Lysobacter antarcticus sp. nov., an SUF-system-containing bacterium from Antarctic coastal sediment.

A Gram-stain-negative, heterotrophic, aerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterial strain (GW1-59T) belonging to the genus Lysobacter was isolated from coastal sediment collected from the Chinese Great Wall Station, Antarctica. The strain was identified using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. The strain grew well on Reasoner's 2A media and could grow in the presence of 0-4 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 1 %), at pH 9.0-11.0 and at 15-37 °C (optimum, 30 °C). Strain GW1-59T possessed ubiquinone-8 as the sole respiratory quinone. The major phospholipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. The major fatty acids were summed feature 9 (10-methyl C16 : 0 and/or iso-C17 : 1 ω9c), iso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, iso-C17 : 0, C16 : 0 and iso-C11 : 0 3-OH. DNA-DNA relatedness with Lysobacter concretionis Ko07T, the nearest phylogenetic relative (98.5 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) was 23.4 % (21.1-25.9 %). The average nucleotide identity value between strain GW1-59T and L. concretionis Ko07T was 80.1 %. The physiological and biochemical results and low level of DNA-DNA relatedness suggested the phenotypic and genotypic differentiation of strain GW1-59T from other Lysobacter species. On the basis of phenotypic, phylogenetic and genotypic data, a novel species, Lysobacter antarcticus sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is GW1-59T (=CCTCC AB 2019390T=KCTC 72831T).

Lysobacter profundi sp. nov., isolated from freshwater sediment and reclassification of Lysobacter panaciterrae as Luteimonas panaciterrae comb. nov.

A polyphasic taxonomic study was carried out on strains CHu50b-3-2T and CHu40b-3-1 isolated from a 67 cm-long sediment core collected from the Daechung Reservoir at a water depth of 17 m, Daejeon, Republic of Korea. The cells of the strains were Gram-stain-negative, non-spore-forming, non-motile and rod-shaped. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence studies showed a clear affiliation of two strains with γ-Proteobacteria, which showed the highest pairwise sequence similarities to Lysobacter hankyongensis KTce-2T (96.5 %), Lysobacter pocheonensis Gsoil193T (96.3 %), Lysobacter ginsengisoli Gsoil 357T (96.1 %), Lysobacter solanacearum T20R-70T (96.1 %), Lysobacter brunescens KCTC 12130T (95.4 %) and Lysobacter capsici YC5194T (95.3 %). The phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the strains formed a clear phylogenetic lineage with the genus Lysobacter. The major fatty acids were identified as summed feature 9 (iso-C17 : 1 ω9c and/or C18 : 1 10-methyl), iso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 and iso-C17 : 0. The respiratory quinone was identified as ubiquinone Q-8. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and an unidentified phospholipid. The genomic DNA G+C content was determined to be 66.8 mol% (genome) for strain CHu50b-3-2T and 66.4 mol% (HPLC) for strain CHu40b-3-1. Based on the combined genotypic and phenotypic data, we propose that strains CHu50b-3-2T and CHu40b-3-1 represent a novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacter profundi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CHu50b-3-2T (=KCTC 72973T=CCTCC AB 2019129T). Besides Lysobacter panaciterrae Gsoil 068T formed a phylogenetic group together with strain Luteimonas aquatica RIB1-20T (EF626688) that is clearly separated from all other known Lysobacter strains. Based on the phylogenetic relationships together with fatty acid compositions, Lysobacter panaciterrae Gsoil 068T should be reclassified as a member of the genus Luteimonas: Luteimonas aquatica comb. nov. (type strain Gsoil 068T=KCTC 12601T=DSM 17927T).

Lysobacter lacus sp. nov., isolated from from lake sediment.

An aerobic and Gram-stain-negative bacterial strain, designated UKS-15T, was isolated from lake water in the Republic of Korea. Results of 16S rRNA gene sequence and phylogenetic analyses indicated that the novel isolate belongs to the genus Lysobacter and was most closely related to Lysobacter xinjiangensis RCML-52T (98.0 %), Lysobacter mobilis 9 NM-14T (97.4 %) and Lysobacter humi FJY8T (97.2 %). The DNA G+C content was 69.1 mol%. Strain UKS-15T possessed ubiquinone-8 (Q-8) as the sole respiratory quinone and the fatty acid profile comprised iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 and summed feature 9 (iso-C17 : 1 ω9c and/or C16 : 0 10-methyl) as its major components. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and one unidentified aminophospholipid. Moreover, the physiological and biochemical results and low level of DNA-DNA relatedness (<22.0 %) allowed the phenotypic and genotypic differentiation of strain UKS-15T from other Lysobacter species. Therefore, on the basis of the data from this polyphasic taxonomic study, strain UKS-15T should represent a novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacter lacus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is UKS-15T (=JCM 30983T=KACC 18719T).

Lysobacter prati sp. nov., isolated from a plateau meadow sample.

A novel proteobacterial strain designated SYSU H10001T was isolated from a soil sample collected from plateau meadow in Hongyuan county, Sichuan province, south-western China. The taxonomic position of the strain was investigated using a polyphasic approach. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities and phylogenetic analysis, strain SYSU H10001T was most closely related to Lysobacter soli KCTC 22011T (98.6%, sequence similarity) and Lysobacter panacisoli JCM 19212T (98.2%). The prediction result of secondary metabolites based on genome shown that the strain SYSU H10001T contained 3 clusters of bacteriocins, 1 cluster of non-ribosomal peptide synthetase, 1 cluster of type 1 polyketide synthase and 1 cluster of arylpolyene. In addition, the major isoprenoid quinone was Q-8 and the major fatty acids were identified as iso-C15:0, iso-C17:0 and Summed feature 9. The polar lipids contained diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and three unidentified phospholipids. The genomic DNA G + C content of strain SYSU H10001T was 66.5% (genome). On the basis of phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic data, strain SYSU H10001T represents a novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacter prati sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SYSU H10001T (= KCTC 72062T = CGMCC 1.16662T).

Transition of the Bacterial Community and Culturable Chitinolytic Bacteria in Chitin-treated Upland Soil: From Streptomyces to Methionine-auxotrophic Lysobacter and Other Genera.

Chitin amendment is an agricultural management strategy for controlling soil-borne plant disease. We previously reported an exponential decrease in chitin added to incubated upland soil. We herein investigated the transition of the bacterial community structure in chitin-degrading soil samples over time and the characteristics of chitinolytic bacteria in order to elucidate changes in the chitinolytic bacterial community structure during chitin degradation. The addition of chitin to soil immediately increased the population of bacteria in the genus Streptomyces, which is the main decomposer of chitin in soil environments. Lysobacter, Pseudoxanthomonas, Cellulosimicrobium, Streptosporangium, and Nonomuraea populations increased over time with decreases in that of Streptomyces. We isolated 104 strains of chitinolytic bacteria, among which six strains were classified as Lysobacter, from chitin-treated soils. These results suggested the involvement of Lysobacter as well as Streptomyces as chitin decomposers in the degradation of chitin added to soil. Lysobacter isolates required yeast extract or casamino acid for significant growth on minimal agar medium supplemented with glucose. Further nutritional analyses demonstrated that the six chitinolytic Lysobacter isolates required methionine (Met) to grow, but not cysteine or homocysteine, indicating Met auxotrophy. Met auxotrophy was also observed in two of the five type strains of Lysobacter spp. tested, and these Met auxotrophs used d-Met as well as l-Met. The addition of Met to incubated upland soil increased the population of Lysobacter. Met may be a factor increasing the population of Lysobacter in chitin-treated upland soil.

Lysobacter alkalisoli sp. nov., a chitin-degrading strain isolated from saline-alkaline soil.

Strains of Lysobacter, thought to play vital roles in the environment for their high enzyme production capacity, are ubiquitous in various ecosystems. During an analysis of bacterial diversity in saline soil, a Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, chitin-degrading bacterial strain, designated SJ-36T, was isolated from saline-alkaline soil sampled at Tumd Right Banner, Inner Mongolia, PR China. Strain SJ-36T grew at 4-40 °C (optimum, 30 °C), pH 5.0-10.0 (optimum, pH 7.0-8.0) and 0-6 % NaCl (optimum, 1.0 %). Oxidase and catalase activities were positive. A phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and the phylogenomic tree both showed that strain SJ-36T formed a tight clade with Lysobacter maris KMU-14T (sharing 97.6 % 16S rRNA gene similarity) and Lysobacter aestuarii S2-CT (97.8 %). The major polar lipids of strain SJ-36T were phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, two unidentified lipids and one unidentified phospholipid. The major fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0 (37.5 %), summed feature 9 (14.0 %; iso-C17 : 1ω9c and/or C16 : 0 10-methyl) and iso-C11 : 0 (10.6 %). Q-8 was the predominant ubiquinone. Its genomic DNA G+C content was 66.6 mol%. The average nucleotide identity values of strain SJ-36T to L. maris KMU-14T, L. aestuarii S2-CT and other type strains were 81.5, 79.1 and <79.0 %, respectively. The results of physiological, phenotypic and phylogenetic characterizations allowed the discrimination of strain SJ-36T from its phylogenetic relatives. Lysobacter alkalisoli sp. nov. is therefore proposed with strain SJ-36T (=CGMCC 1.16756T=KCTC 43039T) as the type strain.

Lysobacter terrigena sp. nov., isolated from a Korean soil sample.

A bacterial strain isolated from a soil collected in Jeju Island, designated as 17J7-1T, was Gram-negative, rod-shaped, yellow colored, and motile by gliding. This strain was able to grow at temperature range from 10 to 42 °C, pH 7-9, and tolerated up to 1% NaCl. Analysis of 16S rRNA sequence identified strain 17J7-1T as a member of the genus Lysobacter with close sequence similarity with Lysobacter mobilis 9NM-14T (97.4%), Lysobacter xinjiangensis RCML-52T (97.0%), and Lysobacter humi FJY8T (96.9%). The genomic DNA G + C content of the isolate was 67.9 mol%. DNA-DNA relatedness between strain 17J7-1T and L. mobilis, L. humi, and L. xinjiangensis were 42.3%, 39.5%, and 35.8%, respectively, clearly showing that the isolate is distinct from its closest phylogenetic neighbors in the genus Lysobacter. Average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNAhybridization (dDDH) values between strain 17J7-1T and L. enzymogenes ATCC 29487T, the type species of this genus, and several other close Lysobacter species were less than 77% and 22%, respectively. Major fatty acids were C16:0 iso (29.8%), summed feature 9 (C17:1 iso ω9c/C16:0 10-methyl; 20.1%), and C15:0 iso (17.7%). The predominant respiratory quinone was ubiquinone Q-8 and the major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and diphosphatidylglycerol. In the light of the polyphasic evidence accumulated in this study, strain 17J7-1T is considered to represent a novel species in the genus Lysobacter, for which name Lysobacter terrigena sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 17J7-1T (= KCTC 62217T = JCM 33057T).

Lysobacter caseinilyticus, sp. nov., a casein hydrolyzing bacterium isolated from sea water.

A novel bacterial strain, designated KVB24T, was isolated from sea-water of Busan Harbour in South Korea. Cells of strain KVB24T were Gram-stain negative, aerobic, rod shaped and non-motile. Strain KVB24T grew optimally at 25-28 °C and pH 6.5-7.0. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain KVB24T was shown to belong to the genus Lysobacter within the class Gammaproteobacteria and to be closely related to Lysobacter dokdonensis DS-58T, Lysobacter hankyongensis KTce-2T and Lysobacter niastensis GH41-7T. DNA-DNA relatedness between strain KVB24T and its current closest relative was below 70%. The predominant fatty acids of strain KVB24T were iso-C11:0, iso-C11:0 3-OH, iso-C14:0, iso-C15:0, anteiso-C15:0, iso-C16:0 and summed feature 9 comprising (iso-C17:1 ω9c and/or 10 methyl C16:0); the prominent isoprenoid was Q-8 and the major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. The G + C content of genomic DNA from strain KVB24T was determined to be 67.5 mol%. Based on the phenotypic, genotypic and chemotaxonomic analyses, strain KVB24T represents a novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacter caseinilyticus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KVB24T (= KACC19816T = JCM32879T).

Lysobacter psychrotolerans sp. nov., isolated from soil in the Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang, China.

A novel aerobic bacterial strain, designated ZS60T, with long, rod-shaped, Gram-staining-negative, aerobic cells was isolated from the soil in the Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang, China. Phylogenetic analysis based on its 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain ZS60T was affiliated with the genus Lysobacter, and was most closely related to Lysobacter daejeonensis GH1-9T (96.9 %), Lysobacter caeni BUT-8T (96.8 %) and Lysobacter ruishenii CTN-1T (96.7 %). The average nucleotide identity values between strain ZS60T, L. daejeonensis GH1-9T and L. ruishenii CTN-1T were 78.14 and 78.39 %, respectively. The DNA-DNA relatedness between strain ZS60T, L. daejeonensis GH1-9T and L. caeni BUT-8T were 44.8 and 39.1 %, respectively. The genomic DNA G+C content of the strain ZS60T was 67.7 mol% (draft genome sequence), and Q-8 was the predominant ubiquinone. The major cellular fatty acids of strain ZS60T were iso-C15 : 0 (23.4 %), iso-C17 : 0 (17.2 %) and iso-C17 : 1 ω9c (12.6 %). On the basis of genotypic, phenotypic and biochemical data, strain ZS60T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacterpsychrotolerans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is ZS60T (=CGMCC 1.15509T=NBRC 112614T).

Lysobacter tabacisoli sp. nov., isolated from rhizosphere soil of Nicotiana tabacum L.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain C8-1T, was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of Nicotiana tabacum L. collected from Kunming, south-west China. The cells showed oxidase-positive and catalase-positive reactions. Growth was observed at 10-40 °C, at pH 6.0-8.0 and in the presence of up to 1 % (w/v) NaCl, with optimal growth at 30 °C and pH 7.0. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was Q-8. The major fatty acids were identified as iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 and iso-C17 : 1ω9c. The cellular polar lipids contained diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, five unidentified phospholipids and two unidentified aminophospholipids. The genomic DNA G+C content was 70.7 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain C8-1T should be assigned to the genus Lysobacter. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity analysis showed that strain C8-1T was closely related to Lysobacter cavernae YIM C01544T (98.6 %), Lysobacter soli DCY21T (97.6 %), Lysobacter panacisoli CJ29T (97.3 %), Lysobacter firmicutimachus PB-6250T (97.3 %), Lysobacter niastensis GH41-7T (97.3 %) and Lysobacter gummosus KCTC 12132T (97.1 %). DNA-DNA hybridization data indicated that the isolate may represent a novel genomic species belonging to the genus Lysobacter. Polyphasic taxonomic characteristics indicated that strain C8-1T represents a novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacter tabacisoli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is C8-1T (=KCTC 62034T=CGMCC 1.16271T) .

Lysobacter spongiae sp. nov., isolated from spongin.

A Gram-negative, motile, aerobic and rod-shaped bacterial strain designated 119BY6-57T was isolated from spongin. The taxonomic position of the novel isolate was confirmed using the polyphasic approach. Strain 119BY6-57T grew well at 25-30°C on marine agar. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, strain 119BY6-57T belongs to the family Xanthomonadaceae and is related to Lysobacter aestuarii S2-CT (99.8% sequence similarity), L. maris KMU-14T (97.5%), and L. daejeonensis GH1-9T (97.3%). Lower sequence similarities (97.0%) were found with all of the other recognized members of the genus Lysobacter. The G + C content of the genomic DNA was 69.9 mol%. The major respiratory quinone was Q-8 and the major fatty acids were C16:0 iso, C15:0 iso, summed feature 9 (comprising C17:1 iso ω9c and/or C16:0 10-methyl), summed feature 3 (comprising C16:1ω7c and/or C16:1ω6c), and C11:0 iso 3-OH. The polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, three unidentified phospholipids, and an unidentified polar lipid. DNADNA relatedness values between strain 119BY6-57T and its closest phylogenetically neighbors were below 48.0 ± 2.1%. Based on genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, it is concluded that strain 119BY6-57T is a new member within the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacter spongiae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 119BY6-57T (= KACC 19276T = LMG 30077T).

Lysobacter tongrenensis sp. nov., isolated from soil of a manganese factory.

A Gram-staining negative, aerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated YS-37T, was isolated from soil in a manganese factory, People's Republic of China. Based on16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain YS-37T was most closely related to Lysobacter pocheonensis Gsoil 193T (97.0%), Lysobacter dokdonensis DS-58T (96.0%) and Lysobacter daecheongensis Dae08T (95.8%) and grouped together with L. pocheonensis Gsoil 193T and Lysobacter dokdonensis DS-58T. The DNA-DNA hybridization value between strain YS-37T and L. pocheonensis KCTC 12624T was 43.3% (± 1). The major respiratory quinone of strain YS-37T was ubiquinone-8, and the polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phospholipid, phosphatidylmethylethaolamine and two unknown lipids. Its major cellular fatty acids (> 5%) were iso-C15:0, iso-C17:1 ω9c, iso-C16:0, iso-C11:0 3-OH and iso-C11:0 and the G + C content of the genomic DNA was 67.1 mol%. Strain YS-37T also showed some biophysical and biochemical differences with the related strains, especially in hydrolysis of casein. The results demonstrated that strain YS-37T belongs to genus Lysobacter and represents a novel Lysobacter species for which the name Lysobacter tongrenensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YS-37T (= CCTCC AB 2016052T = KCTC 52206T).

Lysobacter olei sp. nov., isolated from oil-contaminated soil.

Strain D-14T, a brown-coloured, Gram-stain-negative, non-motile and rod-shaped bacterium, was isolated from oil-contaminated soil. It was able to grow at 20-40 °C, at pH 6.0-10.0 and at 0-1 % (w/v) NaCl concentration. Based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain D-14T belonged to the genus Lysobacter and was closely related to Lysobacter caeni BUT-8T (99.0 % sequence similarity), Lysobacter ruishenii CTN-1T (98.5 %), Lysobacter daejeonensis GH1-9T (98.2 %) and Lysobacter panacisoli CJ29T (97.2 %). The only respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-8. The polar lipid profile revealed the presence of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidyl-N-methyl-ethanolamine. The predominant fatty acids of strain D-14T were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, summed feature 9 (iso-C17 : 1 ω9c and/or C16 : 0 10-methyl), summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c), iso-C14 : 0, C11 : 0iso 3-OH, C15 : 1iso F and C16 : 0. The genomic DNA G+C content of this novel strain was 68.7 mol%. The DNA-DNA relatedness values between strain D-14T and L. caeni BUT-8T, L. ruishenii CTN-1T, L. daejeonensis GH1-9T and L. panacisoli CJ29T were 56.0, 46.3, 48.7 and 41.7 %, respectively, which fall below the threshold value of 70 % for the strain to be considered as novel. The morphological, physiological, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic analyses clearly distinguished this strain from its closest phylogenetic neighbours. Thus, strain D-14T represents a novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacterolei sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is D-14T (=KEMB 9005-572T=KACC 19173T=JCM 31917T).

Lysobacter erysipheiresistens sp. nov., an antagonist of powdery mildew, isolated from tobacco-cultivated soil.

A bacterial strain, RS-LYSO-3T, was isolated from tobacco-cultivated soil, collected near Chuxiong, Yunnan province, southwestern China. RS-LYSO-3T could effectively inhibit the invasion of powdery mildew on tobacco. The colonies of RS-LYSO-3T were pale yellow, and its cells were Gram-stain-negative and rod-shaped, with 68 mol% DNA G+C content. Gene sequence analysis for its 16S rRNA gene revealed the highest similarity (97.78 %) with that of Lysobacter spongiicolaKMM 329T. Chemotaxonomic data showed that RS-LYSO-3T possesses a quinone system with Q-8, and iso-C16 : 0, summed feature 9 and iso-C15 : 0 as the predominant fatty acids, all of which support the affiliation of RS-LYSO-3T to the genus Lysobacter. The results of DNA-DNA hybridization, physiological and biochemical tests clearly proved that RS-LYSO-3T is a representative of a novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacter erysipheresistens sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is RS-LYSO-3T (=CCIC 23922T=JCM 31042T).

Lysobacter humi sp. nov., a bacterium isolated from rice field.

A novel bacterial strain THG-PC4T was isolated from soil sample of rice field and was characterized by using a polyphasic approach. Cells were Gram-negative, bright yellow colored, nonmotile and rod shaped. The strain was aerobic and catalase positive, optimum growth temperature, and pH were 28 °C and 7, respectively. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain THG-PC4T belongs to the genus Lysobacter and is most closely related to Lysobacter fragariae KCTC 42236T, followed by Lysobacter oryzae KCTC 22249T, Lysobacter tyrosinelyticus KCTC 42235T, Lysobacter terrae KACC 17646T, Lysobacter yangpyeongensis KACC 11407T, Lysobacter rhizosphaerae KCTC 42237T and Lysobacter niabensis KACC 11587T. In DNA-DNA hybridization tests, the DNA relatedness between strain THG-PC4T and its closest phylogenetic neighbors was below 45 %. The DNA G + C content was 66.6 mol %, and the predominant respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-8. Flexirubin-type pigments were found to be present. The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C16:0, iso-C17:1 ω9c, iso-C17:0 and iso-C11:0 3OH. The predominant polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. The DNA-DNA hybridization, genotypic, chemotaxonomic and physiological data demonstrated that strain THG-PC4T represented a novel species within the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobcater humi is proposed. The type strain is THG-PC4T (=KACC 18284T = CCTCC AB 2015292T).

Lysobacter cavernae sp. nov., a novel bacterium isolated from a cave sample.

A Gram-staining negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacterium, designated YIM C01544(T), was isolated from a soil sample collected from Sigangli Cave, Yunnan province, South-West China. The strain was able to grow over a range of temperatures (4-30 °C), pH (6.0-10.0) and NaCl concentration (0-2 %, w/v). Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain YIM C01544(T) should be a member of the genus Lysobacter. The strain is closely related to Lysobacter niastensis GH41-7(T) (97.6 %), Lysobacter soli DCY21(T) (97.5 %), Lysobacter enzymogenes DSM 2043(T) (97.3 %), Lysobacter antibioticus DSM 2044(T) (97.1 %) and Lysobacter panacisoli CJ29(T) (97.1 %). The genomic DNA relatedness values (<47 %) as indicated by DNA-DNA hybridization studies were below the threshold limit for characterization of new bacterial species. The chemotaxonomic features of the new isolate include diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified phospholipids and two unidentified polar lipids as its characteristic polar lipids and Q-8 as the only quinone. The major fatty acids detected were iso-C15:0 and iso-C17:1 ω9c. The DNA G + C content of the strain was determined to be 64.9 mol %. Based on the data from phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and molecular studies, strain YIM C01544(T) merits recognition as novel species in the genus Lysobacter for which the name Lysobacter cavernae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Lysobacter cavernae is YIM C01544(T) (= KCTC 42875(T) = DSM 101561(T) = CPCC 100816(T)).

Lysobacter pocheonensis sp. nov., isolated from soil of a ginseng field.

A Gram-staining-negative, non-spore-forming, non-flagellated, rod-shaped, catalase- and oxidase-negative bacterium, designated as Gsoil 193(T), was isolated from the soil of ginseng field in Pocheon province, South Korea. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain Gsoil 193(T) belonged to family Xanthomonadaceae and was most closely related to Lysobacter daecheongensis KCTC 12,600(T) (96.4 %), Lysobacter panaciterrae KCTC 12601(T) (96.3 %), Lysobacter dokdonensis DSM 17958(T) (96.3 %) and Lysobacter oligotrophicus JCM 18257(T) (95.6 %). Strain Gsoil 193(T) grew at temperatures between 20 and 30 °C with an optimum of 30 °C. The pH range for growth was 5-9 pH (optimum 6-7 pH). The predominant respiratory quinone was ubiquinone Q-8 and a fatty acid profile with iso-C15:0, iso-C16:0 and summed feature 9 (iso-C17:1 ω9c/C16:0 10-methyl) as the major fatty acids supported the affiliation of strain Gsoil 193(T) to the genus Lysobacter. The genomic DNA G+C content was 64.8 mol %. On the basis of the genotypic analysis, physiological and chemotaxonomic results indicate that strain Gsoil 193(T) represents a novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacter pocheonensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Gsoil 193(T) (= DSM 18338(T) = KCTC 12624(T)).

Polyphasic Characterization of Lysobacter maris sp. nov., a Bacterium Isolated from Seawater.

A strictly aerobic, Gram-negative, apricot-pigmented, non-motile, rod-shaped strain designated KMU-14(T) was isolated from seawater collected from the coastal zone of Yokji Island, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that the novel isolate was affiliated with the genus Lysobacter within the class Gammaproteobacteria and that it showed the highest sequence similarity (97.1 %) to Lysobacter concretionis Ko07(T). The hybridization value for DNA-DNA relatedness between the strains of KMU-14(T) and L. concretionis Ko07(T) was 34.8 %, which was lower than 70 %, the recommended delineation value for differentiation of species. The DNA G+C content of strain KMU-14(T) was 64.9 mol%. The major respiratory quinone was ubiquinone 8 (Q-8), and iso-C15:0, iso-C16:0, and 10-methyl C16:0 and/or iso-C17:1 ω9c were the major (>10 %) cellular fatty acids. A polar lipid profile was present consisting of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified phosphoglycolipid, two unidentified aminophospholipids, and two unidentified phospholipids. From the distinct phylogenetic position and combination of genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, the strain is considered to represent a novel species for which the name Lysobacter maris sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of L. maris sp. nov. is KMU-14(T) (=KCTC 42381(T) =NBRC 110750(T)).

Lysobacter hankyongensis sp. nov., isolated from activated sludge and Lysobacter sediminicola sp. nov., isolated from freshwater sediment.

Two novel strains, designated KTCe-2T and 7C-9T, isolated from an activated sludge and freshwater sediment, respectively in South Korea, were characterized by a polyphasic approach to clarify their taxonomic positions. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that both isolates belong to the genus Lysobacter and are most closely related to 'Lysobacter daecheongensis' Dae 08 (98.5 % and 97.6 % similarity for strains KTCe-2T and 7C-9T, respectively), Lysobacter brunescens KCTC 12130T (98.4 % and 97.2 %), and Lysobacter oligotrophicus JCM 18257T (97.1 % and 96.8 %). The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strains KTCe-2T and 7C-9T was 68.6 % and 71.5 mol%, respectively. Strains KTCe-2T and 7C-9T possessed ubiquinone-8 as the sole respiratory quinone, and a fatty acid profile with iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0 as the major fatty acids supported the affiliation of the two strains to the genus Lysobacter. Moreover, the physiological and biochemical results and low DNA-DNA relatedness values allowed the phenotypic and genotypic differentiation of strains KTCe-2T and 7C-9T from other species of the genus Lysobacter with validly published names. Therefore, the two isolates represent two novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacter hankyongensis sp. nov. (type strain KTCe-2T = JCM 18204T = KACC 16618T) and Lysobacter sediminicola sp. nov. (type strain 7C-9T = JCM 18205T = KACC 16617T) are proposed.

Lysobacter agri sp. nov., a bacterium isolated from soil.

A bacterial strain, designated as THG-SKA3(T), was isolated from field soil of Kyung Hee University, South Korea. Cells of the isolate were observed to be Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped and motile by gliding. The strain was found to grow optimally at 28 °C, at pH 7 and in absence of NaCl. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons, strain THG-SKA3(T) shared highest sequence similarity with Lysobacter niastensis KACC 11588(T) followed by Lysobacter panacisoli KACC 17502(T), Lysobacter enzymogenes LMG 8762(T) and Lysobacter oryzae KCTC 22249(T). The G+C content of THG-SKA3(T) was determined to be 68.9 mol%. The DNA-DNA relatedness values between strain THG-SKA3(T) and its closest phylogenetic neighbors were below 25.0 %.The major polar lipids of strain THG-SKA3(T) were determined to be diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. The predominant respiratory quinone was identified as ubiquinone 8 (Q-8). The major cellular fatty acids were identified as branched chain iso-C15:0, iso-C16:0 and unsaturated iso-C17:1 ω9c. On the basis of polyphasic data presented, it is evident that strain THG-SKA3(T) represents a novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacter agri sp. nov. (type strain THG-SKA3(T) = KACC 18283(T) = CSCTCC AB 2015126(T)) is proposed.