The Transcription Factor MiMYB8 Suppresses Peel Coloration in Postharvest 'Guifei' Mango in Response to High Concentration of Exogenous Ethylene by Negatively Modulating MiPAL1.

Anthocyanin accumulation is regulated by specific genes during fruit ripening. Currently, peel coloration of mango fruit in response to exogenous ethylene and the underlying molecular mechanism remain largely unknown. The role of MiMYB8 on suppressing peel coloration in postharvest 'Guifei' mango was investigated by physiology detection, RNA-seq, qRT-PCR, bioinformatics analysis, yeast one-hybrid, dual-luciferase reporter assay, and transient overexpression. Results showed that compared with the control, low concentration of exogenous ethylene (ETH, 500 mg·L-1) significantly promoted peel coloration of mango fruit (cv. Guifei). However, a higher concentration of ETH (1000 mg·L-1) suppressed color transformation, which is associated with higher chlorophyll content, lower a* value, anthocyanin content, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity of mango fruit. M. indica myeloblastosis8 MiMYB8 and MiPAL1 were differentially expressed during storage. MiMYB8 was highly similar to those found in other plant species related to anthocyanin biosynthesis and was located in the nucleus. MiMYB8 suppressed the transcription of MiPAL1 by binding directly to its promoter. Transient overexpression of MiMYB8 in tobacco leaves and mango fruit inhibited anthocyanin accumulation by decreasing PAL activity and down-regulating the gene expression. Our observations suggest that MiMYB8 may act as repressor of anthocyanin synthesis by negatively modulating the MiPAL gene during ripening of mango fruit, which provides us with a theoretical basis for the scientific use of exogenous ethylene in practice.

Colon-available mango (poly)phenols exhibit mitigating effects on the intestinal barrier function in human intestinal cell monolayers under inflammatory conditions.

This study investigated the impact of in vivo available colon-mango (poly)phenols on stress-induced impairment of intestinal barrier function. Caco-2/HT29-MTX cells were incubated with six extracts of ileal fluid collected pre- and 4-8 h post-mango consumption before being subjected to inflammatory stress. (Poly)phenols in ileal fluids were analysed by UHPLC-HR-MS. Epithelial barrier function was monitored by measurement of trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and the production of selected inflammatory markers (interleukin-8 (IL-8) and nitric oxide (NO)) and the major mucin of the mucosal layer (MUC2). Post-mango intake ileal fluids contained principally benzoic acids, hydroxybenzenes and galloyl derivatives. There was a high interindividual variability in the levels of these compounds, which was reflected by the degree of variability in the protective effects of individual ileal extracts on inflammatory changes in the treated cell cultures. The 24 h treatment with non-cytotoxic doses of extracts of 4-8 h post-mango intake ileal fluid significantly reduced the TEER decrease in monolayers treated with the inflammatory cytomix. This effect was not associated with changes in IL-8 expression and secretion or claudine-7 expression. The mango derived-ileal fluid extract (IFE) also mitigated cytomix-dependent nitrite secretion, as a proxy of NO production, and the MUC2 reduction observed upon the inflammatory challenge. These insights shed light on the potential protective effect of mango (poly)phenols on the intestinal barrier exposed to inflammatory conditions.

A reverse translational approach reveals the protective roles of Mangifera indica in inflammatory bowel disease.

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic intestinal disorders often characterized by a dysregulation of T cells, specifically T helper (Th) 1, 17 and T regulatory (Treg) repertoire. Increasing evidence demonstrates that dietary polyphenols from Mangifera indica L. extract (MIE, commonly known as mango) mitigate intestinal inflammation and splenic Th17/Treg ratio. In this study, we aimed to dissect the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties of MIE using a reverse translational approach, by initially using blood from an adult IBD inception cohort and then investigating the mechanism of action in a preclinical model of T cell-driven colitis. Of clinical relevance, MIE modulates TNF-α and IL-17 levels in LPS spiked sera from IBD patients as an ex vivo model of intestinal barrier breakdown. Preclinically, therapeutic administration of MIE significantly reduced colitis severity, pathogenic T-cell intestinal infiltrate and intestinal pro-inflammatory mediators (IL-6, IL-17A, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-22). Moreover, MIE reversed colitis-induced gut permeability and restored tight junction functionality and intestinal metabolites. Mechanistic insights revealed MIE had direct effects on blood vascular endothelial cells, blocking TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced up-regulation of COX-2 and the DP2 receptors. Collectively, we demonstrate the therapeutic potential of MIE to reverse the immunological perturbance during the onset of colitis and dampen the systemic inflammatory response, paving the way for its clinical use as nutraceutical and/or functional food.

Identification of the ERF gene family of Mangifera indica and the defense response of MiERF4 to Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae.

An important regulatory role for ethylene-responsive transcription factors (ERFs) is in plant growth and development, stress response, and hormone signaling. However, AP2/ERF family genes in mango have not been systematically studied. In this study, a total of 113 AP2/ERF family genes were identified from the mango genome and phylogenetically classified into five subfamilies: AP2 (28 genes), DREB (42 genes), ERF (33 genes), RAV (6 genes), and Soloist (4 genes). Of these, the ERF family, in conjunction with Arabidopsis and rice, forms a phylogenetic tree divided into seven groups, five of which have MiERF members. Analysis of gene structure and cis-elements showed that each MiERF gene contains only one AP2 structural domain, and that MiERF genes contain a large number of cis-elements associated with hormone signaling and stress response. Collinearity tests revealed a high degree of homology between MiERFs and CsERFs. Tissue-specific and stress-responsive expression profiling revealed that MiERF genes are primarily involved in the regulation of reproductive growth and are differentially and positively expressed in response to external hormones and pathogenic bacteria. Physiological results from a gain-of-function analysis of MiERF4 transiently overexpressed in tobacco and mango showed that transient expression of MiERF4 resulted in decreased colony count and callose deposition, as well as varying degrees of response to hormonal signals such as ETH, JA, and SA. Thus, MiERF4 may be involved in the JA/ETH signaling pathway to enhance plant defense against pathogenic bacteria. This study provides a basis for further research on the function and regulation of MiERF genes and lays a foundation for the selection of disease-resistant genes in mango.

Caffeic Acid O-Methyltransferase Gene Family in Mango (Mangifera indica L.) with Transcriptional Analysis under Biotic and Abiotic Stresses and the Role of MiCOMT1 in Salt Tolerance.

Caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT) participates in various physiological activities in plants, such as positive responses to abiotic stresses and the signal transduction of phytohormones. In this study, 18 COMT genes were identified in the chromosome-level reference genome of mango, named MiCOMTs. A phylogenetic tree containing nine groups (I-IX) was constructed based on the amino acid sequences of the 71 COMT proteins from seven species. The phylogenetic tree indicated that the members of the MiCOMTs could be divided into four groups. Quantitative real-time PCR showed that all MiCOMT genes have particularly high expression levels during flowering. The expression levels of MiCOMTs were different under abiotic and biotic stresses, including salt and stimulated drought stresses, ABA and SA treatment, as well as Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides infection, respectively. Among them, the expression level of MiCOMT1 was significantly up-regulated at 6-72 h after salt and stimulated drought stresses. The results of gene function analysis via the transient overexpression of the MiCOMT1 gene in Nicotiana benthamiana showed that the MiCOMT1 gene can promote the accumulation of ABA and MeJA, and improve the salt tolerance of mango. These results are beneficial to future researchers aiming to understand the biological functions and molecular mechanisms of MiCOMT genes.

Effect of the partial substitution of mango and ground chia on the antioxidant capacity in the elaboration of nectar based on sachatomate.

The consumption of products with high nutritional value and antioxidant capacity has increased notably in recent years. Due to health problems such as triglycerides and cardiovascular problems, its use is becoming reduced. So that, chia (Salvia hispánica) and sachatomate (Cyphomandra betacea) have gained interest as an alternative to develop nutraceutical products, compared to conventional products. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of the partial substitution of mango (Mangifera indica) and ground chia (Salvia hispánica) on the antioxidant capacity in the elaboration of nectar based on Sachatomate. The physicochemical characteristics were determined where sample 11 complies with the established parameters: 13.4° Brix, pH 4.323, 0.354 of C6-H8-O7 and viscosity 3967.3 mPas, according to the NTP 203.110 standard. Regarding the antioxidant capacity, sample 12 was the most optimal, according to the DPPH method, it has been determined 104.3 micromoles Trolox equivalents; according to the ABTS method, it was determined with an antioxidant content of 187.4 micromoles Trolox equivalents. Regarding the proximal chemical evaluation, sample 12 was determined to be the most suitable with a moisture percentage of 87.45%, ash 0.32%, crude fiber 0.09%, fat 0.10%, protein 0.45% and carbohydrates 11.59%. Concluding that substituting sachatomate and ground chia significantly influences the antioxidant capacity, increasing to 104.3 and 187.4 micromoles Trolox equivalents, determined by both methods, indicates that nectar consumption can be used to improve the health of consumers.

Irvingia gabonensis baill. (African Mango): A comprehensive review of its ethnopharmacological significance, unveiling its long-standing history and therapeutic potential.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry-Lecomte ex O'Rorke) Baill. (IG) is a multipurpose tree native to tropical Africa such as Equatorial Guinea, Nigeria, Gabon, and Cameroon with high ethnomedicinal values. AIM OF THE STUDY: This review emphasizes the ethnopharmacological significance, phytochemical, and functional properties of African mango, focusing on its potential for human health and industrial applications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Literature published on IG was traced by different databases, including the Egyptian Knowledge Bank database (EKB), ScienceDirect, PubMed, Google Scholars, Research Gate, Web of Science, Elsevier, and Scopus. Numerous keywords were used to achieve an inclusive search in the databases, like 'African Mango', 'Bush Mango', 'Irvingia gabonensis', 'Wild Mango', 'Dika Nut', 'Phytochemistry', 'Traditional uses', 'Functional foods', 'Polyphenols', 'Ogbono', 'Ellagic acid and its derivatives', and 'Pharmacological activities'. RESULTS: Different parts of IG have been employed in traditional medicine and recorded a great success. The ripe fruit pulp was consumed fresh or processed into juice and wine documented for anti-diarrheal, anti-diabetic, anti-ulcer, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. The kernels, which are widely traded and incorporated into traditional dishes, remain an integral part of culinary traditions. Seeds have folkloric uses for weight loss and are popular as blood thinners and anti-diabetics. Where the bark is reported for dysentery, colic, scabies, toothache, and various skin conditions. In Senegal, the stem bark is employed for gonorrhea, hepatic disorders, and gastrointestinal ailments. The leaves possess the potential to enhance renal and hepatic functions, safeguarding these vital organs against the detrimental effects of toxic substances. Pulp is rich in vitamin C, carbohydrates, and proteins. Oil is the major constituent of the seed, which is mainly composed of myristic and lauric acids. The defatted extracts are characterized by flavonoid glycosides and ellagic acid derivatives. Despite their widespread use, IG extracts are still inadequately characterized phytochemically and merit further investigation within the realm of scientific research. Encouragingly, toxicity studies have demonstrated the relative safety of IG extract at the administered doses. CONCLUSION: The review extends our knowledge of the health benefits of IG, where these effects could be attributed to the phytochemicals present.

Effect of Pediococcus acidilactici and mango seed polyphenols on the fermentative profile of the indigestible fraction of yam bean.

Yam bean is an important source of dietary fiber and other components that comprise the total indigestible fraction (TIF), which can be fermented by the colonic microbiota and produce metabolites with beneficial health effects. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro colonic fermentation of yam bean TIF and the changes caused by the addition of a polyphenolic extract of mango seed and the lactic acid bacteria Pediococcus acidilactici. The mango seed extract was obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction, and the microbial growth rate and viability of P. acidilactici were determined using a Neubauer chamber. Yam bean TIF was isolated by triple enzymatic hydrolysis and subjected to in vitro colonic fermentation in combination with treatments with mango seed extract and P. acidilactici suspensions. Changes in pH, total soluble phenols (TSP), and antioxidant capacity (AOX) were evaluated. Furthermore, the production of metabolites was quantified by HPLC-DAD-MS and GC-MS. The Growth rate of P. acidilactici was 0.1097 h-1 with 97.5 % viability at 7 h of incubation. All TIF treatments showed a high capacity of fermentation, and the addition of mango seed extract increased the TSP content and AOX in DPPH and FRAP assays. A total of Forty-six volatile metabolites were detected, with highlighting the presence of esters, benzenes, aldehydes, and short-chain fatty acids. Five phenolic compounds associated with mango by-products were quantified during all fermentation process, despite the concentration of the extract. P. acidilactici did not substantially modify the fermentative profile of TIF. However, further studies such as the evaluation of the abundance of microbial communities may be necessary to observe whether it can generate changes during colonic fermentation.

Optimizing the ultrasonic extraction of polyphenols from mango peel and investigating the characteristics, antioxidant activity and storage stability of extract nanocapsules in maltodextrin/whey protein isolate.

In this study, the extraction and nanoencapsulation of mango peel extract (MPE) were investigated to enhance its stability and preserve its antioxidant properties. Initially, using the central composite design (CCD)-response surface methodology (RSM), optimal conditions for the extraction of MPE via an ultrasonic system were determined to be a temperature of 10.53 °C, a time of 34.35 min, and an ethanol concentration of 26.62 %. Subsequently, the extracted extract was spray-dried and nanoencapsulated using three types of coatings: maltodextrin, whey protein isolate (WPI), and their combination. The results showed that nanoencapsulation led to a significant improvement in the stability of phenolic compounds in the extract during storage compared to free extract. Furthermore, capsules prepared with the combined coating exhibited the highest levels of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. Therefore, it can be concluded that nanoencapsulation can serve as an effective method for preserving the bioactive properties of MPE.

Mangiferin (mango) attenuates AOM-induced colorectal cancer in rat's colon by augmentation of apoptotic proteins and antioxidant mechanisms.

Mangiferin (MF) is a natural C-glucosylxantone compound that has many substantial curative potentials against numerous illnesses including cancers. The present study's goal is to appraise the chemo preventive possessions of MF on azoxymethane (AOM)-mediated colonic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in rats. Rats clustered into 5 groups, negative control (A), inoculated subcutaneously with normal saline twice and nourished on 0.5% CMC; groups B-E injected twice with 15 mg/kg azoxymethane followed by ingestion of 0.5% CMC (B, cancer control); intraperitoneal inoculation of 35 mg/kg 5-fluorouracil (C, reference rats) or nourished on 30 mg/kg (D) and 60 mg/kg (E) of MF. Results of gross morphology of colorectal specimens showed significantly lower total colonic ACF incidence in MF-treated rats than that of cancer controls. The colon tissue examination of cancer control rats showed increased ACF availability with bizarrely elongated nuclei, stratified cells, and higher depletion of the submucosal glands compared to MF-treated rats. Mangiferin treatment caused increased regulation of pro-apoptotic (increased Bax) proteins and reduced the ß-catenin) proteins expression. Moreover, rats fed on MF had significantly higher glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and lower malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations in their colonic tissue homogenates. Mangiferin supplementation significantly down-shifted pro-inflammatory cytokines (transforming growth factor-α and interleukine-6) and up-shifted anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukine-10) based on serum analysis. The chemo-protective mechanistic of MF against AOM-induced ACF, shown by lower ACF values and colon tissue penetration, could be correlated with its positive modulation of apoptotic cascade, antioxidant enzymes, and inflammatory cytokines originating from AOM oxidative stress insults.

Physiological and biochemical variations of naturally ripened mango (Mangifera Indica L.) with synthetic calcium carbide and ethylene.

To meet the increasing consumer demands for fruits, the implementation of artificial ripening techniques using synthetic chemicals has become increasingly commonplace among less ethical fruit production companies in today's global market. The objective of present work was to establish a difference in the physiological and biochemical and profiles of naturally ripened mangoes vs. those ripened by application of synthetic calcium carbide and ethylene. The application of calcium carbide at 10 g/kg mangoes resulted early ripening in 2 days, with a 3-day shelf life, as compared with 5 and 6 days, for mangoes ripened by ethylene and naturally, respectively. Higher levels of calcium carbide reduced moisture, fiber, protein and carbohydrates content and increased the ash content of mangoes, as compared to higher levels of ethylene, whereas in naturally ripened mangoes the content percentages were 80.21, 3.57, 3.05 6.27 and 4.74, respectively. Artificial ripening resulted in significant loss of ascorbic, citric and malic acid, as values were recorded 35.94, 2.12 and 0.63 mg/g, respectively, in mangoes ripened with 10 g/kg of calcium carbide. However, in naturally ripened mangoes the amounts of these acids were recorded significantly (p < 0.05) high as 52.29, 3.76 and 1.37 mg/g, respectively. There was an increase in total soluble solids (TSS) and reducing sugars, and a decrease in titratable acidity in calcium carbide (10 g/kg) treated mangoes. Elemental analyses revealed high levels of minerals in naturally ripened mangoes, with significant values of iron (0.45 mg/100 g), zinc (0.24 mg/100 g) and copper (0.17 mg/100 g). The organoleptic quality of the fruit decreased significantly (p < 0.05) as a result of the use of calcium carbide. Although use of artificial ripening techniques provides speedy ripening of mangoes, there are obvious limitations. Consequently, natural ripening should be promoted in order to have safer and more nutritious mangoes.

A mechanistic exploration of the metabolome of African mango seeds and its potential to alleviate cognitive impairment induced by high-fat/high-carbohydrate diets: Involvement of PI3K/AKT/GSK-3ß/CREB, PERK/CHOP/Bcl-2, and AMPK/SIRT-1/mTOR Axes.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry-Lecomte ex O'Rorke) Baill., also known as "African mango" or "bush mango", belonging to family Irvingiaceae, has been mostly used as food and traditional medicine for weight loss and to enhance the health. AIM OF THE STUDY: The overconsumption of high-fat and high-carbohydrate (HFHC) food induces oxidative stress, leading to neurological and cognitive dysfunction. Consequently, there is an immediate need for effective treatment. Hence, this study explored the efficacy of orlistat, metformin, and I. gabonensis seeds' total aqueous extract (IG SAE) in addressing HFHC-induced cognitive impairment by mitigating oxidative stress and their underlying mechanistic pathways. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Initially, the secondary metabolite profile of IG SAE is determined using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a mass detector (UHPLC/MS). The in vivo study involves two phases: an established model phase with control (10 rats on a standard diet) and HFHC diet group (50 rats) for 3 months. In the study phase, HFHC is divided into 5 groups. The first subgroup receives HFHC diet only, while the remaining groups each receive HFHC diet with either Orlistat, metformin, or IG SAE at doses of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg, respectively, for 28 days. RESULTS: More than 150 phytoconstituents were characterized for the first holistic approach onto IG metabolome. Characterization of IG SAE revealed that tannins dominate metabolites in the plant. Total phenolics and flavonoids were estimated to standardize our extract (77.12 ± 7.09 µg Gallic acid equivalent/mg extract and 8.039 ± 0.53 µg Rutin equivalent/mg extract, respectively). Orlistat, metformin, and IG SAE successfully reduced the body weight, blood glucose level, lipid profile, oxidative stress and neurotransmitters levels leading to improved behavioral functions as well as histological alternation. Also, IG SAE halted inflammation, apoptosis, and endoplasmic reticulum stress, together with promoting autophagy, via modulation of PI3K/AKT/GSK-3ß/CREB, PERK/CHOP/Bcl-2 and AMPK/SIRT-1/m-TOR pathways. CONCLUSION: Metformin, orlistat, and IG SAE offer a promising multi-target therapy to mitigate HFHC diet-induced oxidative stress, addressing cognitive function. This involves diverse molecular mechanisms, particularly the modulation of inflammation, ER stress, and both PI3K/AKT/GSK-3ß/CREB and AMPK/SIRT-1/m-TOR pathways. Furthermore, the higher dose of IG SAE demonstrated effects comparable to orlistat and metformin across most studied parameters.

Impact of washing and freezing on nutritional composition, bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity and microstructure of mango peels.

Mango peels are widely produced and highly perishable. Disinfectant washing and freezing are among the most used methods to preserve foods. However, their impact on products' properties is conditioned by the foods' features. This study evaluated for the first time the phytochemical composition, antioxidant activity, and microstructure of mango peels washed with peracetic acid (27 mg/mL for 19 min) and frozen at -20 °C for 30 days. Washing decreased the content of vitamin C (-7%), penta-O-galloyl-ß-d-glucose (-23 %), catechin (-30 %), and lutein (-24 %), but the antioxidant activity was preserved. Freezing changed mango peels' microstructure, increased free phenolic compounds, namely acid gallic (+36 %) and catechin (+51 %), but reduced bound phenolic compounds (-12 % to -87 %), bound phenolic compounds' antioxidant activity (-51 % to -72 %), and violaxanthin (-51 %). Both methods were considered adequate to conserve mango peels since fiber and the main bioactive compounds (free mangiferin, free gallic acid, and ß-carotene) remained unchanged or increased.

Comparing and integrating TMT-SPS-MS3 and label-free quantitative approaches for proteomics scrutiny in recalcitrant Mango (Mangifera indica L.) peel tissue during postharvest period.

Despite substantial advances in the use of proteomic technologies, their widespread application in fruit tissues of non-model and recalcitrant species remains limited. This hampers the understanding of critical molecular events during the postharvest period of fleshy tropical fruits. Therefore, we evaluated label-free quantitation (LFQ) and TMT-SPS-MS3 (TMT) approaches to analyse changes in the protein profile of mango peels during postharvest period. We compared two extraction methods (phenol and chloroform/methanol) and two peptide fractionation schemes (SCX and HPRP). We accurately identified 3065 proteins, of which, 1492 were differentially accumulated over at 6 days after harvesting (DAH). Both LFQ and TMT approaches share 210 differential proteins including cell wall proteins associated with fruit softening, as well as aroma and flavour-related proteins, which were increased during postharvest period. The phenolic protein extraction and the high-pH reverse-phase peptide fractionation was the most effective pipeline for relative quantification. Nevertheless, the information provided by the other tested strategies was significantly complementary. Besides, LFQ spectra allowed us to track down intact N-glycopeptides corroborating N-glycosylations on the surface of a desiccation-related protein. This work represents the largest proteomic comparison of mango peels during postharvest period made so far, shedding light on the molecular foundation of edible fruit during ripening.

Improved sustained-release properties of ginger essential oil in a Pickering emulsion system incorporated in sodium alginate film and delayed postharvest senescence of mango fruits.

The insufficient water vapor barrier and mechanical capacity of sodium alginate (SA) film limited its application in fruit preservation. Herein, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were used to stabilize Pickering emulsion. Then, we prepared SA composite films. Ginger essential oil (GEO) was loaded as antimicrobials and antioxidants. Finally, the application on mangos were investigated. Compared to coarse emulsion, Pickering emulsion and its film-formation-solution showed more stable system and larger droplet size. The emulsion significantly changed the properties of SA film. Specifically, CNCs improved the thermal, tensile, and barrier properties of the film and GEO enhanced the ultraviolet-visible light barrier capacity. Additionally, the SA/CNC film possessed a homogeneous micromorphology which had a sustained-release effect on GEO, thus maintaining high postharvest quality and long-term bioavailability for mangos. In conclusion, the film prepared via Pickering emulsion showed satisfactory properties which had great potential in fruit preservation.

[Comparativa funcional entre artroscopía y cirugía abierta para lesiones del mango rotador]. / Functional comparison between arthroscopy and open surgery for rotator cuff injuries.

Background: Rotator cuff injuries result in impaired functionality of the shoulder. The difference in shoulder functionality in patients treated with arthroscopy who required open surgery is still unknown. Objective: To determine if there is a difference in the functional evolution of the shoulder in patients who underwent surgery due to rotator cuff lesion which began with arthroscopy and ended in open surgery. Material and methods: A cohort, longitudinal, observational and comparative study was carried out. The Constant scale was applied to measure the functionality of the shoulder in patients who underwent surgery due to rotator cuff injury, prior to surgery, 3 and 6 months after it, from August 2021 to April 2022. Functionality between patients who started with arthroscopy and required surgery and with those who only underwent arthroscopy was compared. Results: 30 patients were included. Shoulder functionality in the preoperative period had a mean of 42.2 ± 18 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 35.5-49.0), at 3 months of 48.18 ± 14 (95% CI 42.9-53.4) and at 6 months of 66.7 (95% CI 60.1-73.4), with a p = 0.001. The difference between the patients who required surgery was not significant (p = 0.3). Conclusions: The functional evolution of the shoulder in patients who underwent surgery due to rotator cuff injury improves over time. The type of surgery does not influence the functional evolution.

Introducción: las lesiones del mango rotador ocasionan deterioro de la funcionalidad del hombro. La diferencia en la funcionalidad del hombro en pacientes tratados con artroscopía que ameritaron cirugía abierta aún se desconoce. Objetivo: determinar si existe diferencia en la evolución funcional del hombro en pacientes intervenidos por lesión del mango rotador que iniciaron con artroscopía y terminaron en cirugía abierta. Material y métodos: se hizo un estudio de cohorte, longitudinal, observacional y comparativo. Se aplicó la escala Constant para medir la funcionalidad del hombro en pacientes intervenidos por lesión del mango rotador, previo a la cirugía, a los 3 y a los 6 meses posteriores a esta, entre agosto de 2021 y abril de 2022. Se comparó la funcionalidad entre los pacientes que iniciaron con artroscopía y que requirieron cirugía con los que solo se intervinieron con artroscopía. Resultados: se incluyeron 30 pacientes. La funcionalidad del hombro en el preoperatorio tuvo una media de 42.2 ± 18 (intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC 95%] 35.5-49.0), a los 3 meses se obtuvo una media de 48.18±14 (IC 95% 42.9-53.4) y a los 6 meses de 66.7 (IC 95% 60.1-73.4), con una p = 0.001. La diferencia entre los pacientes que requirieron cirugía no fue significativa (p = 0.3). Conclusiones: la evolución funcional del hombro en pacientes intervenidos por lesión del mango rotador mejora con el paso del tiempo. El tipo de cirugía no influye en la evolución funcional.

Physiological and transcriptomic analysis of IAA-induced antioxidant defense and cell wall metabolism in postharvest mango fruit.

Mango fruit tend to oxidize and senescence rapidly after harvesting, significantly reducing their commercial value. This study investigated the effect of exogenous auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) on fruit quality, antioxidant system, and cell wall metabolism of mango fruit during storage. The results showed that the 1.0 mM IAA treatment delayed weight loss and maintained the firmness, pH and contents of total soluble solids (TSS) and titratable acidity (TA) of the mango fruit. The 1.0 mM IAA treatment increased the peroxidase (POD) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activities and the ascorbic acid (AsA) and total phenols (TP) contents but decreased the polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity in postharvest mango fruit. Moreover, beta-galactosidase (ß-Gal) and polygalacturonase (PG) activities were increased, but the pectinesterase (PME) activity was decreased in the IAA-treated fruit. Transcriptome analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the IAA vs. control groups were mainly associated with oxidative stress responses, cell wall metabolism, and transcription factors (TFs). The IAA treatment upregulated the antioxidant-related genes (SOD, CAT1, PODs, GSTs, Prxs, and Trxs) and MYB TFs, and downregulated cell wall metabolism-related genes (PG, PME31 and two PME63) and 11 ethylene-responsive transcription factors (ERFs). These results suggested that exogenous IAA could improve the antioxidant system and maintain the storage quality of mango fruit by regulating gene expression and metabolic pathways. The results provide insights into the mechanisms involved in IAA-mediated delayed ripening and senescence of mango fruit.

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) seed kernel extract suppresses hyperglycemia by modulating pancreatic ß cell apoptosis and dysfunction and hepatic glucose metabolism in diabetic rats.

This study investigated the anti-hyperglycemic action of mango seed kernel extract (MKE) and various mechanisms involved in its actions to improve pancreatic ß cells and hepatic carbohydrate metabolism in diabetic rats. An intraperitoneal injection of 60 mg/kg of streptozotocin (STZ) followed by 30 consecutive days of treatment with MKE (250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg body weight) was used to establish a study group of diabetic rats. Using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS) for identification, 26 chemical compounds were found in MKE and the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the MKE also revealed the existence of mangiferin, gallic acid, and quercetin. The results confirmed that in each diabetes-affected rat, MKE mitigated the heightened levels of fasting blood glucose, diabetic symptoms, glucose intolerance, total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C). As demonstrated by a remarkable increment in serum and pancreatic insulin, the diabetic pancreatic ß cell function was potentiated by treating with MKE. The effect of MKE on diabetic pancreatic apoptosis clearly reduced the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells, which was related to diminished levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and Bax and an increase in Bcl-xL protein expression. Furthermore, diabetes-induced liver damage was clearly ameliorated along with a notable reduction in serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and abnormal liver histology. By enhancing anti-oxidant superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities, MKE alleviated diabetes-induced pancreatic and liver oxidative damage, as demonstrated by diminished levels of malondialdehyde. In minimizing the expression levels of glucose 6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase-1 proteins in the diabetic liver, MKE also enhanced glycogen content and hexokinase activity. Collectively, these findings indicate that by suppressing oxidative and inflammatory processes, MKE exerts a potent anti-hyperglycemic activity in diabetic rats which serve to protect pancreatic ß cell apoptosis, enhance their function, and improve hepatic glucose metabolism.

Identification of gene modules and hub genes associated with Colletotrichum siamense infection in mango using weighted gene co-expression network analysis.

Colletotrichum siamense is a hemibiotrophic ascomycetous fungus responsible for mango anthracnose. The key genes involved in C. siamense infection remained largely unknown. In this study, we conducted weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) of RNA-seq data to mine key genes involved in Colletotrichum siamense-mango interactions. Gene modules of Turquoise and Salmon, containing 1039 and 139 respectively, were associated with C. siamense infection, which were conducted for further analysis. GO enrichment analysis revealed that protein synthesis, organonitrogen compound biosynthetic and metabolic process, and endoplasmic reticulum-related genes were associated with C. siamense infection. A total of 568 proteins had homologs in the PHI database, 370 of which were related to virulence. The hub genes in each module were identified, which were annotated as O-methyltransferase (Salmon) and Clock-controlled protein 6 (Turquoise). A total of 24 proteins exhibited characteristics of SCRPs. By using transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana, the SCRPs of XM_036637681.1 could inhibit programmed cell death (PCD) that induced by BAX (BCL-2-associated X protein), suggesting that it may play important roles in C. siamense infection. A mango-C. siamense co-expression network was constructed, and the mango gene of XM_044632979.1 (auxin-induced protein 15A-like) was positively associated with 5 SCRPs. These findings help to deepen the current understanding of necrotrophic stage in C. siamense infection.

Interaction mechanism of carotenoids and polyphenols in mango peels.

In this study, carotenoids and polyphenols were demonstrated to be the major active substances in the crude pigment extracts (CPE) of mango peels, accounting for 0.26 mg/g and 0.15 mg/g, respectively. The interactions between carotenoids and polyphenols in CPE was observed, as evidenced by that polyphenols significantly improved the antioxidant activity and storage stability of carotenoids in the CPE. Meanwhile, scanning electron microscopy showed that polyphenols are tightly bound to carotenoids. To further elucidate the interaction mechanism, the monomers of carotenoids and polyphenols were identified by HPLC and LC-MS analysis. Lutein (203.85 µg/g), ß-carotene (41.40 µg/g), zeaxanthin (4.20 µg/g) and α-carotene (1.50 µg/g) were authenticated as the primary monomers of carotenoids. Polyphenols were mainly consisted of gallic acid (95.10 µg/g), quercetin-3-ß-glucoside (29.10 µg/g), catechin (11.85 µg/g) and quercetin (11.55 µg/g). The interaction indexes between carotenoid and polyphenol monomer of CPE were calculated. The result indicated that lutein and gallic acid showed the greatest synergistic effect on the scavenging of DPPH and ABTS radical, suggesting the interaction between carotenoids and polyphenols in CPE was mainly caused by lutein and gallic acid. Molecular dynamics simulations and thermodynamic parameters analysis demonstrated that hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, and van der Waals forces played dominant roles in the interaction between lutein and gallic acid, which was confirmed by Raman and X-ray diffraction. These results provided a new perspective on the interaction mechanism between carotenoids and polyphenols, which offered a novel strategy for the enhancement of the activities and stability of bioactive substances.