Mucosal leishmaniasis: A forgotten disease, description and identification of species in 50 Colombian cases / Leishmaniasis mucosa: una enfermedad olvidada, descripción e identificación de especies en 50 casos colombianos

Abstract Introduction: Mucosal leishmaniasis has a progressive course and can cause deformity and even mutilation in the affected areas. It is endemic in the American continent and it is mainly caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. Objective: To describe a series of mucosal leishmaniasis cases and the infectious Leishmania species. Materials and methods: We included 50 patients with a clinical diagnosis of mucosal leishmaniasis and parasitological confirmation, and we described their clinical and laboratory results. We performed species typing by PCR-RFLP using the miniexon sequence and hsp70 genes; confirmation was done by sequencing. Results: The median time of disease evolution was 2.9 years (range: 1 month to 16 years). The relevant clinical findings included mucosal infiltration (94%), cutaneous leishmaniasis scar (74%), total loss of the nasal septum (24%), nasal deformity (22%), and mucosal ulceration (38%). The symptoms reported included nasal obstruction (90%), epistaxis (72%), rhinorrhea (72%), dysphonia (28%), dysphagia (18%), and nasal pruritus (34%). The histopathological study revealed a pattern compatible with leishmaniasis in 86% of the biopsies, and amastigotes were identified in 14% of them. The Montenegro skin test was positive in 86% of patients, immunofluorescence in 84%, and culture in 8%. Leishmania (V.) braziliensis was identified in 88% of the samples, L. (V) panamensis in 8%, and L. (V.) guyanensis and L. (L.) amazonensis in 2% respectively. Conclusion: In this study, we found a severe nasal disease with destruction and deformity of the nasal septum in 25% of the cases, probably associated with late diagnosis. Leishmania (V.) braziliensis was the predominant species. We described a case of mucosal leishmaniasis in Colombia caused by L. (L.) amazonensis for the first time.

Resumen Introducción. La leishmaniasis mucosa tiene un curso progresivo y puede causar deformidad e incluso mutilación de las zonas afectadas. Es endémica en el continente americano y es causada principalmente por Leishmania (Viannia) brasiliensis. Objetivo. Describir una serie de casos de leishmaniasis mucosa y las especies de Leishmania infecciosas. Materiales y métodos. Se estudiaron 50 pacientes con diagnóstico clínico de leishmaniasis mucosa y confirmación parasitológica. Se describieron sus características clínicas y los resultados de laboratorio. La tipificación de especies se hizo mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa de los polimorfismos de la longitud de los fragmentos de restricción (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Polymerase Chain Reaction, PCR-RFLP) en la secuencia del miniexon y el gen hsp70 y se confirmó por secuenciación. Resultados. La evolución de la enfermedad fue de un mes a dieciséis años (mediana de 2,8 años). Los hallazgos clínicos fueron los siguientes: infiltración mucosa (94 %), cicatriz de leishmaniasis cutánea (74 %), pérdida total del tabique nasal (24 %), deformidad nasal (22 %) y ulceración (38 %). Los síntomas reportados fueron: obstrucción nasal (90 %), epistaxis (72 %), rinorrea (72 %), disfonía (28 %), disfagia (18 %) y prurito nasal (34 %). La histopatología mostró un patrón compatible con leishmaniasis en 86 % de las biopsias y se identificaron amastigotes en 14 % de ellas. La prueba de Montenegro fue positiva en 86 % de los pacientes, la inmunofluorescencia en 84 %, y el cultivo en 8 %. Leishmania (V.) brasiliensis se identificó en 88 % de las muestras, L. (V) panamensis en 8 %, y L. (V.) guyanensis y L. (L.) amazonensis en 2 %, respectivamente. Conclusión. Se encontró enfermedad nasal grave con destrucción y deformidad del tabique nasal en una cuarta parte de los casos, probablemente debido a un diagnóstico tardío. Leishmania (V.) brasiliensis fue la especie predominante. Se describe por primera vez un caso de leishmaniasis mucosa causado por L. (L.) amazonensis en Colombia.

Genetic variant strains of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis exhibit distinct biological behaviors.

A variety of clinical forms of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) caused by Leishmania braziliensis, as well as differing immune responses of patients, have been reported for an ACL focus in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. In addition, two genetic profiles of L. braziliensis have been described, of which one variant profile (hsp70-variant) has been associated with atypical lesions. We investigated the biological behavior of genetic variant strains of L. braziliensis isolated from patients with different clinical manifestations of ACL. Experimental infections were performed with golden hamsters for five L. braziliensis strains in standardized doses of 1 × 106 parasites per inocula. The characteristics of skin lesions, histopathological features, and parasite burden were independently analyzed at 30 and 60 days post-infection. The data revealed distinct patterns in the onset time of visible skin lesions as well as in lesion size and parasite burden among the strains. The extent and density of the inflammatory infiltrate differed among strains, although cellular composition of granulomas appeared similar. Multivariate analysis indicated the occurrence of two clusters: one comprising native strains (cluster 1) and one comprising the reference strain (cluster 2). Within cluster 1, the genetic variants of L. braziliensis did not group with the non-variant strain suggesting that the distinct patterns of biological behavior of these strains could be associated with the known genetic diversity previously described for them.

Evidence of Subpopulations with Distinct Biological Features Within a Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis Strain.

The present study demonstrates that the Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis strain MCAN/BR/1998/R619 is composed of multiple subpopulations with measurable distinctions. Single parasites were separated from a culture of promastigotes in stationary phase by cell sorting and then cultivated as subpopulations. Subsequently, these subpopulations were evaluated for features of in vitro growth, infectivity to murine macrophages and proteinase gene expression. The first evidence of distinct characteristics was observed during the in vitro cultivation of isolated subpopulations, as distinct clusters of patterns were formed among the cultures, indicating the existence of quantifiable fluctuations in metrics. Further, when infecting murine macrophages, the subpopulations induced distinct patterns of production of immune response mediators. While some subpopulations mainly induced the production of IL-1ß, IL-6 and TNF-α, others induced the production of IL-12p70 and nitric oxide. Finally, amastigotes of these subpopulations had higher expression of proteinase genes than promastigotes. Additionally, cysteine proteinase, serine proteinase, metalloproteinase and aspartic proteinases were differentially expressed in promastigote and amastigote forms. These data suggest the existence of distinct profiles for the L. (V.) braziliensis MCAN/BR/1998/R619 strain and subpopulations that could drive the success of parasite adaptation to the environments that they inhabit.

Curvas de fusión de regiones genómicas específicas: una herramienta prometedora para el diagnóstico y tipificación de las especies causantes de la leishmaniasis cutánea en Colombia / High-resolution melting analysis based on specific genomic regions: A promising tool for the diagnosis and typing of species causing cutaneous leishmaniasis in Colombia

Resumen Introducción. La leishmaniasis cutánea es una enfermedad causada por parásitos del género Leishmania que tiene gran incidencia en Colombia. El diagnóstico y la identificación de la especie infecciosa son factores críticos en el momento de escoger e iniciar el tratamiento. Actualmente, los métodos de diagnóstico y tipificación requieren procedimientos complejos, por lo que es necesario validar nuevos marcadores moleculares y métodos que simplifiquen el proceso. Objetivo. Desarrollar una herramienta basada en la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) con curvas de fusión (High Resolution Melting; PCR-HRM) para el diagnóstico y tipificación de las tres especies de Leishmania de importancia epidemiológica en casos de leishmaniasis cutánea en Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Los genomas de Leishmania panamensis, L. braziliensis y L. guyanensis se compararon mediante métodos bioinformáticos. Las regiones específicas de especie identificadas se validaron mediante PCR. Para los marcadores seleccionados se diseñó una PCR-HRM y se estimaron algunos parámetros de validez y seguridad usando aislamientos de pacientes colombianos caracterizados previamente mediante PCR y análisis de polimorfismos en la longitud de los fragmentos de restricción (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism - RFLP; PCR-RFLP) del gen hsp70. Resultados. El análisis genómico comparativo mostró 24 regiones específicas de especie. Sin embargo, la validación mediante PCR solo identificó un marcador específico para cada especie de Leishmania. Los otros marcadores mostraron amplificación cruzada. El límite de detección para los tres marcadores seleccionados fue de un parásito, mientras que la sensibilidad, la especificidad, el valor predictivo positivo y el negativo fueron de 91,4, 100, 100 y 75 %, respectivamente. Conclusiones. Las tres regiones seleccionadas pueden emplearse como marcadores moleculares en el diagnóstico y tipificación de las especies causantes de la leishmaniasis cutánea en Colombia.

Abstract Introduction: Cutaneous leishmaniasis, caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania, is a disease with high incidence in Colombia. The diagnosis and identification of the infectious species are critical factors when selecting and initiating treatment. Currently, the methods for diagnosing and typing cutaneous leishmaniasis require complicated procedures and there is a need for the validation of new molecular markers and methods to simplify the process. Objective: To develop a tool based in PCR melting curves (PCR-HRM) for the diagnosis and typing of the three Leishmania species of epidemiological importance for cutaneous leishmaniasis in Colombia. Materials and methods: The genomes of Leishmania panamensis, L. braziliensis and L. guyanensis were compared with bioinformatic methods. The species-specific regions were then validated using PCR. For the selected markers, a PCR-HRM was designed, and validity and security parameters were estimated using isolates from Colombian patients previously characterized by PCR-RFLP of the hsp70 gene. Results: The comparative genomic analysis yielded 24 species-specific regions. However, the PCR validation identified only one marker that was specific to each Leishmania species. The other markers showed cross amplification. The detection limit for the three selected markers was one parasite. The sensitivity, specificity, predictive positive and negative values were 91.4%, 100%, 100% and 75%, respectively. Conclusions: The three selected regions can be used as molecular markers in the diagnosis and typing of the causative species of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Colombia.

The antifungal compound butenafine eliminates promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis and Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis.

The production of ergosterol lipid, important for the Leishmania membrane homeostasis, involves different enzymes. This pathway can be blocked to azoles and allylamines drugs, such as Butenafine. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the anti-leishmanicidal activity of this drug in 2 major species of Leishmania responsible for causing the American tegumentar leishmaniasis (L. (L.) amazonensis and L. (V.) braziliensis). Butenafine eliminated promastigote forms of L. amazonensis and L. braziliensis with efficacy similar to miltefosine, a standard anti-leishmania drug. In addition, butenafine induced alterations in promastigote forms of L. amazonensis that resemble programmed cell death. Butenafine as well as miltefosine presented mild toxicity in peritoneal macrophages, however, butenafine was more effective to eliminate intracellular amastigotes of both L. amazonensis and L. braziliensis, and this effect was not associated with elevated levels of nitric oxide or hydrogen peroxide. Taken together, data presented herein suggests that butenafine can be considered as a prototype drug able to eliminate L. amazonensis and L. braziliensis, etiological agents of anergic diffuse and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, respectively.

Expressão de calpaínas e efeito do inibidor MDL28170 em Leishmania braziliensis / Calpain expression and effect MDL28170, a calpain inhibitor, on leishmania braziliensis

As diversas espécies de Leishmania são parasitas de considerável importância médica e econômica. As drogas atualmente utilizadas no tratamento da leishmaniose apresentam efeitos adversos, alta toxicidade, elevado custo e surgimento de cepas resistentes. Nesse contexto, inibidores proteolíticos é uma alternativa para o tratamento desta doença. Este estudo está focado nas calpaínas, que compreendem uma família de cisteína peptidases neutras dependentes de cálcio, envolvidas numa ampla variedade de funções fisiológicas. As calpaínas estão envolvidas em importantes doenças humanas, portanto inibidores de calpaínas já vêm sendo desenvolvidos e testados para o tratamento dessas doenças, alguns encontra-se em estágios avançados de triagem clínica. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho avalia a expressão e identificação de homólogos das calpaínas em Leishmania braziliensis e o efeito do inibidor de calpaínas MDL28170 em ensaios in vitro. Através da busca por sequências no GenBank, alinhamentos múltiplos, filogenia e análise de domínios conservados nas sequências obtidas, selecionamos como alvo inicial sequências de calpaínas que possuíam o maior número de domínios conservados. A análise da expressão gênica relativa indica que 13 das 20 calpaínas estudadas apresentam níveis constitutivos de mRNA nas formas procíclica e metacíclica de L. braziliensis. A expressão de cinco alvos é maior na forma procíclica, e a de um alvo é maior na forma metacíclica e há expressão estágio específica de apenas um alvo na forma procíclica. [...]

Em ensaios de Western blotting,verificamos que o anticorpo foi capaz de reagir contra uma proteína de 50 kDa. Já na imunolocalização foi possível observar calpaínas dispersas no citoplasma, membrana e núcleo. Além disso, através de citometria de fluxo, as moléculas homólogas às calpaínas foram identificadas em maior abundância no interior das células. Nos ensaios de inibição com o MDL28170, inibidor de calpaínas, foi possível observar a redução da proliferação nas formas promastigotas recém isoladas e múltiplas passagens de forma dose-dependente nas diferentes concentrações do inibidor ao longo de quatro dias. O efeito reversíveldo inibidor também foi avaliado nas formas promastigotas, com taxas menores comparado com o controle. O efeito do inibidor, também foi capaz de diminuir de maneira dose-dependente o índice de associação e aumentou o percentual de células com parasitos aderidos durante o processo de interação com macrófagos peritoneais. O parasito aumentou a expressão de uma peptidse clássica (gp63) quando tratado com o MDL28170, já a expressão de calpaínas e cpb não foi alterada pelo estresse induzido pelo composto. Estes dados sugerem mais estudos para melhor caracterizar as calpaínas em L. braziliensis e sugerem uma maior avaliação para uma possível associação de moléculas similares as calpaínas com a virulência ou não do parasito. Assim este trabalho acrescenta novas possibilidades para a utilização de inibidores de calpaínas como um potencial alvo de desenvolvimento para o tratamento da leishmaniose.

The various species of Leishmania are parasites of considerable medical and economicimportance. The drugs used in the treatment of leishmaniasis have adverse effects, high toxicity,high cost and emergence of resistant strains. In this context, proteolytic inhibitors could be analternative for the treatment of this disease. This study is focused on calpains, which comprise afamily of neutral cysteine peptidases, which are strictly dependent of calcium, and are there ofknown as Calcium Dependent Peptidases.These enzymes play a variety of physiologicalfunctions, and are involved in human diseases, therefore calpains inhibitors are under trial totreat these diseases. Thus, this study aimed to assess calpain expression levels in Leishmaniabraziliensis, as well as the effect of the calpain inhibitor MDL28170 in vitro. Through thesearching for sequencesin GenBank, multiple alignments, and phylogenetic analysis of theobtained sequences conserved domains, selected as an initial target sequences of calpain whichpossessed the greatest number of conserved domains. In this sense, we assessed the expressionlevels of mRNA from a group of twenty sequences containing archetypal calpain domain. Theanalysis indicated that 13 out of the 20 studied calpains have constitutive levels of mRNAbetween the procyclic and metacyclic forms of L. braziliensis, while five calpains presentedhigher expression levels at the procyclic stage, and only one sequence is augmented at themetacyclic stage. One calpain molecule was found to be procyclic-specific.

[...] In Western blotting assays, we found that the anti-calpainTriTryp antibody was able to recognize a 50 kDa protein. The immunolocalization assaysrevealed calpain molecules present at the membrane, nucleus and dispersed throughout thecytoplasm. Also, by flow cytometry, molecules homologous to calpains have been identified inabundance within cells. In inhibition assays employing MDL28170, a potent and specificcalpain inhibitor, it was possible to observe a dose-dependent reduction in the proliferation rate,either in freshly isolated promastigotes or multiple passages parasites. MDL28170 presents areversible inhibitory effect. The inhibitor was also able to decrease in a dose-dependent mannerthe association index and the percentage of host cells with attached parasites during the processof interaction with peritoneal macrophages. Finally, MDL28170 enhanced the expression ofgp63 molecules, while cpb and calpains expression were not affect. Further studies to bettercharacterize the calpain in L. braziliensis should be performed, aiming to add new possibilitiesfor the exploitation of calpain inhibitors as a potential for the treatment of leishmaniasis.

Multilocus genotyping reveals a polyphyletic pattern among naturally antimony-resistant Leishmania braziliensis isolates from Peru.

In order to understand the epidemiological dynamics of antimonial (Sb(V)) resistance in zoonotic tegumentary leishmaniasis and its link with treatment outcome, we analyzed the population structure of 24 Peruvian Leishmania braziliensis clinical isolates with known in vitro antimony susceptibility and clinical phenotype by multilocus microsatellite typing (14 microsatellite loci). The genetic variability in the Peruvian isolates was high and the multilocus genotypes were strongly differentiated from each other. No correlation was found between the genotypes and in vitro drug susceptibility or clinical treatment outcome. The finding of a polyphyletic pattern among the Sb(V)-resistant L. braziliensis might be explained by (i) independent events of drug resistance emergence, (ii) sexual recombination and/or (iii) other phenomena mimicking recombination signals. Interestingly, the polyphyletic pattern observed here is very similar to the one we observed in the anthroponotic Leishmania donovani (Laurent et al., 2007), hereby questioning the role of transmission and/or chemotherapeutic drug pressure in the observed population structure.

Complejo Leishmania braziliensis: descripción de un caso pediátrico y revisión de la literatura / Leishmania braziliensis complex: description of a pediatric case and review of the literature

La leishmaniasis es una enfermedad infecciosa, no contagiosa, de evolución crónica, causada por un protozoario del género Leishmania y transmitida al hombre a través de la picadura del flebótomo hembra infectado, vector de la enfermedad. Presentamos el caso de un lactante menor con leishmaniasis cutánea localizada, que tuvo buena respuesta al tratamiento con antimoniato de N-metilglucamina.

Leishmaniasis is a chronic, infectious but not contagious disease caused by a protozoan of the genus Leishmania that is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected female sand fly, which is the vector of the disease. We present the case of an infant with localized cutaneous leishmaniasis who had a good response to the treatment with N-methylglucamine antimoniate.

Etiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis and anthropophilic vectors in Juruti, Pará State, Brazil / Etiologia da leishmaniose cutânea e vetores antropofílicos em Juruti, Estado do Pará, Brasil

In a preliminary study in Juruti, a mining municipality in western Pará State, Brazil, 12 out of 21 patients suspected of presenting cutaneous leishmaniasis showed positive PCR (SSUrDNA and G6PD): Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis (9/12; 75 percent) and L. (V.) sp. (3/12; 25 percent). Entomological studies in the same location revealed the presence of 12 different phlebotomine species (n =105). One of the most common species was Lutzomyia (Psychodopygus) complexa (17 percent) which is both highly anthropophilic and a known vector of L. (V.) braziliensis in other regions of Pará. These preliminary findings should serve to guide future epidemiological surveillance in Juruti.

Em um estudo preliminar em Juruti, um município minerário na região oeste do Estado do Pará, Brasil, 12 de 21 pacientes suspeitos de possuírem leishmaniose cutânea tiveram PCRs positivas (SSUrDNA e G6PD): Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis (9/12; 75 por cento) e Leishmania (Viannia) sp. (3/12; 25 por cento). Estudos entomológicos na mesma localidade revelaram a presença de 12 diferentes espécies de flebotomíneos (n = 105). Uma das espécies mais comuns foi Lutzomyia (Psychodopygus) complexa (17 por cento) que é altamente antropofílica e reconhecida vetora de L. (V.) braziliensis em outras regiões do Estado do Pará. Esses resultados preliminares servem como orientação para futura vigilância epidemiológica em Juruti.

Molecular diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis: identification of Leishmania species by PCR-RFLP and quantification of parasite DNA by real-time PCR.

The efficacies of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedures for the diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL), and of PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis for the identification of Leishmania species, have been assessed. Quantitative real-time PCR employing a SYBR Green dye-based system was standardised for the quantification of Leishmania kDNA minicircles. Skin, peripheral blood and bone marrow samples collected from 217 dogs, asymptomatic or symptomatic for CVL, were analysed. The PCR method, which was based on the amplification of a 120 bp kDNA fragment conserved across Leishmania species, was able to detect the presence in clinical samples of protozoan parasite DNA in amounts as low as 0.1 fg. Bone marrow and skin samples proved to be more suitable than peripheral blood for the detection of Leishmania by PCR and presented positive indices of 84.9% and 80.2%, respectively. PCR-RFLP analysis indicated that 192 of the PCR-positive dogs were infected with Leishmania infantum chagasi, whilst L. braziliensis was identified in two other animals. Quantitative PCR revealed that bone marrow samples from dogs presenting positive conventional tests contained a higher number of copies of Leishmania kDNA than peripheral blood, although no significant differences were detected between symptomatic and asymptomatic dogs in terms of parasite load. This study demonstrates that PCR can be used for the detection of Leishmania in clinical samples derived from naturally infected dogs, and that PCR-RFLP represents a rapid and sensitive tool for the identification of Leishmania species. Additionally, qPCR is effective in quantifying Leishmania DNA load in clinical samples.

DNA sequencing confirms the involvement of Leishmania (L.) amazonensis in american tegumentary leishmaniasis in the state of São Paulo, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) represents one of the most important public health issues in the world. An increased number of autochthonous cases of ATL in the Northeastern region of São Paulo State has been documented in the last few years, leading to a desire to determine the Leishmania species implicated. METHODS: PCR followed by DNA sequencing was carried out to identify a 120bp fragment from the universal kDNA minicircle of the genus Leishmania in 61 skin or mucosal biopsies from patients with ATL. RESULTS: DNA sequencing permitted the identification of a particular 15bp fragment (5' …GTC TTT GGG GCA AGT... 3') in all samples. Analysis by the neighbor-joining method showed the occurrence of two distinct groups related to the genus Viannia (V) and Leishmania (L), each with two subgroups. Autochthonous cases with identity to a special Leishmania sequence not referenced in Genbank predominated in subgroup V.1, suggesting the possible existence of a subtype or mutation of Leishmania Viannia in this region. In the subgroup L.2, which showed identity with a known sequence of L. (L.) amazonensis, there was a balanced distribution of autochthonous and non-autochthonous cases, including the mucosal and mucocutaneus forms in four patients. The last observation may direct us to new concepts, since the mucosal compromising has commonly been attributed to L. (V.) braziliensis, even though L. (L.) amazonensis is more frequent in the Amazonian region. CONCLUSIONS: These results confirm the pattern of distribution and possible mutations of these species, as well as the change in the clinical form presentation of ATL in the São Paulo State.

Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis growth in vitro culture relies more on folic acid availability than Leihsmania (Leishmania) amazonensis

We compared the in vitro growth of promastigotes from two Leishmania species in TC-100 and Schneider media. Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis replication rates were similar in both tissue culture media and reached maximum rates by 48 h. In contrast Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis growth was significantly greater in TC-100 but maximum rates were achieved by 96 h. Folic acid appears to be the limiting factor and supplementation of Schneider media with this nutrient improved L. (V.) braziliensis replication rates and decreased the time of maximum replication to 48 h.

Use of DNA-based diagnostic methods for human leishmaniasis in Minas Gerais, Brazil.

DNA hybridisation was used to type 26 samples from lesions of human patients from the Rio Doce Valley (Minas Gerais, Brazil) clinically diagnosed as having cutaneous leishmaniasis, using kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) cloned mini-circle probes specific for the Leishmania mexicana and Leishmania braziliensis complexes. All samples were found to belong to the L. braziliensis complex. When biopsies were pressed directly onto touch blot membranes 38.5% of the samples were positive. The positivity and specificity obtained were both 100% when cultured blotted parasites were used. The results were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis using primers specific for the L. mexicana and L. braziliensis complexes.

Leishmaniose tegumental americana com extenso acometimento de mucosas: relato de caso e revisäo da literatura / American diffuse leishmaniosis with extensive attacking of mucous membranes: case report and literature review

A leishmaniose tegumentar americana é uma doença de evolução crônica que acomete, isoladamente ou em associação, a pele e as mucosas do nariz, boca, faringe e laringe (4). É causada por protozoários do gênero Leishmania e transmitida por insetos do gênero flebotomíneos. Os autores fazem uma revisão bibliográfica e relatam um caso de leishmaniose mucocutânea em um paciente de 26 anos, que apresentava lesão no palato duro e toda orofaringe, evoluindo com emagrecimento importante. A lesão foi diagnosticada através de biópsia de mucosa, a qual evidenciou o protozoário. O interesse do relato se dá pela ascensão do número de casos de leishmaniose em nosso meio, sendo importante o diagnóstico diferencial

Diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis and species discrimination of parasites by PCR and hybridization.

The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of PCR methodology in establishing the diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis in patients from areas of endemicity in Venezuela. Biopsies from 233 patients with cutaneous ulcers suggestive of leishmaniasis were analyzed by PCR, employing oligonucleotides directed against conserved regions of kinetoplast DNA (kDNA), and the PCR products were then hybridized to nonradioactively labeled, species-specific, cloned kDNA fragments. The ability of PCR to detect Leishmania cells was compared with those of the conventional methodologies: skin testing with killed promastigotes (Montenegro test), examination of Giemsa-stained biopsy smears, and in vitro culture of biopsy tissue. The PCR-hybridization technique detected the presence of Leishmania cells in 98% of patients clinically diagnosed as having leishmaniasis and also positive by the Montenegro skin test. In comparison, leishmania positivity was found in only 42% of cultures and 64% of biopsy smears. By hybridizing the PCR product to new kDNA probes specific for either Leishmania mexicana or Leishmania braziliensis, we found that both species are major causes of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Venezuela, and the species identification was confirmed by restriction enzyme analysis of kDNA from biopsy cultures. This work demonstrates that PCR coupled with hybridization is useful not only for the diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis but also for the taxonomic discrimination essential for both epidemiology and therapy. This technique can be used to diagnose leishmaniasis in a country in which the disease is endemic and can perhaps be adapted for use in a rural clinic.

Isoenzyme studies on Leishmania stocks from Peru by ultrathin-layer isoelectrofocusing.

17 Leishmania stocks isolated from the Andean and Amazonean region of Peru were compared isoenzymatically with reference stocks of New World Leishmania subspecies by ultra-thin-layer isoelectric focusing. The enzymes tested were: non-specific esterase (NSE), alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) (NADP+), glucosephosphate isomerase (GPI) and superoxide dismutases (SOD). Two enzymes, GPI and SOD, gave a promising tool for differentiation of the majority of subspecies. These enzymes classify the stocks from Peru into the L. brasiliensis complex. However, none of the Peruvian stocks were absolutely identical to the reference stocks. Further specific enzyme patterns were found which may probably be an expression of greater heterogeneity of Leishmania parasites than is known today. There were neither correlation between clinical manifestation and enzymic patterns of stocks nor differences between stocks from the Andean or Amazonean region of Peru.

Characterization of Leishmania species from Peru.

Twenty-six isolates of Leishmania parasites of Peruvian origin were studied by isoenzyme electrophoresis of four marker enzymes (ASAT, ALAT, G6PD and GPI), kinetoplast DNA hybridization and monoclonal antibody binding and compared with marker strains of the New World organisms L. b. braziliensis, L. b. guyanensis, L. m. mexicana and L. m. amazonensis. 12 of the isolates studied were of Andean origin; 11 of these were isolated from patients with Andean cutaneous leishmaniasis. The organisms originating from the Peruvian Amazonian forest were isolated from patients with cutaneous (12 cases) or mucocutaneous (2 cases) leishmaniasis. One of the Andean isolates was obtained from an infected phlebotomine vector. 25 of the new isolates were identified as L. braziliensis ssp. according to the three techniques employed. The results of monoclonal antibody binding showed that 23 of the isolates were indistinguishable from L. b. braziliensis. Two isolates identified as L. braziliensis ssp. according to their isoenzyme profiles and k-DNA hybridization patterns could not be classified at the subspecies level. The isolate obtained from the phlebotomine vector could not be identified. No evidence of the existence of parasites of the L. mexicana complex in Peruvian territory was found in this study. The results obtained show a remarkable similarity between Leishmania of Andean origin and L. b. braziliensis.

Leishmaniose tegumentar no Estado de Goiás: análise dos dados epidemiológicos, clínicos e imunopatológicos de infecçåo humana, registrados de 1965 a 1984 / Tegumentar Leishmaniose in the Goiás State - epidemiological dates, imunopatological and clinical analysis of human infection verified in 1965 to 1984

Uma análise de 565 casos de leishmaniose tegumentar registrados em Goiânia-Go, Brasil, de 1965 a 1984, mostrou 379 (67,08 pôr cento) casos de pacientes autóctones, 171 (30,37 pôr cento) alóctones, e 15 pacientes de procedência duvidosa. Estes casos foram distribuídos por critério geográfico, bem como epidemiológico, clínico e imunopatológico. Os casos autóctones foram predominantemente das mesorregiöes do Alto Araguaia-Tocantins e Goiânia, cujas microrregiöes Alto Tocantins e Mato Grosso de Goiás respectivamente, contribuíram juntas com 45,09 pôr cento que foram relacionadas às condiçöes fitoecológicas, e ao desenvolvimento de atividades agropastoris naquelas áreas. O estudo clínico de pacientes autóctones, mostrou 43,00 pôr cento da forma cutânea; 55,94 pôr cento da forma cutâneo-mucosa e 1,06 pôr cento aparentemente da forma mucosa; somente 89 casos (54,60 pôr cento) tiveram lesåo única de pele; 34 casos (34,35 pôr cento de 2 a 5 e 18 casos (11,04 pôr cento) tiveram acima de 5 lesöes. O pacente mais jovem afetado era uma criança de 1 ano e o mais velho tinha 83 anos de idade. Os pacientes acima de 20 anos de idade, apresentaram lesöes múltiplas, mostrou mais lesöes únicas observadas de um a três (1 a 3) meses (39,32 pôr cento). A duraçåo da doença em relaçåo à clínica, demonstrou forma cutânea de 1 a 24 meses; cutâneo-mucosa de 2 a 60 meses. Em 212 paicentes com forma cutâneo-mucosa, a lesåo metastática foi distribuída em relaçåo ao intervalo de tempo, entre lesåo primária 7 casos; concomitante secundária com intervalo de 2 a 6 meses, 3 casos; metastática precoce com 6 a 12 meses, 65 casos e por último a metastática clássica, com 24 a 60 meses ou mais com 127 casos. Os aspectos epidemiológicos disponíveis såo muito pobres, mas é relevante o conhecimento de algumas espécies de vetores de várias áreas, bem como o descobrimento de novas espécies de Leishmania patogênica para o homem e a constataçåo da espundia por esta espécie e por L. m. amazonensis. Análise imunopatológica e, relaçåo às formas clínicas foi baseada no índice parasitêmico, constituiçåo do infiltrado celular, presença de células multinucleadas, tendência a granulomas, necrose, fibrose e sinais de hipersensibilidade e periendovasculites, os quais quando associados com análise do perfil da imunidade celular e humoral såo muito importantes para o estudo evolutivo e terapêutico adequado do leishmaniótico

Leishmania braziliensis from the Pacific coast region of Colombia: foci of transmission, clinical spectrum and isoenzyme phenotypes.

Tegumentary leishmaniasis is highly prevalent in the Pacific coast region of Colombia. We have identified 90 foci of transmission in this region based on 179 parasitologically diagnosed patients. Human transmission occurred in mangrove forests, secondary growth and intervened tropical rain forest. A parasitological diagnosis, that is, either isolation or visualization of Leishmania was made in 68.6% of suspected cases. Three phenotypically distinguishable groups of L. braziliensis were encountered based on isoenzymes: L. b. panamensis variants (82%), variants of L. b. braziliensis (14.5%), and stocks intermediate between L. b. panamensis and L. b. guyanensis reference strains (3.5%). The L. b. braziliensis variants produced cutaneous disease alone relatively infrequently (12% of classified cutaneous stocks) but were more frequently (38% of all mucosal stocks) isolated from mucosal lesions. Leishmania infection of the mucous membranes caused a wide spectrum of disease, severity being closely related to time of evolution. Both contiguous and metastatic spread to the mucous membranes was supported by the clinical course of 19 mucosal cases.