The Key Elements of Medical Negligence-Duty.

American tort law (a.k.a. negligence) is designed to be flexible and elastic to adapt to changes in time and public policy. It provides a structure of elements and factors to be applied to each case's specific facts on a case-by-case basis. The purpose of this structure is to achieve as much uniformity as possible in the application of tort law. One side effect is that this structure makes predicting the outcome difficult because of so many variables. In addition, there is no national tort law. Instead, each state has developed its own law in the area of torts, which has resulted in differing exceptions and requirements based on where the medical care was given. The purpose of this article is to explain the first element of a negligence case-"duty to use care"-and its accompanying factors/variables. The first element that must be established in a medical negligence case is a duty to use care. In short, this means the physician must use a certain level of care in providing medical services. The physician typically owes her or his patient the duty to exercise care. However, there are special situations in which a physician may not owe a duty of care and thus cannot be held liable for medical negligence. This article is designed to provide an overview of the most common situations and summarizes the processes to determine whether a duty is owed.

Demandas penales en los médicos municipales de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires / CRIMINAL DEMANDS ON MUNICIPAL PHYSICIANS OF THE CITY OF BUENOS AIRES

Introducción: La responsabilidad penal surge cuando una persona, en contravención a las normas que describen las conductas delictivas, contempladas en el Código, comete en forma dolosa o culposa alguno de los ilícitos previstos por dicho ordenamiento. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, retrospectivo y transversal, de las demandas por responsabilidad médica realizadas en el fuero penal en las cuales intervino una Compañía de Seguros especializada en el tema, entre los años 2004 y el 2014, en el cual se incluyeron 220 causas con 376 imputados. Los objetivos específicos fueron: ­Explorar la "edad y sexo" de los profesionales imputados y realizar el cruce de las variables. ­Identificar las "especialidades médicas" y los "hospitales municipales" a las que pertenecen los profesionales imputados así como los "lugares generadores del hecho". ­Analizar las semejanzas y diferencias entre el mercado asegurador argentino. Resultados: Del total de la muestra, se identificó la especialidad de los profesionales en 366 casos, de las cuales 4 fueron las más comunes: 1) Obstetricia, 2) Cirugía general, 3) Clinica médica, 4) Traumatología. Los más demandados fueron los profesionales del sexo masculino. Los rangos de edades con mayor índice de demanda abarcan 2 grupos: 1) de 51 a 60 años. 2) de 31-40 años. En 4 hospitales municipales (Ramos Mejía, Piñero, Santojanni y Durand) se concentran casi el 50 % de los casos. Conclusiones: Las especialidades más frecuentemente demandadas en el fuero penal fueron Obstetricia, Cirugía general, Clinica médica y Traumatología, las que difieren de otras casuísticas. Todavía el sexo masculino es el que tiene más cantidad de demandas. Hay 4 hospitales municipales que concentran el 50 % de las demandas situación que debe tenerse en cuenta a los fines de establecer el riesgo.

Introduction: Criminal liability arises when a person, in contravention of the rules that describe the criminal conduct, contemplated in the Code of criminal law, commit in fraudulent or willful misconduct some of the illicit determined by said law. Material and methods: An observational, retrospective and transversal, of the claims for medical liability carried out in the criminal court in which an insurance company specialized in the subject intervened, among the years 2004 and 2014, in which 220 cases were included with 376 accused. The specific objectives were: ­Explore the "age and sex" of professionals imputed and perform the crossing of variables. ­Identify the "specialties medical" and "municipal hospitals" to which the professionals belong imputed as well as the "generating places of the fact". ­Analyze the similarities and differences between the Argentine insurance market. Results: Of the total of the sample, the specialty of the professionals was identified in 366 cases, of which 4 were the most common: 1) Obstetrics, 2) Surgery General, 3) Medical Clinic, 4) Traumatology. The most were male professionals. The age ranges with the highest demand index comprise 2 groups: 1) from 51 to 60 years. 2) from 31 to 40 years. In 4 municipal hospitals (Ramos Mejía, Piñero, Santojanni and Durand) are concentrated almost 50% of cases. Conclusions: The most frequently requested specialties in criminal law were Obstetrics, General Surgery, Medical Clinic and Traumatology, which differ of other studies. The male sex is still the one with the most demands. There are 4 municipal hospitals that concentrate 50% of the demands. This situation must be taken into account in order to establish the risk

[Modern aspects of war against smoking: are there any opportunities left?].

The war against smoking requires taking immediate measures because of the growing spread and severe consequences. All minuses and pluses of the Mass Media are underlined in this article. Anti-smoking technical means should to meet the following requirements: (1) each inhalation of cigarette smoke should be carried to the level of conscience; (2) each smoking act should be accompanied by unpleasant perceptions; (3) A conscientious registration number of cigarettes smoked is necessary. These problems have been solved by now. artery stiffness, defined by pulse wave propagation velocity increases after the act of smoking thus imitating aging. The smoker should be aware of this fact.

[Structures of the European union--possibilities for influence by medical societies]. / Strukturen der Europäischen Union--Einflussmöglichkeiten ärztlicher Verbände.

In the EU more than 70 % of national law has already been replaced by EU law. Medical doctors are mostly not informed, how these EU-laws will pass. Many directives, regulations and decisions are important for medical doctors. A characterization of the EU- institutions is represented.

Ley General de Salud / General law of health

La presente ley tiene como objetivo tutelar el derecho que tiene toda persona de disfrutar, conservar y recuperar su salud, en armonÝa con lo establecido en las disposiciones legales y normas especiales. Para tal efecto regularß: a) Los principios, derechos y obligaciones con relación a la salud. b)Las acciones de promoción, prevención, recuperación y rehabilitación de la salud. c) El saneamiento del medio ambiente. d) El control sanitario que se ejercerß sobre los productos y servicios destinados a la salud. e) Las medidas administrativas, de seguridad y de emergencias que aplicarß el Ministerio de Salud. f) La definición de las infracciones y su correspondiente sanción, luego se desglosan los artÝculos correspondientes a cada disposición y norma

Estatuto de la Sociedad Boliviana de Ginecologia y Obstetricia / By laws of the Gynecologic Society Bolivian Obstetrics

Con domicilio legal en la ciudad de La Paz se constituye una Sociedad Medica de duracion indefinida bajo el nombre de: SOCIEDAD BOLIVIANA DE GINECOLOGIA Y OBSTETRICIA, que agrupa a especialistas en Gineco - Obstetricia de toda la republica, de acuerdo a la personeria juridica otorgada por Resolucion Suprema Nro. 473. fs 11 en fecha 31 de marzo de 1948. Esta Sociedad prescinde de toda actividad politica, religiosa o racial