal dosage of Jasminum humile will be helpful to develop FDA-approved drug.

Cytotoxic effects of extracts obtained from plants of the Oleaceae family: bio-guided isolation and molecular docking of new secoiridoids from Jasminum humile.

CONTEXT: Traditionally, Oleaceae plants are used to treat many diseases, such as rheumatism, hypercholesterolaemia, or ulcers. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the cytotoxic potential of Jasminum humile L., Jasminum grandiflorum L., and Olea europaea L. (Oleaceae) extracts against selected human cancer cells lines, followed by a phytochemical investigation of the most potent one. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The 95% ethanol extracts of aerial parts of three oleaceous plants were examined for their cytotoxicity against HepG-2, MCF-7, and THP-1 cell lines using MTT assay and doxorubicin (positive control). J. humile was bio-selected and submitted to bio-guided fractionation. Chromatographic workup of ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions afforded two new compounds; 1-methoxyjasmigenin (1) and 1-methyl-9-aldojasmigenin (2), along with five known ones (3-7). Structures were unambiguously elucidated using 1D/2D NMR and ESI-HRMS. Isolated compounds were assessed for their anti-proliferative potential, and both selectivity index and statistical significance were determined. Molecular docking was conducted against the Mcl-1 receptor using (AZD5991) as a standard. RESULTS: Jasmoside (5) was the most potent anticancer compound showing IC50 values of 66.47, 41.32, and 27.59 µg/mL against HepG-2, MCF-7, and THP-1 cell lines, respectively. Moreover, isojasminin (4) exhibited IC50 values of 33.49, 43.12, and 51.07 µg/mL against the same cell lines, respectively. Interestingly, 5 exhibited the highest selectivity index towards MCF-7 and THP-1, even greater than doxorubicin. Molecular docking results were in full agreement with the MTT assay and the proposed SAR. CONCLUSION: In this study, two new compounds were purified. The biological activity highlighted jasmoside (5) as a lead anticancer drug for further future investigation.

The role of active metabolites isolated from Jasminum multiflorum flowers against hepatitis C virus infection and related hepatocellular carcinoma.

Jasminum multiflorum Burm. f. (J. multiflorum) is an ornamental plant with traditional medicinal importance. This study aims to evaluate the activity of J. multiflorum isolated compounds against hepatocellular carcinoma cells infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) in vitro. The in vitro anti-viral and anti-oncogenic-related activity were validated by anchorage-independent assay plus transwell migration/invasion and spreading assay. In addition to chromatographic isolation of the active metabolites. The flower extract demonstrated a significant antiviral potential through reducing active viral replication by more than 90%. Study results credit this to specific reduction of viral NS5A and cellular EphA2 protein levels. Molecular docking analysis proved the role of the isolated compounds especially multifloroside, jasfloroside A and jasfloroside B as possible anti HCV molecules.

Gastroprotective effects of extract of Jasminum grandiflorum L. flower in HCl/EtOH-induced gastric mucosal ulceration mice.

Jasminum grandiflorum L. is a medicinal plant used to treat hepatitis and gastritis, but the mechanisms underlying its protective effects against gastrointestinal mucosal damage remain to be elucidated. In this study, we analyzed the effects of four different extracts and two compounds from the flower of J. grandiflorum in a mouse model of HCl/EtOH-induced gastric ulcer. The flower extracts alleviated gastric mucosal ulceration by increasing PGE2 production and the activity of antioxidant enzymes, along with the suppression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, lipid peroxidation, apoptosis-related proteins, pro-inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide (NO) production.

Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Cytotoxic Activities of Jasminum multiflorum (Burm. F.) Andrews Leaves towards MCF-7 Breast Cancer and HCT 116 Colorectal Cell Lines and Identification of Bioactive Metabolites.

BACKGROUND: The plants of high phenolic contents are perfect antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents and participate in biological studies as effective agents towards different cancer cell lines. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic activities of the hydromethanolic leaf extract of Jasminum multiflorum (Burm. f.) Andrews. (J. multiflorum), and phenolic profiling of the extract. METHODS: The antioxidant activity for the extract was estimated using ß-Carotene-linoleic and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assays. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by histamine release assay. Cytotoxicity of J. multiflorum was performed using a neutral red uptake assay towards breast cancer (MCF-7) and colorectal cancer (HCT 116) cell lines. Phenolic profiling of the leaves was characterized using high performance liquid chromatography coupled to photodiode array detector-mass spectroscopy-mass spectroscopy (HPLC-PDA-MS/MS), and chromatographic isolation and identification of the isolated compounds were performed using spectroscopic and NMR data, and virtual docking was performed to the isolated compounds against HSP90 (HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 90). RESULTS: At a concentration of 75 µg mL-1, J. multiflorum extract showed high antioxidant power; 68.23±0.35 % inhibition and 60.30±0.60 a TEAC (µmol Trolox g-1) for ß-Carotene-linoleic assay and FRAP assay; respectively, and possessed anti-inflammatory activity with IC50 67.2 µg/ml. J. multiflorum showed high cytotoxic activity with IC50 of 24.81 µg/ml and 11.38 µg/ml for MCF-7 and HCT 116 cell lines, respectively. HPLC-PDA-MS/MS analysis tentatively identified 39 compounds; major compounds are secoiridoid glycosides, kaempferol, and quercetin glycosides, in addition to simple phenylethanoid compounds. Isolation of active metabolites was performed and led to the isolation and identification of four compounds. On the basis of docking study using HSP90 legend, kaempferol neohesperidoside showed a high cytotoxic potential supported by a high affinity score towards HSP90 legend protein. CONCLUSION: Jasminum multiflorum is a good candidate to isolate cytotoxic agents.

Chemical constituents from Jasminum pentaneurum Hand.-Mazz and their cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines.

Chemical investigation of Jasminum pentaneurum Hand.-Mazz led to the isolation and identification of 12 compounds, which included one new secoiridoid glycoside, 10-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-benzoate)-ligustroside (4), three secoiridoid glycosides (1-3), and eight phenols (5-12). All compounds were reported for the first time from this plant. Their structures were elucidated based on extensive spectroscopic data analysis, including HR-ESI-MS, UV, IR, 1 D, and 2 D NMR. The absolute configuration of the new one (4) was further elucidated by comparison of its experimental and calculated quantum chemical electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. All the isolates were assayed for their inhibitory activity on four human cancer cells. Compound 11 exhibited inhibitory effects against three human cancer cells SK-MES-1, SMMC-7721 and SGC-7901 with IC50 values ranging from 83.0 to 172.0 µM.

Extracts of Jasminum sambac flowers fermented by Lactobacillus rhamnosus inhibit H2 O2 - and UVB-induced aging in human dermal fibroblasts.

Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is a crucial factor that leads to skin photoaging and results in increased DNA damage, oxidative stress, and collagen degradation. Jasmine flowers have been utilized as a traditional medicine in Asia to treat various diseases, including dermatitis, diarrhea, and fever. Furthermore, the fermented broth of Lactobacillus rhamnosus has been reported to exert protective effects on the skin. In the present study, jasmine flower extract was fermented with L. rhamnosus. We investigated the antioxidant and collagen-promoting effects on UVB/H2 O2 -induced HS68 dermal fibroblast cell damage. The results indicated that treatment with the fermented flower extracts of Jasminum sambac (F-FEJS) could enhance the viability of HS68 cells. Furthermore, the UVB/H2 O2 -induced excessive production of reactive oxygen species, degradation of collagen, activation of MAPKs, including P38, ERK, and JNK, and premature senescence were remarkably attenuated by F-FEJS in dermal fibroblast cells. The nuclear accumulation of p-c-jun, which is downstream of MAPK, and the inactivation of p-smad2/3, which is one of the crucial transcription factors that enhance collagen synthesis, were reversed in response to F-FEJS treatment in UVB/H2 O2 -exposed cells. Notably, the expression of antioxidant genes, such as HO-1, and the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 were further enhanced by F-FEJS in UVB/H2 O2 -treated cells. Interestingly, the F-FEJS-induced increase in ARE luciferase activity indicated the activation of Nrf2/ARE signaling. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated that F-FEJS can effectively ameliorate UVB/H2 O2 -induced dermal cell aging and may be considered a promising ingredient in skin aging therapy.

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Extract of Jasminum officinal L. Leaves and Evaluation of Cytotoxic Activity Towards Bladder (5637) and Breast Cancer (MCF-7) Cell Lines.

INTRODUCTION: Jasminum officinale L. is a very important medicinal and industrial flowering aromatic plant. METHODS: The present study deals with Jasminum officinale L. leaves extract (JOLE) as a reducing and capping agent for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by the green pathway. Phenolic profile of the extract was evaluated using HPLC-PDA/MS/MS technique. Jasminum officinale L. leaves extract silver nanoparticles (JOLE-AgNPs) were characterized by ultraviolet light (UV), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), zeta potential and X-ray diffraction (XRD). JOLE-AgNPs were examined for their cytotoxic activities by neutral red uptake assay (NRU) against bladder (5637) and breast cancer (MCF-7) cell lines. RESULTS: HPLC-PDA/MS/MS tentatively identified 51 compounds of different chemical classes. UV spectra showed absorption peak at λmax = 363 nm. The biosynthesized AgNPs were predominantly spherical in shape with an average size of 9.22 nm by TEM. The face cubic center (fcc) nature of silver nanoparticles was proved by XRD diffractogram. JOLE-AgNPs exhibited high cytotoxic activity against 5637 and MCF-7 cell lines compared to the cytotoxic activities of JOLE with IC50 of 13.09 µg/mL and 9.3 µg/mL, respectively. DISCUSSION: The silver nanoparticles formed by Jasminum officinale L. showed high cytotoxic activities against MCF-7 and 5637 cell lines and can be introduced as a new alternative cytotoxic medication.

Formulation of a Jasmine Grandiflorum containing mucoadhesive and evaluation of its healing effect on oral biopsy ulcers.

OBJECTIVES: The present research aimed to explore the effect of a mucoadhesive containing Jasminum grandiflorum leaves on the process of oral wound healing in animal samples. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present double-blinded research was conducted on animals. To this aim, 28 rats were randomly selected and assigned to groups of control and experiment. The lesion was created by punch no. 3 in the midline of the mandibular labial mucosa of all mice. Each group received either a medicine or a placebo exclusively coded. The extent of contraction and wound healing was clinically assessed. To compare the two research groups, chi-squared test, repeated-measure ANOVA, and Mann-Whitney U test were run. SPSS software was used to do the statistical analyses. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were found between the percentage of wound contraction on the 3rd day (40.91% vs. 16.5%, p = 0.04) and the 7th day (92.9% vs. 69.2%, p = 0.05), wound recovery (57.1% vs. 21.4%, p = 0.05) and degree of inflammation on the 7th day (p = 0.00), type (p = 0.04) and thickness of epithelium (p = 0.00) and type of connective tissue (p = 0.00) on the 14th day. CONCLUSION: Investigations showed that the drug was more effective than the placebo in accelerating wound healing in clinical and histopathological terms. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Accelerating wound healing in dental treatments and oral ulcers can also affect the quality of life of individuals.

Comparison of Volatiles in Different Jasmine Tea Grade Samples Using Electronic Nose and Automatic Thermal Desorption-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Followed by Multivariate Statistical Analysis.

Chinese jasmine tea is a type of flower-scented tea, which is produced by mixing green tea with the Jasminum sambac flower repeatedly. Both the total amount and composition of volatiles absorbed from the Jasminum sambac flower are mostly responsible for its sensory quality grade. This study aims to compare volatile organic compound (VOC) differences in authoritative jasmine tea grade samples. Automatic thermal desorption-gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry (ATD-GC-MS) and electronic nose (E-nose), followed by multivariate data analysis is conducted. Consequently, specific VOCs with a positive or negative correlation to the grades are screened out. Partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) show a satisfactory discriminant effect on rank. It is intriguing to find that the E-nose is good at distinguishing the grade difference caused by VOC concentrations but is deficient in identifying essential aromas that attribute to the unique characteristics of excellent grade jasmine tea.

Four new sesquiterpenoids with anti-inflammatory activity from the stems of Jasminum officinale.

Four new sesquiterpenoids，including three nor-cinalbicane type sesquiterpenoids, named Jasminol A, G, H (1-3) and one eremophilene-type sesquiterpenoid, named Jasminol B (4) together with nine known compounds (5-13) were isolated from the stems of Jasminum officinale L. The structures of new compound were elucidated on the base of IR, HR-ESI-MS, 1D NMR, 2D NMR and DEPT analysis, and the absolute configurations were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. In addition, the anti-inflammatory activity of isolated compounds was evaluated using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced murine macrophage RAW264.7, and compounds 1-4 exhibited a moderate inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW264.7 cells with IC50 values of 20.56 ±â€¯1.31, 30.12 ±â€¯0.89, 30.35 ±â€¯2.72 and 31.60 ±â€¯1.69 µM, respectively, and CC50 values >200 uM.

Essential Oils, Part VI: Sandalwood Oil, Ylang-Ylang Oil, and Jasmine Absolute.

In this article, some aspects of sandalwood oil, ylang-ylang oil, and jasmine absolute are discussed including their botanical origin, uses of the plants and the oils and absolute, chemical composition, contact allergy to and allergic contact dermatitis from these essential oils and absolute, and their causative allergenic ingredients.

Effect of Subcritical Fluid Extraction on the High Quality of Headspace Oil from Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton.

Subcritical fluid extraction (SFE), as a novel method, was applied to investigate the yield, quality, and sensory evaluation of headspace oil from Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton in comparison with petroleum ether extraction (PEE). The results indicated that the yield of the headspace oil using SFE was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than when using PEE. SFE contributed to obtaining alcohols and ethers, prevented the thermal reaction of terpenes, and reduced α-caryophyllene and ß-caryophyllene in the headspace oil. The contents of linalool (21.90%) and benzyl acetate (16.31%) were higher via SFE than PEE. In addition, the sensory evaluation of SFE was superior to PEE, indicating a fresh, jasmine-like odor and green-yellow color. Thus, SFE is an improved method for obtaining natural headspace oil from jasmine flowers.

Cysteine-Rich Peptide Family with Unusual Disulfide Connectivity from Jasminum sambac.

Cysteine-rich peptides (CRPs) are natural products with privileged peptidyl structures that represent a potentially rich source of bioactive compounds. Here, the discovery and characterization of a novel plant CRP family, jasmintides from Jasminum sambac of the Oleaceae family, are described. Two 27-amino acid jasmintides (jS1 and jS2) were identified at the gene and protein levels. Disulfide bond mapping of jS1 by mass spectrometry and its confirmation by NMR spectroscopy revealed disulfide bond connectivity of C-1-C-5, C-2-C-4, and C-3-C-6, a cystine motif that has not been reported in plant CRPs. Structural determination showed that jS1 displays a well-defined structure framed by three short antiparallel ß-sheets. Genomic analysis showed that jasmintides share a three-domain precursor arrangement with a C-terminal mature domain preceded by a long pro-domain of 46 residues and an intron cleavage site between the signal sequence and pro-domain. The compact cysteine-rich structure together with an N-terminal pyroglutamic acid residue confers jasmintides high resistance to heat and enzymatic degradation, including exopeptidase treatment. Collectively, these results reveal a new plant CRP structure with an unusual cystine connectivity, which could be useful as a scaffold for designing peptide drugs.

Synthesis, structural characterization and biological activity of two diastereomeric JA-Ile macrolactones.

Jasmonates are phytohormones involved in a wide range of plant processes, including growth, development, senescence, and defense. Jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine (JA-Ile, 2), an amino acid conjugate of jasmonic acid (JA, 1), has been identified as a bioactive endogenous jasmonate. However, JA-Ile (2) analogues trigger different responses in the plant. ω-Hydroxylation of the pentenyl side chain leads to the inactive 12-OH-JA-Ile (3) acting as a "stop" signal. On the other hand, a lactone derivative of 12-OH-JA (5) (jasmine ketolactone, JKL) occurs in nature, although with no known biological function. Inspired by the chemical structure of JKL (6) and in order to further explore the potential biological activities of 12-modified JA-Ile derivatives, we synthesized two macrolactones (JA-Ile-lactones (4a) and (4b)) derived from 12-OH-JA-Ile (3). The biological activity of (4a) and (4b) was tested for their ability to elicit nicotine production, a well-known jasmonate dependent secondary metabolite. Both macrolactones showed strong biological activity, inducing nicotine accumulation to a similar extent as methyl jasmonate does in Nicotiana attenuata leaves. Surprisingly, the highest nicotine contents were found in plants treated with the JA-Ile-lactone (4b), which has (3S,7S) configuration at the cyclopentanone not known from natural jasmonates. Macrolactone (4a) is a valuable standard to explore for its occurrence in nature.

Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-pyretic activities of standardized root extract of Jasminum sambac.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The plant Jasminum sambac L. (Oleaceae) is cultivated throughout India. The leaves and roots of the plant are used traditionally in the treatment of inflammation, fever and pain. The leaves of the plant have been reported to posses significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. OBJECTIVE: To scientifically validate anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-pyretic activities of roots from Jasminum sambac. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ethanol root extract of Jasminum sambac (EJS) was standardized using HPTLC and was subjected to acute oral toxicity study. Further, analgesic activity of EJS at 100, 200 and 400mg/kg, p.o. was evaluated using writhing test on Swiss albino mice and tail-flick test on Charles Foster albino rats. Anti-inflammatory activity of EJS was assessed by carrageenan-induced rat paw edema, cotton pellet-induced granuloma and Freund׳s adjuvant-induced arthritis models, while antipyretic activity was evaluated using Brewer׳s yeast induced pyrexia. In addition, biochemical parameters such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), lipid peroxidation (LPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in blood serum and edematous tissue of rats exposed to acute (carrageenan) and granulomatous tissue in sub-chronic (cotton pellet granuloma) inflammation models were also evaluated. RESULTS: Phytochemical analysis of EJS revealed the presence of flavonoids, phenols, saponins, tannins and carbohydrates in major quantities, while the quantity of hesperidin in EJS (using HPTLC) was found to be 4.25%w/w. EJS at 400mg/kg, p.o. reduced writhing count up to 49.21%, whereas in tail-flick test, EJS in a dose dependent manner increased latency in flicking tail. EJS at 400mg/kg, p.o. showed significant anti-inflammatory activity after 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 6thh of treatment in carrageenan-induced edema, while a 33.58% inhibition in cotton pellet induced granuloma formation was observed at same dose level. EJS significantly (p<0.001) inhibited adjuvant-induced arthritis and also showed significant antipyretic activity. Further, a significant reversal in alterations of all the biochemical parameters (except ALP) in tissues was also observed. CONCLUSIONS: The study confirms the anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity of EJS which may be attributed to the presence of various phytoconstituents quantified especially hesperidin which have already been reported for its significant role in the treatment of inflammation and associated problems.

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory caffeoyl phenylpropanoid and secoiridoid glycosides from Jasminum nervosum stems, a Chinese folk medicine.

Eight compounds including four caffeoyl phenylpropanoid glycosides, jasnervosides A-D (1-4), one monoterpenoid glycoside, jasnervoside E (5), and three secoiridoid glycosides, jasnervosides F-H (10-12), were isolated from the stems of Jasminum nervosum Lour. (Oleaceae), along with four known compounds, poliumoside (6), verbascoside (7), α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)-O-(α-l-rhamnopyranosyl(1→6)-1-O-E-caffeoyl-ß-d-glucopyranoside (8), and jaspolyanthoside (9). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of their physicochemical and spectroscopic properties. Compounds 1, 2, 4 and 11 displayed potent antioxidant activities in the DPPH assay, while 2 and 3 displayed good activities against LPS-induced TNF-α and IL-1ß production in BV2 cells. Compounds 1-5 and 10-12 were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities against three human cancer cell lines (A-549, Bel-7402, and HCT-8), but none displayed significant activity.

Anti-invasive activity against cancer cells of phytochemicals in red jasmine rice (Oryza sativa L.).

Red rice contains pharmacological substances including phenolics, oryzanol, tocotrienol and tocopherol. Recently, red rice extract has been employed as a source of antioxidants for inhibition of tumor growth. This study was carried out to evaluate the anti-invasion effects of red rice extract fractions on cancer cells. It was found that at 100 µg/ml of crude ethanolic extract (CEE), hexane fraction (Hex) and dichloromethane fraction (DCM) could reduce HT1080 and MDA-MB-231 cancer cell invasion. Hex and DCM revealed higher potency levels than CEE, whereas an ethyl acetate fraction (EtOAc) had no effect. Gelatin zymography revealed that Hex decreased the secretion and activity of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 (MMP-2 and-9). In contrast, the DCM fraction exhibited slightly effect on MMPs secretion and had no effect on MMPs activity. Collagenase activity was significantly inhibited by the Hex and DCM fractions. High amounts of γ-oryzanol and γ-tocotrienol were found in the Hex and DCM fractions and demonstrated an anti-invasion property. On the other hand, proanthocyanidin was detected only in the CEE fraction and reduced MDA-MB-231 cells invasion property. These observations suggest that proanthocyanidin, γ-oryzanol and γ-tocotrienol in the red rice fractions might be responsible for the anti invasion activity. The red rice extract may have a potential to serve as a food-derived chemotherapeutic agent for cancer patients.