Indução da lactação em mulheres nuligestas: relato de experiência / Inducción de la lactancia en mujeres nuligestas: informe de experiencia / Lactation induction in women who never got pregnant: experience report

Resumo Objetivo relatar a experiência de indução da lactação em nuligestas realizada por enfermeira consultora em aleitamento. Método relato de experiência. O processo de indução láctea foi realizado com três mulheres por motivo de gestação em útero de substituição e relacionamento homoafetivo. Resultados todas perceberam o aumento de tamanho e a sensibilidade nas mamas, bem como apresentaram secreção láctea. No entanto, a continuidade da amamentação foi diferenciada entre elas. A primeira não recebeu apoio de profissionais de saúde no contexto de pós-parto hospitalar, nem em casa, e não deu continuidade à amamentação. A segunda recebeu apoio da equipe do hospital e da parceira, amamentando por três meses. A terceira, com o apoio da parceira, amamentou por dois meses, mas interrompeu por sentir-se inibida por familiares. Conclusão e implicações para a prática a técnica de indução é capaz de desencadear a produção láctea. Já o processo de amamentação só se estabeleceu mediante a associação com a rede de apoio, o acolhimento, o incentivo da equipe de saúde e o olhar integral à mulher e sua família. Dessa forma, o cuidado de Enfermagem na indução láctea não deve focar apenas no manejo da indução, mas transcender o aspecto técnico, o que se mostra como fundamental para a proteção, o estabelecimento e a continuidade da amamentação.

Resumen Objetivo reportar la experiencia de inducir la lactancia en nuligestas realizada por una consultora de enfermería en lactancia materna. Método relato de experiencia. El proceso de inducción de la leche se realizó con tres mujeres por embarazo en útero de reemplazo y relación homoafectiva. Resultados todas notaron el aumento de tamaño y la sensibilidad en las mamas, además de presentar secreción de leche. Sin embargo, la continuidad de la lactancia materna se diferencia entre ellos. La primera no recibió apoyo de los profesionales de la salud en el contexto posparto hospitalario, ni en el domicilio, y no continuó con la lactancia. La segunda recibió apoyo del personal del hospital y su pareja, amamantando durante tres meses. La tercera, con el apoyo de su pareja, amamantó durante dos meses, pero la interrumpió porque se sentía inhibida por familiares. Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica la técnica de inducción es capaz de desencadenar la producción de leche. El proceso de lactancia materna, en cambio, solo se estableció a través de la asociación con la red de apoyo, la acogida, el estímulo del equipo de salud y la mirada integral a la mujer y su familia. Así, el cuidado de Enfermería en la inducción de la leche no debe enfocarse solo en el manejo de la inducción, sino trascender el aspecto técnico, que se muestra fundamental para la protección, el establecimiento y la continuidad de la lactancia materna.

Abstract Objective to report the experience of lactation induction in women who never got pregnant by a lactation consultant nurse. Method experience report. The process of lactation induction was performed with three women due to surrogate pregnancy and homosexual relationships. Results all noticed an increase in the size and sensitivity of the breasts, as well as milk secretion. However, the continuity of breastfeeding was different between them. The first did not receive support from health professionals in the postpartum hospital setting, nor at home, and did not continue breastfeeding. The second received support from the hospital staff and her partner, breastfeeding for three months. The third, with the support of her partner, breastfed for two months, but stopped because she felt inhibited by family members. Conclusion and implications for practice the induction technique is capable of triggering milk production. However, the breastfeeding process was only established through the association with the support network, the reception, the encouragement of the health team, and the comprehensive view of the woman and her family. Thus, nursing care in lactation induction should not focus only on the management of induction, but transcend the technical aspect, which is essential for the protection, establishment, and continuity of breastfeeding.

14-year-old girl • history of bullying • lack of social support • multiple linear scars on breasts • Dx?

► History of bullying ► Lack of social support ► Multiple linear scars on breasts.

Sports Medicine-Related Breast and Chest Conditions-Update of Current Literature.

ABSTRACT: This article reviews the most up-to-date evidence-based recommendations pertaining to breast and upper chest conditions, specifically for the sports medicine physician. Because of the unique circumstances of the team physician, they can see a wide breadth of pathology. Athletes may not have a primary care physician and may prefer to present to their team physician for breast and upper chest conditions. It is often more comfortable and convenient for athletes to seek treatment in the team setting. Therefore, it is important that the medical professional be aware of not only common pathology but also of that which is rarer. Any delay in evaluation can result in unnecessary morbidity and lead to complications or extended time lost from sport. Consequently, it also is important to facilitate an atmosphere encouraging early presentation and workup.

Arterial contrast extravasation in severe seat belt-related female breast trauma on CT: Conservative management at a level 1 trauma centre.

Seat belt-related female breast trauma (SFBT) is an uncommon cause of haemorrhage following motor vehicle collision. Classification systems have been used to grade the severity of SFBT, ranging from mild class I to severe class IV injuries with evidence of active haemorrhage. In the case of class IV injuries, contrast extravasation represents active haemorrhage, prompting angiographic embolisation or surgery to arrest the bleed. Contrary to the majority of reports published in the literature, our institution has been successful with conservative management of class IV SFBT. None of the patients required specific intervention to control haemorrhage from SFBT.

Reconstruction of Severe Burns to the Breast in Pediatric Patients: A 10-Year Experience.

The breast and anterior chest are the most commonly burned part of the trunk. Burn injuries to the breast can be associated with pain, asymmetries, and significant social stigma. Burns to the breast bud in the young female may inhibit normal breast development and result in either significant asymmetries or amastia, making the treatment of breast burn injuries challenging. A retrospective chart review was conducted on all female patients under the age of 21 years admitted to our institution for breast burn injuries from January 1, 2008 to December 30, 2018. Patients were included if they had follow-up reconstructive procedures for breast burn injuries many days after their acute-phase treatment. Ninety-six patients aged 1 to 20 years have been admitted to our institution with burned breast injuries. The mean age of this cohort (n = 96) was 6.4 ± 4.8 years with a mean percent TBSA of 36.3 ± 21.4 and a mean time since injury from admission of 2279.1 ± 2284.1 days. Flame burns (66.8 percent) were the most common etiology for breast burn injuries, followed by scald burns (22.8 percent), in this cohort. The mean body mass index was 22.7 ± 6.3 kg/m2. Follow-up for reconstructive procedures was 7.2 ± 5.6 years after injury date. Our institution's 10-year experience of 96 female patients with severe burn injuries has enhanced our understanding of reconstructive techniques. The location, size, anatomic extent, type of deformity, and symmetry must all be assessed before any treatment plans, which may need to include a combination of modalities.

Estudo comparativo entre reconstrução imediata com prótese versus abordagem expansor-prótese / Comparative study of immediate implant and expander-implant reconstruction

Introdução: Ao longo dos últimos anos os benefícios das reconstruções imediatas se tornaram cada vez mais documentados na literatura e, hoje, o predomínio é pelas reconstruções imediatas. Nos últimos anos, o número de reconstruções com expansores e próteses tem aumentado. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo entre 2013 e 2014. Foram incluídas as pacientes submetidas à mastectomia, seguida de reconstrução de mama, e assim separadas em dois grupos: 1 - submetida a reconstrução direta com prótese e 2 - expansor. Diversos dados foram avaliados. Resultados: Foram realizadas 138 reconstruções assim divididos: 57 com prótese e 81 com expansor-prótese. As complicações pós-operatórias não mostraram diferença entre os grupos. Radioterapia não teve influência nas complicações. Pacientes que fizeram reconstrução com prótese realizaram menos cirurgias (1,78 vs 2,54) e menos retornos pós-operatórios (8 vs 11,75). Conclusão: As reconstruções imediatas com prótese ou expansor apresentam baixas e semelhantes taxas de complicações pós-operatórias. Pacientes submetidas às reconstruções com prótese tiveram menor taxa de retorno e número de cirurgias para finalizar a reconstrução.

Introduction: The benefits of immediate reconstruction have been increasingly documented in the literature over the past few years. Today, with some exceptions, immediate reconstruction is the preferred surgical choice for breast cancer patients. In the recent years, the number of reconstructions using expanders and implants has increased. Methods: This retrospective study conducted between 2013 and 2014 included patients undergoing mastectomy followed by breast reconstruction, who were divided into direct implant reconstruction and expander treatment groups. Several variables were evaluated. Results: A total of 138 reconstructions (57 implants and 81 expander-implant) were performed. There were no intergroup differences in postoperative complications. Radiotherapy did not influence complications. Implant reconstruction patients underwent fewer surgeries (1.78 vs 2.54) and had fewer postoperative returns (8 vs 11.75). Conclusion: Immediate implant and expander-implant reconstruction approaches present low and similar postoperative complication rates. Patients undergoing implant reconstruction had a lower return rate and underwent fewer surgeries than those undergoing expander-implant reconstruction.

Breast symptoms in adolescents and young adults presenting to a specialist breast clinic.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: While breast cancer is rare in adolescents and young adults (AYAs), breast symptoms are common. The aim of this study was to report breast symptoms that prompted referral of AYAs and to examine diagnoses and treatment. METHOD: A retrospective study of AYAs aged ≤25 years who presented in a specialist breast clinic (2007-18) was conducted. Data regarding presentation, diagnosis and management were collected. RESULTS: One hundred and thirty-four (128 female, six male) AYAs, with a median age of 21 years, attended the breast clinic in the study period. There was one case of breast cancer (incidence 0.8%). In females, the most frequent presenting symptoms were 'lump' (n = 68, 53.1%), 'nipple/areola symptom' (n = 14, 10.9%) and 'discuss risk of breast cancer' (n = 10, 8.3%). In males, 'lump' was the most common presenting symptom (n = 5, 83%) and all were cases of gynaecomastia. DISCUSSION: A range of breast symptoms are found in AYAs and most can be treated conservatively. Awareness of symptoms and their management will help general practitioners treat young people with breast issues.

Trauma on a Recently Augmented Breast as a Trigger for Mondor's Disease.

Mondor's disease is the eponym used to describe a self-limited phlebitis or thrombophlebitis of the superficial veins localized mainly on the thoracoabdominal area of the human body. Its clinical manifestation includes painful superficial cords causing skin retraction. This medical condition could be idiopathic, iatrogenic or a manifestation of underlying pathology such as breast cancer and seems to be more common than has been previously thought. The vast majority of the clinical studies and case reports to date focus on Mondor's disease as a disorder which is more or less directly related to a previous surgical intervention. In this case report, the author discusses the possible role of breast surgery as a predisposing factor only and the trauma on the operated breast as a trigger for onset and earlier manifestation of Mondor's disease. A special emphasis is put on the importance of trauma prevention in breast augmentation surgery, especially when maneuvers like postoperative massages are considered.Level of Evidence V This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Complicações da reconstrução imediata da mama após mastectomia total com uso de prótese cônica e não cônica / Complications of immediate breast reconstruction after total mastectomy using conical and non-conical prostheses

Introdução: No biênio 2016-2017 foram estimados pelo Instituto Nacional do Câncer (INCA) aproximadamente 2.160 casos novos de câncer para o estado do Ceará e 57.960 casos novos para cada 100.000 mulheres no Brasil. A reconstrução mamária com implante de material aloplástico apresenta complicações cirúrgicas precoces e tardias que são direta ou indiretamente relacionadas à técnica cirúrgica utilizada para a realização da mastectomia e a implantação do material sintético. O presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar as complicações encontradas em um grupo de pacientes submetidas à reconstrução mamária imediata com uso de prótese cônica e não cônica. Métodos: Corresponde a um estudo de coorte transversal, retrospectivo, observacional com análise de prontuário de pacientes que foram submetidos à mastectomia total poupadora de pele com reconstrução imediata da mama com o uso de prótese cônica e não cônica, no período de janeiro de 2016 a janeiro de 2018, realizada pelo Serviço de Cirurgia Plástica e Microcirurgia Reconstrutiva do HUWC da Universidade Federal do Ceará. Resultados: As complicações ocorreram em 13 (54,1%). A prótese que apresentou o maior número de complicações foi a de formato cônico, com complicações em 7 (63,6%) pacientes, enquanto somente 6 (46,1%) pacientes com prótese de formato não cônica apresentaram complicações. Conclusão: O nosso estudo mostrou maior frequência de complicações com o uso de próteses cônicas em relação à não cônica devido principalmente à formação de uma área de sofrimento na ponta da prótese cônica que resultou em extrusão das mesmas.

Introduction: In the biennium 2016-2017, approximately 2,160 new cancer cases were identified by the Brazilian National Cancer Institute (Instituto Nacional do Câncer; INCA) for the state of Ceará and 57,960 new cases for every 100,000 women in Brazil. Breast reconstruction with alloplastic implants presents early and late surgical complications directly or indirectly related to the surgical technique used to perform mastectomy and implantation of the synthetic material. This study aimed to analyze the complications found in a group of patients submitted for immediate breast reconstruction using conical and non-conical prostheses. Methods: This is a cross-sectional, retrospective, observational cohort study that analyzed the medical records of patients who underwent skin-sparing total mastectomy with immediate breast reconstruction using conical and non-conical prostheses, performed by the Plastic Surgery and Reconstructive Microsurgery Service at the HUWC of the Federal University of Ceará from January 2016 to 2018. Results: A total of 13 (54.1%) patients presented with complications. The conical prostheses showed the highest number of complications, i.e., 7 (63.6%) patients, whereas only 6 (46.1%) patients with non-conical prostheses had complications. Conclusion: Our study showed a higher frequency of complications with the use of conical prostheses when compared to non-conical prostheses, mainly due to the formation of a sore area at the tip of the conical prosthesis that resulted in extrusion.

Manejo diagnóstico-terapéutico de las lesiones mamarias atípicas / Diagnostic-therapeutic Management of Atypical Breast Lesions

Las lesiones mamarias se dividen histológicamente en dos grandes grupos, malignas y benignas. Las lesiones malignas pueden ser de origen ductal o lobulillar, siendo el carcinoma ductal infiltrante la neoplasia invasiva más frecuente. Las lesiones benignas se clasifican en no proliferativas, proliferativas sin atipias y proliferativas con atipias. Dentro de los dos últimos grupos se encuentran entidades que conllevan un alto riesgo de desarrollar carcinoma de mama, como pueden ser la hiperplasia ductal atípica, la cicatriz radial o la neoplasia lobular. Revisamos en qué consisten dichas entidades y cuáles son sus características principales en imagen, fundamentalmente en mamografía y ecografía. Si tras realizar una biopsia se obtiene uno de esos diagnósticos histológicos, es importante analizar las características imagenológicas y el tipo de procedimiento realizado (número de cilindros obtenidos, calibre de aguja...), para realizar un adecuado manejo posterior. En algunos casos la actitud a seguir será la extirpación quirúrgica completa de la lesión, mientras que en otros se podrá realizar una extirpación percutánea (mediante biopsia con aguja de vacio), o incluso seguimiento estricto por imagen. Mediante diferentes casos mostraremos nuestra experiencia y analizaremos la literatura vigente para recordar esas entidades y llegar a un consenso adecuado sobre el manejo de las mismas.

Breast lesions are divided histologically into two large groups, malignant and benign. Malignant lesions may be of ductal or lobular origin, with infiltrating ductal carcinoma being the most frequent invasive neoplasm. Benign breast lesions are classified as proliferative, proliferative without atypia and proliferative with atypia. Within the last two classifications are entities that carry a high risk of developing breast carcinoma, such as atypical ductal hyperplasia, radial scar or lobular neoplasia. We review what these entities consist of and what are their fundamental characteristics in image, fundamentally in mammography and ultrasound. When we perform one of these histological diagnoses after a biopsy, it is important to analyze the radiological characteristics and the type of procedure performed (number of cylinders, needle gauge ...) to perform an appropriate posterior management. In some cases the attitude to be followed will be the complete surgical removal of the lesion, while in others a percutaneous excision (through vacuum needle biopsy) or even strict image follow-up may be performed. Through different cases we will show our experience and analyze current literature to remember these entities and reach an adequate management consensus.

Reconstrução mamária em decúbito único lateral com retalho miocutâneo do músculo grande dorsal e implante de silicone: sistematização e série de casos / Breast reconstruction with latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap and silicone implant in the single lateral decubitus position: systematization and case series

Introdução: O câncer de mama é afecção de grande relevância para a saúde pública, sendo que seu tratamento cirúrgico e a reconstrução mamária evoluíram bastante ao longo do tempo. A utilização do retalho miocutâneo do grande dorsal (RMGD) com implante mamário de silicone apresenta-se como um verdadeiro cavalo de batalha ao cirurgião plástico em função de sua confiabilidade anatômica e segurança. Realizar esta cirurgia em decúbito único lateral torna o procedimento mais breve e mantém os resultados da técnica convencional. O objetivo do estudo é apresentar a sistematização desta cirurgia em uma série de casos. Método: Estudo retrospectivo realizado por análise de prontuários e documentação fotográfica de 29 pacientes operadas pelo autor e submetidas à reconstrução mamária com RMGD e implante de silicone em decúbito único lateral. Resultados: Houve um caso de extrusão do implante de silicone por seroma e infecção no sítio receptor (3,5%). Uma paciente cursou com seroma no dorso (3,5%). Um caso de necrose parcial da ilha de pele do retalho (3,5%) e dois casos de sofrimento do envelope cutâneo da mastectomia (7,0%). Uma paciente necessitou retirada do implante de silicone por extensa recidiva local (3,5%). Um caso de contratura capsular Baker III após radioterapia adjuvante (3,5%). Quatro pacientes tiveram suas cicatrizes revisadas (14%). Três pacientes tiveram limitação de movimentos (10,5%). Os resultados mostraram-se compatíveis com os apresentados para a técnica convencional na literatura vigente. Conclusão: A sistematização desta técnica dispensa mudança de decúbito e torna o procedimento mais breve, mantendo sua segurança e confiabilidade.

Introduction: Breast cancer is an important public health condition, and its surgical treatment and the subsequent breast reconstruction has evolved significantly over time. The use of the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap (LDMF) with silicone breast implants is a mainstay of plastic surgeons due to the anatomical reliability and safety. Performing this surgery in the single lateral decubitus position makes the procedure shorter and maintains the results of the conventional technique. The objective of this study was to present a systematization of this surgery from a series of cases. Method: Retrospective study using medical records and photographic documentation of 29 patients operated on by the author and submitted to breast reconstruction with a LDMF and silicone implant in a lateral decubitus position. Results: Silicone implant extrusion due to seroma and infection at the receptor site was noted in one patient (3.5%). One patient had a seroma on the back (3.5%); there was one patient with partial necrosis of the skin island of the flap (3.5%), and two patients with mastectomy skin envelope (7.0%). One patient required removal of the silicone implant due to extensive local recurrence (3.5%) while another patient showed Baker III capsular contracture after adjuvant radiotherapy (3.5%). Four patients had scar review (14%), and three patients showed limitation of movement (10.5%). The results were comparable to those reported for the conventional technique. Conclusion: The systematization of this technique requires no change of the decubitus position and makes the procedure shorter, while maintaining safety and reliability.

Nova proposta para utilização de Becker 35 no segundo tempo de reconstrução mamária de grandes volumes / New proposal for the use of the Becker 35 expander in second large volume breast reconstruction

Introdução: A reconstrução imediata de mama realizada com o expansor de Becker é uma técnica de reconstrução versátil e consolidada na prática médica. Apresentamos uma proposta original com o uso do expansor de Becker associado a um segundo implante mamário. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo realizado no período de janeiro de 2014 a outubro de 2016 no Hospital A.C. Camargo. A análise dos prontuários das pacientes reconstruídas com Becker 35 avaliou o índice e tipo de complicações e a associação de rádio e quimioterapia e comorbidades das pacientes com 5 casos de associação de implantes. Resultados: 193 reconstruções com Becker em 168 pacientes. Vinte cinco casos com reconstrução bilateral. Idade média de 47 anos e 33% apresentaram comorbidades. Cento e dezenove (62%) pacientes seguiram radioterapia e quimioterapia pós-operatórias. Complicações: seroma em 7 pacientes, hematoma no retalho da mastectomia em 2 pacientes, necrose parcial do retalho da mastectomia em 3 pacientes, necrose/infecção com exposição do expansor em 2 pacientes. O total de complicações foi de 9,5%. Um total de 133 (69%) pacientes foram submetidas a esta segunda etapa cirúrgica para complementação da reconstrução da mama, sendo o expansor de Becker substituído por um implante definitivo. As pacientes com uso de Becker 35 associado a outro implante não apresentaram complicações. Conclusões: A associação do implante-expansor de Becker 35 a um segundo implante mamário foi eficaz em atingir um volume maior nas reconstruções mamárias com baixo índice de complicações.

Introduction: Immediate breast reconstruction performed with the Becker expander is a versatile and accepted technique. We present an original proposal for the use of the Becker expander for a second breast implant. Methods: A retrospective study was performed between January 2014 and October 2016. Medical records were used to evaluate the indications and complications, the use of radio- and chemotherapy, and comorbidities in all patients, including 5 in whom combined implantation was performed. Results: The Becker expander was used for 193 reconstructions in 168 patients, including 25 cases with bilateral reconstructions. The average patient age was 47 years, and 33% had comorbidities. Postoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy were performed in 119 patients (62%). Complications included seroma in 7 patients, hematoma in the mastectomy flap in 2 patients, partial necrosis of the mastectomy flap in 3 patients, and necrosis/infection with expander exposure in 2 patients. Complications occurred in 9.5% of the cases. A total of 133 (69%) patients underwent a second surgical stage to complement breast reconstruction, with the Becker expander being replaced by a definitive implant. Patients in whom the Becker 35 expander was used in a second breast implant developed no complications. Conclusions: the use of the Becker 35 expander for a second breast implant was effective in achieving greater volume in breast reconstruction with a low rate of complications.

Simastia pós-mamoplastia de aumento com implantes de silicone: tratamento com suturas de adesão / Symmastia after augmentation mammoplasty with silicone implants: treatment with quilting sutures

Introdução: A mamoplastia de aumento é o procedimento cirúrgico estético mais realizado nos EUA e o segundo no Brasil. Simastia é uma de suas possíveis complicações. Esta é definida como o mal posicionamento medial dos implantes mamários, que cruzam a linha média, com perda do sulco intermamário. Métodos: Trabalho tipo série de casos. Duas pacientes foram submetidas à correção de simastia pósmamoplastia de aumento. A via de acesso utilizada foi a incisão inframamária prévia. A correção do sulco intermamário foi realizada por escarificação das superfícies anterior e posterior da cápsula, associada a pontos de adesão com fio monofilamentar não absorvível (4 linhas com 6 pontos cada, compreendendo uma faixa vertical de aproximadamente 4 cm de largura na região pré-esternal). Em um dos casos o implante foi recolocado imediatamente e, no outro, em procedimento realizado 3 meses após. Resultados: Obtivemos um novo sulco intermamário satisfatório, com adequado resultado estético em ambos os casos. Não se observou recorrência após 9 e 11 meses de observação. Conclusões: A abordagem com suturas de adesão para a redefinição do sulco intermamário foi efetiva para o tratamento da simastia pós-mamoplastia de aumento.

Introduction: Augmentation mammoplasty is the most commonly performed esthetic surgical procedure in the United States and second in Brazil. Symmastia is one of its possible complications. This is defined as incorrect medial positioning of the breast implants, which cross the midline, losing the intermammary sulcus. Methods: Work type, series of cases. Two patients underwent symmastia repair after breast augmentation. The access route used was the previous inframammary incision. The repair of the intermammary sulcus was performed by scarification of the anterior and posterior capsule surfaces, associated with adhesion suture with non-absorbable monofilament threat (4 lines with 6 points each, comprising a vertical band of approximately 4 cm wide in the presternal region). In one of the cases, the implant was immediately replaced, and in the other, the procedure was done 3 months later. Results: In both cases, we obtained a new satisfactory intermammary sulcus, with proper esthetic result. No recurrence was observed on follow-ups at 9 and 11 months. Conclusions: The approach with adhesion sutures to redefine the intermammary sulcus was effective in the treatment of symmastia after breast augmentation.

Autologous Breast Reconstruction Using a Tensor Fascia Lata/Anterior Lateral Thigh-Freestyle Flap After Extensive Electric Burn: A Case Report.

AIMS: Reconstruction of breasts and chest wall deformities in female patients after severe burn injury is a challenge for reconstructive surgeons. In these patients, neither implant-based procedures nor standard free flaps are sometimes applicable because of limited skin quality and unavailability of donor sites at the abdomen, back, buttock, or medial thigh. METHODS: We present a case of a young female patient with a history of 80 % total body surface area burn after electric high-voltage injury. The burn occurred at the age of 9 years, and during the initial treatment, the right breast required amputation because of deep, full-thickness burn. Because the rigid and instable scar including chronic wound developed and an implant-based breast reconstruction was not feasible, the choice of possible free flaps was limited to the right lateral/proximal thigh. Preoperative computed tomography angiography demonstrated 2 intact perforators branching off the lateral femoral circumflex artery and a combined 17 × 24-cm tensor fascia lata/anterior lateral thigh perforator flap with in-flap anastomosis was transferred to the right breast after wound debridement and histological exclusion of Majolin ulcer in the instable scar. The internal mammary vessels were chosen as recipient vessels, and the donor site was covered with a split-thickness skin graft. RESULTS: The postoperative course was uneventful at the right breast; however, the recipient site healed secondarily at the proximal pole. The resulting breast asymmetry was corrected by lipofilling of the central zone of the reconstructed breast and new definition of the inframammary fold as well as a minor liposuction at the cranial margin of the flap. The patient was very satisfied with the result, and no further correction was necessary. CONCLUSIONS: Autologous breast reconstruction is a valuable option for patients after severe burn injury. However, microsurgical expertise and an individualized and flexible surgical strategy are required for optimal reconstructive results. Computed tomography angiography is helpful for preoperative planning of the procedure.

Pediatric Burn Reconstruction: Focus on Evidence.

In this article, the author surveys the best available evidence to guide decision-making in pediatric burn reconstruction. Evidence-based protocols are examined in the context of optimizing form and function in children who have sustained burn injury.

Growing concern following compression mammography.

A patient without clinical symptoms had a mammogram in October 2008. The procedure caused intense persistent pain, swelling and development of a haematoma following mediolateral left breast compression. Three months later, a 9×11 cm mass developed within the same region. Core biopsies showed a necrotizing high-grade ductal carcinoma, with a high mitotic index. Owing to its extensive size, the patient began chemotherapy followed by trastuzumab and later radiotherapy to obtain clear margins for a subsequent mastectomy. The mastectomy in October 2009 revealed an inflammatory carcinoma, with 2 of 3 nodes infiltrated by the tumour. The stage IIIC tumour, oestrogen and progesterone receptor negative, was highly HER2 positive. A recurrence led to further chemotherapy in February 2011. In July 2011, another recurrence was removed from the mastectomy scar. She died of progressive disease in 2012. In this article, we discuss the potential influence of compression on the natural history of the tumour.

Breast Reduction in the Burned Breast.

Mammary hypertrophy can occur in the postburn breast. Patients with burned breasts exhibit the same symptoms of symptomatic macromastia as patients with unburned breasts. The extent of the deformity, the location of the deformity, and the status of the surrounding soft tissue are all assessed before embarking on any surgical plan, which then proceeds in a conservative stepwise fashion. Although many plastic surgeons are reluctant to operate on burned breasts for fear of devascularizing the skin graft or nipple areolar complex, reduction mammaplasty in this group of patients is safe and carries minimal risk if key concepts are followed.