Controvérsia sobre a perversão feminina / Controversy over female perversion

Há mulheres na perversão? Essa pergunta serve de título para o livro de Lígia Furtado Mendonça (2018), a qual é resultado de seu percurso significativo de pesquisa acadêmica dedicada à temática das perversões. O livro trata das relações possíveis entre a estrutura perversa e o feminino, a partir da Psicanálise. Como afirma a própria autora, o seu objetivo é o de confrontar posições teóricas, não unânimes, que reservam a possibilidade da existência de uma estrutura perversa ao campo do masculino. Encontra-se dividido em sete capítulos que orbitam em torno de três tópicos: o primeiro dedica-se ao modo como a perversão era compreendida antes do surgimento da Psicanálise, e por seu entendimento propriamente freudiano e lacaniano. De forma mais específica, diríamos que o livro retoma a teorização acerca das perversões em Freud a partir de um marco teórico lacaniano, o qual serve à delimitação das concepções diferencias do feminino e do masculino a partir da lógica da sexuação e de sua consequente aplicação ao domínio das perversões.

Different influences of moral violation with and without physical impurity on face processing: An event-related potentials study.

It has been widely accepted that moral violations that involve impurity (such as spitting in public) induce the emotion of disgust, but there has been a debate about whether moral violations that do not involve impurity (such as swearing in public) also induce the same emotion. The answer to this question may have implication for understanding where morality comes from and how people make moral judgments. This study aimed to compared the neural mechanisms underlying two kinds of moral violation by using an affective priming task to test the effect of sentences depicting moral violation behaviors with and without physical impurity on subsequent detection of disgusted faces in a visual search task. After reading each sentence, participants completed the face search task. Behavioral and electrophysiological (event-related potential, or ERP) indices of affective priming (P2, N400, LPP) and attention allocation (N2pc) were analyzed. Results of behavioral data and ERP data showed that moral violations both with and without impurity promoted the detection of disgusted faces (RT, N2pc); moral violations without impurity impeded the detection of neutral faces (N400). No priming effect was found on P2 and LPP. The results suggest both types of moral violation influenced the processing of disgusted faces and neutral faces, but the neural activity with temporal characteristics was different.

Maternal proximity to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields and risk of birth defects.

Causes of birth defects are unclear, and the association with electromagnetic fields is inconclusive. We assessed the relationship between residential proximity to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields from power grids and risk of birth defects. We analyzed a population-based sample of 2,164,246 infants born in Quebec, Canada between 1989 and 2016. We geocoded the maternal residential postal code at delivery and computed the distance to the nearest high voltage electrical transmission line or transformer station. We used log-binomial regression to estimate risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association of residential proximity to transmission lines and transformer stations with birth defects, adjusting for maternal and infant characteristics. The prevalence of birth defects within 200 m of a transmission line (579.4 per 10,000 per live births) was only slightly higher compared with distances further away (568.7 per 10,000). A similar trend was seen for transformer stations. Compared with 200 m, a distance of 50 m was not associated with the risk of birth defects for transmission lines (RR 1.00, 95% CI 1.00-1.01) and transformer stations (RR 1.01, 95% CI 1.00-1.03). There was no consistent association when we examined birth defects in different organ systems. We found no compelling evidence that residential proximity to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields from electrical power grids increases the risk of birth defects. Women residing near electrical grids can be reassured that an effect on the risk of birth defects is unlikely.

The predictive value of the prognostic staging system in the 8th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer for triple-negative breast cancer: a SEER population-based analysis.

AIM: To examine the stage changes and survival differences among triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients based on the prognostic staging system. METHODS: We used the SEER database to identify eligible patients with TNBC diagnosed between 2010 and 2014. Kaplan-Meier curves were drawn for comparison. The primary end point was breast cancer-specific survival. RESULTS: The median follow-up time was 26 months for 19,608 patients. The stages of all TNBC patients increased or remained unchanged during rearrangement from anatomic staging to prognostic staging. Stage IIA, IIIA and IIIC comprised the majority of patients. Several patients did not have prognostic staging. Stage IIIC incorporated six substages that contributed to high heterogeneity. Overall, the Kaplan-Meier curves still showed the favorable differentiation among stages and substages, with the exception of stage IIB and substage IIIA (T2N0, grade 2-3) patients. CONCLUSION: The prognostic information for breast cancer patients provided by the novel prognostic staging system may be less accurate for TNBC patients in our independent analysis. Moreover, stage IIB and substage IIIA (T2N0, grade 2-3) should possibly undergo further evaluation.

A multi-institutional report of peri-operative and functional outcomes after robot-assisted partial nephrectomy in patients with a solitary kidney.

To evaluate peri- and post-operative outcomes after robotic partial nephrectomy (RPN) in patients with a solitary kidney. A multi-institutional database of 1868 patients was used to identify 35 patients with a solitary kidney who underwent RPN at six different centers from 2007 to 2016. Peri-operative outcomes were summarized with descriptive statistics. We assessed the change in eGFR over time with a linear mixed-effects model. Median operative time, ischemia time, and estimated blood loss were 172 min, 16 min, and 113 mL, respectively. There were no positive surgical margins. The median length of stay was 1 day (range 1-7), and over half (54.3%) of patients were discharged one post-operative day 1. Seven post-operative complications occurred in six patients (17.1%); of which four were Clavien I, two were Clavien II, and one was Clavien III. The linear decline in eGFR up to 24 month post-RPN was marginal and not significant (ß = - 0.14; 95% CI = - 0.51, 0.23; p = 0.453), with predicted mean eGFR decreasing from 59.2 to 55.8 mL/min/1.73 m2 at 24 months. These results suggest that, in patients with a solitary kidney, RPN is a safe and feasible treatment option. In patients with a solitary kidney, RPN did not significantly compromise renal function for up to 2 years after surgery.

Timely Referral to Hospice Care for Oncology Patients: A Retrospective Review.

Hospice care is medical care provided to terminally ill patients with a life expectancy of 6 months or less. Hospice services include symptom control, pain management, palliative care, and other supportive services such as providing for home equipment or oxygen; however, it does not provide for life-prolonging therapies such as chemotherapy. Although oncologic benchmarks suggest patients should be enrolled in hospice 3 months prior to death, studies show that most hospice referrals are being made too late. These shorter stays in hospice result in increased cost of care especially at the end of life with most patients dying on aggressive treatments in the hospital. Thus, identifying barriers to hospice placement is critical in improving the referral process and enhancing the quality of end-of-life care. This retrospective study collected data on 418 oncologic patients who passed in 2015 and categorized patients based on hospice status at the time of death. Our study found that the demographics between hospice and nonhospice patients were not significantly different. Hospice patients spent a median of 10 days in hospice and 71% (n = 161) of patients were in hospice 30 days or less. Additionally, 56% of patients were in hospice 10 days or less. Increased education for patients and health-care providers along with better utilization of palliative care services and incorporating a nurse navigator to help with transitioning patients to hospice would improve earlier referral to hospice care and enhance patients' quality of life.

Índice C en médicos de dos centros hospitalarios chilenos según el test de competencia moral de Lind / Assessment of moral competence of physicians

Background: Moral competence (MC) in physicians is fundamental, given the increasing complexity of medicine. The "Moral Competence Test" (MCT © Lind) evaluates this feature and its indicator is the C Index (CI). Aim: To explore moral competence and its associated factors among physicians working in Chile. Material and Methods: The MCT was answered by 236 physicians from two medical centers who voluntarily participated in the study. Besides the test, participants completed an encrypted form giving information about gender, years in practice and post-graduate studies. Results: The average CI value of the participants was 20,9. Post-graduate studies had a significant positive influence on CI. There was a significant decrease in CI, between 16 and 20 years of professional exercise. Gender and the area of post-graduate studies did not have a significant influence. Conclusions: The studied physicians showed a wide range of CI which was positively affected by the postgraduate studies performed. The years of professional practice had a negative influence. Expanding training opportunities during professional practice could have a positive effect on CM as measured by CI.

Julgamento na auditoria: um estudo das características das pesquisas científicas / Judgment in auditing: a study of the profile of scientific research

Este estudo tem como objetivo principal delinear um perfil das pesquisas científicas que versam sobre o julgamento da auditoria. Para isso, foi realizado um estudo descritivo, tendo-se como instrumento de coleta dos dados artigos selecionados em periódicos via portal de periódicos da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES). Para a seleção dos artigos, foram utilizadas as palavras-chaves: audit, judgement, behavior, accounting e bias. Como técnica de coleta de dados foi realizada análise do artigo, identificando:temática, objetivo, número de autores, tipo de pesquisa e instrumento estatístico utilizado na análise dos resultados. Nos resultados foram identificadas publicações com a existência de coautores, com predominância do tipo de pesquisa experimental e empírico-analítico, sendo as análises de regressão e fatorial os instrumentos mais utilizados. Os estudos revelam preocupação dos autores em verificar a relação do julgamento na auditoria e seus efeitos em questões como o gerenciamento de resultados e relacionadas ao padrão ético, bem como ao grau de independência, confiabilidade, materialidade e, principalmente,de influências comportamentais, tais como o excesso de confiança e alcances no resultado final dos serviços prestados

This study aims at sketching out a profile of scientific papers dealing with judgments in the auditing. A descriptive study was carried out with data gathered from articles in journals found on the CAPES (government agency for higher education training) website. The keywords audit,judgment, behavior, accounting and bias were used for the selection of the articles. As a data collection technique, the articles were scanned for theme, aim, number of authors, type of research and statistical instrument used in the analysis of the results. Results showed the existence ofco-authored publications; most of them were based on experimental and empirical-analytic research; regression and factor analyses were the instruments most used. The studies show a concern by the authors in verifying the relationships between judgments in the auditing and their effects on issues such as results management,issues related to their ethical standards as well as the degree of independence, reliability and materiality, and especially that of behavioral influences such as overconfidence and the scope of the final results of the services provided

Relaciones entre tendencias de juicio moral, estilos de resolución de conflictos y percepción de la manifestación de la agresividad en niños y adolescentes / The relations among trends in moral judgment, styles of resolution of conflicts, and the perception of manifestation of aggression in children and teenagers

Se abordó el juicio moral, dentro de una perspectiva constructivista, que enfoca su evolución conforme los diferentes tipos de relaciones sociales. Las diversas formas de resolución de conflictos también fueron consideradas en ese referencial, una vez que están relacionadas a las situaciones de interacción, así como la agresividad. La investigación, realizada con sesenta niños y adolescentes de una institución socioeducativa, tuvo como objetivo identificar las variaciones, conforme la edad y relacionar las tendencias de juicio moral, los estilos de resolución de conflictos y la percepción de educadores en que concierne a la manifestación de conductas agresivas. Los instrumentos de colecta de datos fueron la Escala de Percepción de Maestros de las Conductas Agresivas de Niños en la Escuela, una Entrevista Clínica sobre el juicio moral y la adaptación de la Children’s Action Tendency Scale – CATS. Los resultados demostraron que las variaciones en relación a la edad fueron significativas en concerniente al juicio moral, en que los niños menores presentaron juicios más heterónomos y los mayores más autónomos. Además, los datos evidenciaron una relación positiva entre semiautonomía y agresividad, lo que levanta la posibilidad de esta ser considerada como una de las únicas estrategias para posicionarse dentro de un ambiente autoritario y coercitivo.

La ineficacia de la discusión de dilemas morales en el crecimiento de la competencia moral en trabajadores y estudiantes: dos casos Mexicanos / The ineffectiveness of moral dilemma discussion in the growth of moral competence in workers and students: two Mexican cases

Se presentan los resultados de una investigación realizada con el propósito de observar la eficacia del método de discusión de dilemas morales en el crecimiento de la competencia del juicio moral en dos roles, el de los trabajadores y el de los estudiantes universitarios. Se realizaron dos intervenciones a través de la discusión de dilemas: la primera, a un grupo experimental y uno de control de trabajadores de una institución pública; y la segunda a un grupo experimental de estudiantes universitarios, del área de administración. La cuantificación de la competencia del juicio moral mediante el índice C, en el pretest y en el postest, se realizó mediante el Cuestionario del Juicio Moral (CJM). Los resultados mostraron una disminución del índice C del CJM después de la intervención en ambos roles, lo que plantea, como resultado, un escepticismo sobre el futuro de la intervención a través de la discusión de dilemas y, además, la necesidad de una mayor democracia y una sociedad justa en el entorno organizativo de los individuos.

This paper presents the results of an investigation aimed to observe the effectiveness of the method of moral dilemma discussion on the growth of moral judgment competence in two roles, workers and university students. Two interventions through dilemma discussion were carried out: The first, was done to an experimental group and a control one of public sector workers.

Health care quality in end-of-life care: promoting palliative care in the intensive care unit.

Seminal articles published in the late 1990s instigated not only an intense interest in health care quality but also a new era of research into quality end-of-life care, particularly in intensive care units (ICUs). ICUs can improve health care quality at the end of life by better using palliative care services and palliative care-related principles. This article details how the interest in health care quality has spurred a similar interest in end-of-life and palliative care in ICUs, defines palliative care and describes how it improves health care quality, and highlights barriers to the incorporation of palliative care in ICUs.

Juízos de pessoas surdas sobre humilhação: passado e presente / Judgement of the deaf on humiliation: past and present / Juicios de personas sordas sobre humillación: pasado y presente

Comparamos os juízos morais de pessoas surdas sobre a reação a uma humilhação vivenciada no passado e sobre a reação hipotética a uma humilhação similar no presente. Participaram 11 surdos, entre 15-25 e 35-45 anos. Utilizamos o método clínico piagetiano em língua de sinais, com uma entrevista semi estruturada. Quanto ao passado, as principais respostas indicaram "nenhuma reação" e "fugir ou sair do local". Em relação ao presente, a resposta "nenhuma reação" manteve-se, porém "tentar conversar" foi destaque, acompanhada por novo tipo de reação: "desprezar". As justificativas sobre as reações no passado são "ausência ou rompimento de vínculo" em relação ao agressor e "defesa da integridade física". Quanto ao presente, as principais justificativas tratam de "ausência ou rompimento de vínculo" e "solução de um conflito". A humilhação é tema reconhecido pelos participantes e a diferença temporal influenciou os seus juízos sobre a reação.

We compared the judgement of the deaf on their reaction to a humiliation situation lived in the past, and on a hypothetical reaction to a similar humiliation in the present. Eleven deaf people took part, their ages from 15-25 and 35-45 years old. We used Piaget's clinical method in sign language, with a semi-structered interview. As for the past, the main answers indicated 'no reaction' and 'to run or to leave the place'. As for the present, the answer 'no reaction' was maintained, but 'to try to talk' was prominent, accompanied by a new kind of reaction: 'to despise'. The justifications on the past reactions are 'absence or breaking of bonds' in relation to the aggressor, and 'defense of the physical integrity'. As for the present, the main justifications deal with the 'absence or breaking of bonds', and 'solution of a conflict'. Humiliation is a theme acknowledged by the participants, and the temporary difference influenced their judgement on reaction.

Comparamos juicios morales de personas sordas sobre la reacción a una humillación vivida en el pasado y sobre la reacción hipotética a una humillación similar en el presente. Participaron 11 sordos, entre 15-25 y 35-45 años. Utilizamos el método clínico piagetiano en lengua de señales, con una entrevista semi-estructurada. Referente al pasado, las principales respuestas indicaron 'ninguna reacción' y 'huir o salir del local'. En relación al presente, la respuesta 'ninguna reacción' se mantuvo, sin embargo 'intentar conversar' se destacó, acompañada por un nuevo tipo de reacción: 'despreciar'. Las justificativas sobre las reacciones en el pasado son 'ausencia o ruptura de vínculo' en relación al agresor y 'defensa de integridad física'. En relación al presente, las principales justificativas tratan de 'ausencia o ruptura de vínculo' y 'solución de un conflicto'. La humillación es tema reconocido por los participantes y la diferencia temporal influenció sus juicios sobre la reacción.

Moralidade e homicídio: um estudo sobre a ação do transgressor / Morality and homicide: a study about the transgressor's action / Moralidad y homicidio: un estudio sobre la acción del transgresor

Investigamos juízos de representação da realidade e valor moral de 20 homens homicidas, com idade variando entre 30 e 49 anos, sobre a ação transgressora acerca do passado e do presente. Realizamos entrevistas individuais, pelo método clínico piagetiano, e verificamos que: o JRR (juízo de representação da realidade) mais citado no passado foi o de que cometeriam novamente o homicídio, pela humilhação sofrida ou pelo sentimento negativo experienciado; no presente mencionaram que não matariam de novo, devido às consequências negativas do crime, às características próprias ou da vítima e ao valor da vida; o JVM (juízo de valor moral) mais mencionado no passado foi o de que a ação seria errada, pelas consequências negativas; no presente todos julgaram como errado o homicídio cometido, devido às consequências negativas, ao valor atribuído à vida e a motivos religiosos. Esperamos que essas discussões possibilitem maior compreensão do sujeito homicida, para que princípios universais, como o respeito à vida, possam ser considerados e ensinados.

We investigated the judgments of representation of reality (JRR) and judgment of moral value (JMV) about transgressing actions, concerning the past and present time, of 20 homicidal men aged between 30 and 49 years. Individual interviews using the clinical piagetian method were carried out and the following were verified: the most cited JRR in the past was the one that they would commit the homicide again, due the suffered humiliation or the experienced negative feeling; in the present they reported they would not kill again due to the crime negative consequences, to their own or the victim's characteristics and life's value; the JMV most mentioned in the past was the one that the action would be wrong due the negative consequences; in the present all of them considered wrong the committed homicides due to the negative consequences, value attributed to life and religious reasons. We expect that this discussion permit a deeper understanding of the homicidal individual so that universal principles such as respect for life can be taught and taken into consideration.

Investigamos juicios de representación de la realidad y valor moral de 20 hombres homicidas, con edades entre 30 y 49 años, sobre la acción transgresora, acerca del pasado y del presente. Realizamos entrevistas individuales, por el método clínico piagetiano, y verificamos que: el JRR (juicios de representación de la realidad) más citado en el pasado fue que cometerían nuevamente el homicidio, por la humillación sufrida o por el sentimiento negativo experimentado; en el presente mencionaron que no matarían nuevamente, debido a las consecuencias negativas del crimen, a las características propias o de la víctima y al valor de la vida; el JVM (juicios de valor moral) más mencionado en el pasado fue que la acción sería incorrecta, por las consecuencias negativas; en el presente todos juzgaron como incorrecto el homicidio cometido, debido a las consecuencias negativas, al valor atribuido a la vida y a motivos religiosos. Esperamos que esas discusiones posibiliten mayor comprensión del sujeto homicida, para que principios universales, como el respeto a la vida, se puedan considerar y enseñar.

Julgamento sócio-moral entre estudantes que fazem uso de bebidas alcoólicas: aceitabilidade, categorias de justificação e jurisdição de autoridade / Juzgamiento sociomoral entre estudiantes que utilizan bebidas alcohólicas: aceptabilidad, categorías de justificación y jurisdicción de autoridad / Social moral judgment among students that consume alcohol beverages: acceptability, categories of justification and authority jurisdiction

O conhecimento sobre o uso de álcool e outras drogas entre adolescentes e jovens está bem descrito na literatura científica, mas pouco se sabe sobre o julgamento desta conduta em termos sócio-morais. Partindo desta perspectiva, este trabalho avalia como 46 estudantes de ensino médio de uma cidade do interior do estado de São Paulo, Brasil, julgam as condutas de uso de bebidas alcoólicas (incluindo o beber e dirigir), furto, agressão e uso de capacete em motocicletas. Resultados mostram que beber e dirigir, agressão e furto são os eventos considerados menos aceitáveis e que o uso de bebidas alcoólicas é classificado nos domínios convencional e de prudência.

The knowledge about the use of alcohol and other drugs among adolescents and young people is well described in scientific literature, however, little is known about how this behavior is judged in socio moral terms. This research aims to assess how 46 high-school students in a city in the interior of the state of São Paulo, Brazil, judge the behavior of consumption of alcohol beverages (including drinking and driving), theft, aggression and crash helmet use. Results show that drinking and driving, aggression and theft are considered the least acceptable behaviors, and the use of alcohol beverages is classified in the conventional and prudence domains.

El conocimiento acerca del uso de alcohol y otras drogas entre adolescentes y jóvenes está bien relatado en la literatura científica, pero poco se sabe a respecto de cómo es juzgado en términos sociomorales este comportamiento. En esta perspectiva la presente investigación evalúa como 46 estudiantes de la enseñanza media de una ciudad del interior del estado de São Paulo, Brasil, juzgan las conductas de uso de bebidas alcohólicas (incluso beber y conducir), hurto, agresión y uso de cascos. Resultados señalan que beber y conducir, agresión y hurto son los eventos considerados menos aceptables y el uso de bebidas alcohólicas es clasificado en los dominios convencional y de prudencia.

A construção da competência moral e a influência da religião: contribuições para a bioética / Construction of the power and moral influence of religion: contributions to bioethics

O estudo analisou a competência de juízo moral de estudantes de teologia (n=115) de uma instituição protestante batista, sendo conduzido em duas partes, primeiro através da aplicaçãodo MJT na versão proposta por Bataglia (2003) que incluiu o Dilema do Juiz Steimberg e segundo, de um debate realizado através da técnica de Grupo Focal com estudantes (n=10) doúltimo ano sobre o dilema da eutanásia, o dilema dos operários e sobre questões relacionadas à autonomia moral e religião a partir do ponto de vista do protestantismo. A hipótese sustentada neste estudo foi a da possível relação entre o escore C do MJT e religião.Os resultados obtidos utilizando o MJT(xt) não mostraram alterações significativas quando comparadas aos estudos realizados anteriormente na população brasileira. Observou-se apenas uma diferença nos resultados quanto ao postulado da preferência hierárquica dos estágios. Osestudantes de teologia demonstraram preferir mais os argumentos de orientação moral dos estágios 2 e 4 e menos os argumentos dos estágios 3 e 6.

Conflitos morais e julgamentos tecnocientíficos: aspectos implicados no cuidado à pessoas vivendo com HIV/aids / Moral conflicts and techno-scientific judgments: aspects involving the care of people living with HIV/AIDS

INTRODUÇÃO: Tomando o trabalho em saúde como trabalho social que expressa em suas ações duas dimensões: ação produtiva, dentro de uma racionalidade dirigida a dados fins e como ação comunicativa realizada a partir da interação entre os sujeitos; esse estudo propôs registrar os aspectos morais que compõe o julgamento dos profissionais de saúde na construção de projetos terapêuticos na assistência a pessoas vivendo com HIV/aids e seus principais conflitos. MÉTODO: Realizou-se estudo de natureza qualitativa. Procedeu-se entrevistas em profundidade com trabalhadores e observação participante de discussão de caso das equipes em serviços especializados na atenção a pessoas vivendo com HIV/aids no Município de São Paulo. A pesquisa foi realizada durante o ano de 2007 e primeiro trimestre de 2008. Os referenciais que orientaram o estudo foram a Ética do Discurso, a Bioética e a discussão acerca do Cuidado nas práticas de saúde. RESULTADOS: Valores como de justiça social e solidariedade são referências importantes para as ações em saúde ressaltados pelos profissionais entrevistados e observados, configurando deveres assumidos por esses trabalhadores. Esses deveres foram expressos em discursos que defendem práticas inclusivas (não discriminatórias) apoiadas nos princípios do SUS e no discurso dos Direitos Humanos. A necessidade de produzir projetos terapêuticos singulares para os usuários aproximou o tratar do cuidar. A construção de projetos terapêuticos singulares, assim como os valores e interesses a serem realizados através das ações propostas foram desafiados, diante das situações onde as demandas dos usuários extrapolavam as possibilidades dos serviços ou quebravam normas institucionais e/ou sociais, gerando conflitos. A discussão entre a equipe configurou-se como a principal estratégia assumida para a resolução dessas situações. De modo geral, os argumentos mais presentes, foram apoiados na defesa de interesses públicos e proteção da vida, em detrimento...

INTRODUCTION: The health work, understood as social work, expresses two distinctive dimensions of action: productive action, within a rationality aimed at specific purposes, and communicative action, based on subjects interaction. The objective of the present study was to describe the moral aspects involved in the judgment of health professionals in the design of therapeutic projects to assist people living with HIV/AIDS, as well as their main conflicts. METHODS: In a qualitative study, in-depth interviews were conducted between 2007-2008 with health workers and participant observation was carried out during case discussion meetings in STD/AIDS specialized clinics in the city of São Paulo. Discourse Ethics, Bioethics and Comprehensive Care were the theoretical framework of the analysis. RESULTS: Values such as social justice and solidarity constitute important references of commitment for the participants health actions. This commitment was expressed through discourses in favor of inclusive practices (non-discriminatory), based on the Brazilian Unified Health System and Human Rights principles. The need for singular therapeutic projects for users brought the concepts of treatment and care together. The construction of singular therapeutic projects, as well as the values and interests of the actions proposed, were challenged in the face of conflictive situations in which users demands were either far beyond the possibilities of health services or violated institutional/social norms. The main strategy adopted in order to manage these situations was team discussion. Overall, the most frequent arguments expressed the defense of public interests and life protection to the detriment of apparently private interests. CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary to acknowledge users potential to conflict solving and to share the normative criteria more actively with them, including those more familiar with the debate on ethics. The dialectic connection between linguistic...

Injustiças no cotidiano escolar: percepções de membros de uma escola pública / Injustice in the daily school life: perceptions of the members of a public school

Embasada nas teorias piagetiana e kohlberguiana sobre o desenvolvimento de julgamento moral, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo identificar as principais ocorrências de injustiça no cotidiano de uma escola pública de ensino fundamental e médio do oeste paulista e comparar as percepções dos diferentes membros da escola em pauta. A coleta de dados consistiu na aplicação de um questionário em 156 alunos, 39 pais de alunos, 15 professores e 11 funcionários, perfazendo um total de 221 participantes. Os dados foram analisados e comparados conforme o papel exercido por categoria do participante na escola investigada. Os resultados demonstraram que a escola é concebida como um ambiente injusto por seus membros, no entanto, os agentes que possibilitam ações consideradas injustas (professores, direção/coordenação, alunos, pais, polícia e sociedade) são percebidos de maneira diferente de acordo com o papel desempenhado pelo membro da comunidade escolar.

Based on piagetian and kohlbergian theory about the development of moral judgment, this research had as its objective to identify the main injustice occurrence in the daily life of an Elementary and Secondary Public School in the West of Sao Paulo State, and compare the different member's perceptions of the mentioned school. The data collection was constituted of a questionnaire application based on the following sample: 156 students, 39 student parents, 15 teachers and 11 staff members, bringing it up to a total of 221 participants. The data were analyzed and compared according to the role performed by each participating category in the investigated school. The results showed that the school is seen as an unjust environment by its members, however, the agents that enable actions considered unjust (teachers, principal's office/teacher co-ordination, students, parents, police and community) are perceived in a different way according to the role performed by each school community member.

Vozes do Camboja: formas locais de responsabilização por atrocidades sistemáticas / Imaginando respuestas de inspiración local a las atrocidades masivas que se cometieron: voces de Camboya / Imagining locally-motivated accountability for mass atrocities: voices from Cambodia

Este artigo procura defender três proposições. Primeiramente, é improvável que as Câmaras Extraordinárias nos tribunais do Camboja (conhecidas informalmente como Julgamentos do Khmer Vermelho) alcancem os principais objetivos apresentados por seus proponentes. Em segundo lugar, esse tribunal corre o risco de causar danos. Em terceiro lugar, outros processos culturalmente específicos têm uma chance maior de causar um impacto de longo prazo e satisfazer as vítimas.

This article seeks to defend three propositions. First, the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (informally known as the Khmer Rouge Trials) is unlikely to achieve any of the primary goals put forward by its proponents. Second, the Court runs the risk of doing harm. Third, it becomes apparent that other culturally-specific processes have a greater chance at making a long-term impact and satisfying victims.

Este artículo intenta defender tres propuestas. En primer lugar, es muy improbable que las Cámaras Extraordinarias de los Tribunales de Camboya (informalmente conocidas como los Juicios de los Jémeres Rojos) consigan alcanzar alguno de los objetivos fundamentales fijados por sus partidarios. En segundo lugar, la Corte corre el riesgo de hacer daño también. En tercer lugar, otros procesos de mayor especificidad cultural tendrán mayores posibilidades de influir a largo plazo y de satisfacer a las víctimas.