Superficial Dosimetry Study of the Frequency of Bolus Using in Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy after Modified Radical Mastectomy.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of various frequencies of bolus use on the superficial dose of volumetric modulated arc therapy after modified radical mastectomy for breast cancer. METHODS: Based on the computed tomography images of a female anthropomorphic breast phantom, a 0.5 cm silicone-based 3D-printed bolus was created. Nine points evenly distributed on the breast skin were selected for assessing the skin dose, and a volume of subcutaneous lymphatic drainage of the breast (noted as ROI2-3) was delineated for assessing the chest wall dose. The treatment plans with and without bolus (plan_wb and plan_nb) were separately designed using the prescription of 50 Gy in 25 fractions following the standard dose constraints of the adjacent organ at risk. To characterize the accuracy of treatment planning system (TPS) dose calculations, the doses of the nine points were measured five times by thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLDs) and then were compared with the TPS calculated dose. RESULTS: Compared with Plan_nb (144.46 ± 10.32 cGy), the breast skin dose for plan_wb (208.75 ± 4.55 cGy) was significantly increased (t = -18.56, P < 0.001). The deviation of skin dose was smaller for Plan_wb, and the uniformity was significantly improved. The calculated value of TPS was in good agreement with the measured value of TLD, and the maximum deviation was within 5%. Skin and ROI2-3 doses were significantly increased with increasing frequencies of bolus applications. The mean dose of the breast skin and ROI2-3 for 15 and 23 times bolus applications were 45.33 Gy, 50.88 Gy and 50.36 Gy, 52.39 Gy, respectively. CONCLUSION: 3D printing bolus can improve the radiation dose and the accuracy of the planned dose. Setting Plan_wb to 15 times for T1-3N+ breast cancer patients and 23 times for T4N+ breast cancer patients can meet the clinical need. Quantitative analysis of the bolus application frequency for different tumor stages can provide a reference for clinical practice.

A comparative study of respiratory effects of erector spinae plane block versus paravertebral plane block for women undergoing modified radical mastectomy.

BACKGROUND: Inadequate acute postoperative pain control after modified radical mastectomy (MRM) can compromise pulmonary function. This work aimed to assess the postoperative pulmonary effects of a single-shot thoracic paravertebral block (TPVB) and erector spinae plane block (ESPB) in female patients undergoing MRM. METHODS: This prospective, randomized comparative trial was conducted on 40 female American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) II-III, aged 18 to 50 years undergoing MRM under general anesthesia (GA). Patients were divided into two equal groups (20 in each group): Group I received ESPB and Group II received TPVB. Each group received a single shot with 20 ml volume of 0.5% bupivacaine. RESULTS: Respiratory function tests showed a comparable decrease in forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume (FEV1) from the baseline in the two groups. Group I had a lower FEV1/FVC ratio than Group II after 6 h. Both groups were comparable regarding duration for the first postoperative analgesic request (P value = 0.088), comparable postoperative analgesic consumption (P value = 0.855), and stable hemodynamics with no reported side effects. CONCLUSION: Both ultrasound guided ESPB and TPVB appeared to be effective in preserving pulmonary function during the first 24 h after MRM. This is thought to be due to their pain-relieving effects, as evidenced by decreased postoperative analgesic consumption and prolonged time to postoperative analgesic request in both groups. GOV ID: NCT03614091 registration date on 13/7/2018.

Assessment of ultrasound guided erector spinae plane block for early post-operative analgesia for modified radical mastectomy: a prospective, randomized, controlled study.

Erector spinae plane block is a recently introduced block with a wide range of indications. The aim of the present study was to assess the efficacy and safety of ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block on early post-operative pain relief in patients undergoing modified radical mastectomy. We conducted a prospective, randomized, controlled study in a tertiary care institute. Sixty-five patients were enrolled. Final analysis was performed on 58 patients randomized into two groups. Ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block with 25 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine was given using a 18 gauge needle. No block was given in the other group. All patients received general anesthesia. Primary outcome measure was 24-hour analgesic consumption. Secondary outcome measures included intra-operative fentanyl consumption, time to first analgesic request, Visual Analog Scale score, nausea score, sedation score, wound quality and patient satisfaction score. Post-operative additional analgesics and intra-operative fentanyl were significantly reduced in patients receiving erector spinae plane block. Time to rescue analgesia was significantly delayed. Visual Analog Scale score was significantly lower at all time intervals. Post-operative nausea at various time intervals was also less. Patient satisfaction score was also noted on a 5-point scale and there was a statistical significant difference. We concluded that erector spinae plane block is a safe technique and provides good analgesia in breast surgery.

Ultrasound-Guided Serratus Posterior Superior Intercostal Plane Block in Modified Radical Mastectomy Surgeries: A Case Series.

Effective pain management is crucial for modified radical mastectomy (MRM) surgeries. The Serratus Posterior Superior Intercostal Plane Block (SPSIPB), introduced in 2023, shows promise for postoperative analgesia. This study was designed to demonstrate the analgesic efficacy of the SPSIPB in MRM surgeries. SPSIPB was administered to 7 patients who underwent MRM for postoperative analgesia. NRS scores of patients were ≤4 and total tramadol consumption was 0 mg in 3 of 7 patients. In conclusion, SPSIPB appears to be an effective, safe, and easily applicable option for analgesia.

Hydromorphone combined with ropivacaine for erector spinae plane block in patients undergoing modified radical mastectomy: A prospective randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Combining hydromorphone with ropivacaine in ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane blocks enhances postoperative analgesia and reduces interleukin-6 expression in breast surgery patients. METHODS: In this study, breast cancer patients undergoing modified radical mastectomy were randomized into 3 groups for anesthesia (30 patients in each group): standard general (group C), Erector Spinae Plane Block (ESPB) with ropivacaine (group R), and ESPB with ropivacaine plus hydromorphone (group HR). Diagnosis: Breast cancer patients. Postsurgery, pain levels, IL-6, anesthetic doses, additional analgesia needs, and recovery milestones were compared to evaluate the efficacy of the ESPB enhancements. RESULTS: The 3 groups were not significantly different in baseline characteristics, operation time, number of cases with postoperative nausea, and serum IL-6 concentrations at T1 (the time of being returned to the ward after surgery). At T2 (at 6:00 in the next morning after surgery), the serum IL-6 concentration in group HR was significantly lower than that in groups R and C (P < .05); the intraoperative doses of remifentanil, sufentanil, and propofol were significantly lower in groups HR and R than those in group C (P < .05); Groups HR and R had significantly lower visual analog scale scores at T3 (4 hours postoperatively), T4 (12 hours postoperatively), and T5 (24 hours postoperatively) than those in group C (P < .05); the proportions of patients receiving postoperative remedial analgesia were significantly lower in groups HR and R than in group C (P < .05); groups HR and R had significantly lower proportions of patients with postoperative nausea than group C (P < .05); the time to the first anal exhaust and the time to the first ambulation after surgery were significantly shorter in groups HR and R than those in group C (P < .05). CONCLUSION: Hydromorphone combined with ropivacaine for ESPB achieved a greater postoperative analgesic effect for patients receiving MRM under general anesthesia. The combined analgesia caused fewer adverse reactions and inhibited the expression level of the inflammatory factor IL-6 more effectively, thereby facilitating postoperative recovery. ESPB using hydromorphone with ropivacaine improved pain control post-MRM, reduced adverse effects, and more effectively suppressed IL-6, enhancing recovery.

Guideline-Concordant Surgical Care for Lobular Versus Ductal Inflammatory Breast Cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Quality of surgical care is understudied for lobular inflammatory breast cancer (IBC), which is less common, more chemotherapy-resistant, and more mammographically occult than ductal IBC. We compared guideline-concordant surgery (modified radical mastectomy [MRM] without immediate reconstruction following chemotherapy) for lobular versus ductal IBC. METHODS:  Female individuals with cT4dM0 lobular and ductal IBC were identified in the National Cancer Database (NCDB) from 2010-2019. Modified radical mastectomy receipt was identified via codes for "modified radical mastectomy" or "mastectomy" and "≥10 lymph nodes removed" (proxy for axillary lymph node dissection). Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and t-tests were used. RESULTS: A total of 1456 lobular and 10,445 ductal IBC patients were identified; 599 (41.1%) with lobular and 4859 (46.5%) with ductal IBC underwent MRMs (p = 0.001). Patients with lobular IBC included a higher proportion of individuals with cN0 disease (20.5% lobular vs. 13.7% ductal) and no lymph nodes examined at surgery (31.2% vs. 24.5%) but were less likely to be node-negative at surgery (12.7% vs. 17.1%, all p < 0.001). Among those who had lymph nodes removed at surgery, patients with lobular IBC also had fewer lymph nodes excised versus patients with ductal IBC (median [interquartile range], 7 (0-15) vs. 9 (0-17), p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Lobular IBC patients were more likely to present with node-negative disease and less likely to be node-negative at surgery, despite having fewer, and more frequently no, lymph nodes examined versus ductal IBC patients. Future studies should investigate whether these treatment disparities are because of surgical approach, pathologic assessment, and/or data quality as captured in the NCDB.

The impact of ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block on hemodynamic stability and postoperative pain in patients undergoing modified radical mastectomy for breast cancer.

OBJECTIVE: Breast cancer, a prevalent global malignancy in women, necessitates a comprehensive treatment approach, with surgery playing a crucial role. Severe acute pain is common post-radical breast cancer surgery, emphasizing the significance of hemodynamic stability and postoperative pain control for optimal outcomes. This study evaluates the impact of ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block (ESPB) on these parameters in ASA scores 1-2 patients undergoing modified radical breast cancer surgery with general anesthesia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-eight patients were divided into two groups: a general anesthesia group, with erector spinae plane block (GA+ESPB), and a control group receiving only general anesthesia (GA). Hemodynamic parameters were continuously monitored, and postoperative pain was assessed using the visual analog scale (VAS) at various time points. RESULTS: Ultrasound-guided ESPB effectively maintained hemodynamic stability and reduced postoperative pain in breast cancer surgery patients. Statistically significant differences were observed in heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and mean arterial pressure between the GA and GA+ESPB groups at multiple time points (p < 0.05). VAS scores showed a significant interaction time*group (p < 0.001), with consistent differences between the groups at all time points (p ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound-guided ESPB application proved effective in preserving hemodynamic stability and managing postoperative pain in modified radical breast cancer surgery. The technique demonstrates promise in minimizing complications related to hemodynamic variations and postoperative pain, contributing to a comprehensive approach to breast cancer surgical treatment.

Clinical value of KiSS-1 and MMP-2 expression levels in breast cancer tissue in evaluating prognosis of elderly breast cancer patients after modified radical mastectomy.

We attempted to clarify clinical value of KiSS-1 and MMP-2 levels in breast cancer (BC) tissue in evaluating prognosis of elderly BC patients after modified radical mastectomy (MCM). The data of 192 elderly female BC patients receiving MCM in our hospital from January 2018 to December 2022 were collected. According to prognosis, patients received division into poor prognosis group (n = 43) and good prognosis group (n = 149). The serum CEA level and KiSS-1 and MMP-2 levels in BC tissue received measurement in both groups. The predictive value of KiSS-1 and MMP-2 alone and jointly in adverse prognosis of elderly BC patients after MCM received assessment. Results showed that No statistical significance was exhibited between both groups in general data (P > 0.05). The serum CEA level and MMP-2 expression in BC tissue in poor prognosis group exhibited elevation relative to those in good prognosis group, and KiSS-1 expression in BC tissue in poor prognosis group exhibited depletion relative to that in good prognosis group, indicating statistical significance (P < 0.05). The high-level KiSS-1 might be a protective element for adverse prognosis of elderly BC patients after MCM, and high-level CEA and MMP-2 might be an independent risk element for adverse prognosis of elderly BC patients after MCM (P < 0.05). KiSS-1 and MMP-2 alone and jointly predicted AUC of adverse prognosis in elderly BC patients after MCM were 0.93, 0.802 and 0.958, with certain predictive values; when cutoff values of KiSS-1 and MMP-2 were 6.15 and 2.26, the predictive value was the best. In conclusion, KiSS-1 and MMP-2 levels in BC tissue possess relation to adverse prognosis of MCM. KiSS-1 and MMP-2 levels in elderly BC patients before surgery may be detected in the future to assist in prognosis evaluation of elderly BC patients after MCM.

Effects of a single subanesthetic dose of esketamine on postoperative subthreshold depressive symptoms in patients undergoing unilateral modified radical mastectomy: a randomised, controlled, double-blind trial.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor in females worldwide. During disease development, breast cancer patients suffer anxious and depressed, which may lead to worse quality of life or even higher mortality. Esketamine has been regarded as an antidepressant in breast cancer patients with mild or moderate depression. Here, we wonder whether the administration of esketamine could reduce the postoperative depressive symptom score of breast cancer patients who have no preoperative depression. METHODS: A total of 64 patients treated with unilateral modified radical mastectomy were randomly divided into an experimental group (esketamine group, Group E) and a control group (Group C), with 32 cases in each one. After anesthesia induction, Group C received 0.2 ml/kg of normal saline intravenously and Group E was administered 0.2 mg/kg intravenous esketamine. The primary outcome was the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) scores. The secondary outcomes included the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scores for pain, inflammatory markers, perioperative-related indicators, and the incidence of postoperative delirium, nausea and vomiting. RESULTS: The PHQ-9 score on postoperative day (POD) 1 in Group E declined from the preoperative level, while the score in Group C was higher than before, and the former was far lower than the latter (P = 0.047). There is no statistically significant difference in PHQ-9 scores between Group E and Group C on POD 3, 7, and 30. Moreover, the postoperative leukocyte level of Group E was higher than that of Group C, and the difference was statistically significant (P = 0.030). CONCLUSIONS: A single subanesthetic dose of esketamine can result in lower postoperative score on subthreshold depressive symptoms compared to the Group C on POD 1, without increasing the occurrence of postoperative adverse reactions. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Registration number: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR2200057028. Date of registration: 26/02/2022.

Effect of ultrasound-guided continuous erector spinae plane block on postoperative pain and inflammatory response in patients undergoing modified radical mastectomy for breast cancer: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: A single injection of local anaesthetic (LA) in the erector spinae plane block (ESPB) can reduce pain after modified radical mastectomy (MRM) surgery, but the duration of analgesia is affected by the duration of the LA. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of continuous ESPB on acute and chronic pain and inflammatory response after MRM surgery. METHODS: In this prospective, randomised, controlled trial, we will recruit 160 patients, aged 18-80 years, scheduled for elective MRM surgery under general anaesthesia. They will be randomly assigned to two groups: a continuous ESPB group (group E) and a sham block group (group C). Both groups of patients will have a nerve block (group C pretended to puncture) and an indwelling catheter fixed prior to surgery. Electronic pumps containing LA are shielded. The primary outcome is the total consumption of analgesic agents. The secondary outcomes include the levels of inflammation-related cytokines; the occurrence of chronic pain (post-mastectomy pain syndrome, PMPS); static and dynamic pain scores at 2, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h postoperatively; and post-operative and post-puncture adverse reactions. DISCUSSION: Analgesia after MRM surgery is important and chronic pain can develop when acute pain is prolonged, but the analgesic effect of a nerve block with a single injection of LA is limited by the duration of drug action. The aim of this trial is to investigate whether continuous ESPB can reduce acute pain after MRM surgery and reduce the incidence of chronic pain (PMPS), with fewer postoperative analgesic drug-related complications and less inflammatory response. Continuous ESPB and up to 12 months of follow-up are two innovations of this trial. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ( https://www.chictr.org.cn/ ) ChiCTR2200061935. Registered on 11 July 2022. This trial is a prospective registry with the following registry names: Effect of ultrasound-guided continuous erector spinae plane block on postoperative pain and inflammatory response in patients undergoing modified radical mastectomy for breast cancer.

Dosimetry of intensity-modulated radiation therapy and volumetric-modulated arc therapy techniques after modified radical mastectomy for breast cancer and hypofractionated intensity-modulated radiotherapy.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the advantages and disadvantages of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) in patients with left-sided breast cancer who underwent hypofractionated IMRT after a modified radical mastectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty patients who required adjuvant radiotherapy after modified radical mastectomy were randomly selected, and a specified dose of 43.5 Gy/15 F was used to plan for IMRT or VMAT. Dose-volume histograms (DVHs) were utilized to evaluate the dose distribution of the planning target volumes (PTVs) and organs at risk (OARs). RESULTS: VMAT demonstrated a greater and more uniform dose distribution of PTVs and lower number of monitor units. No significant differences were found in V5 of the affected lung and heart between the two techniques (P > 0.05). The V10, V20, V30, and Dmean of the affected lung and V10, V20, V30, V40, Dmean, and Dmax of the whole heart were better in the VMAT than in the IMRT (P < 0.05). The Dmean and Dmax of the left anterior descending (LAD) branch of the coronary artery of the heart were better in the VMAT (P < 0.05), and the use of the VMAT effectively reduced the cardiopulmonary dose. A significant advantage of V30 and Dmean was also found in VMAT (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that VMAT has higher clinical significance than IMRT, because it improved the dose distribution in the target area, reduced the cardiopulmonary dose, protected the OARs (e.g. thyroid), and shortened the treatment duration.

Quality of life of patients one year after breast-conserving surgery versus modified radical mastectomy for early breast cancer: a Kenyan tertiary hospital five-year review.

Introduction: Breast conserving surgery (BCS) followed by radiotherapy (BCT) and modified radical mastectomy (MRM) are the most common surgical techniques utilized in treatment of early breast cancer (EBC) with similar overall survival and recurrence rates. Western literature suggests that these treatments impact the quality of life (QOL) of patients variably. There are no comparison studies on these treatments as per patient's QOL in East Africa. The objectives were to compare the QOL of patients with EBC at least one year after BCT or MRM and assess the factors that affect this QOL. Methods: this was a cross-sectional study conducted at Aga Khan University Hospital-Nairobi (AKUHN). Eligible female patients with EBC who had undergone either BCT or MRM between January 2013 and December 2018 were invited to fill out European Organization for the Treatment and Research of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire (EORTC-QLQ-C30). Data on participant demographics and clinical information was also obtained. Average scores for each aspect of QOL were obtained and overall means for each surgical treatment were compared. Linear regression was done to assess the factors that affected this QOL. Results: forty-two patients had BCS/BCT and 39 had MRM. Patients who had undergone BCS/BCT had a better overall QOL than those who had undergone MRM (p=0.0149). Multivariate analysis revealed that five years from time of surgery, level of education and diabetes mellitus significantly (p<0.05) affected the QOL of these patients. Conclusion: after one year from surgery for EBC, patients who had undergone BCS/BCT had a better QOL as compared to MRM.

Caracterización del cáncer de mama en el hombre. Experiencia del Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires / Characterization of breast cancer in men. Experience of the British Hospital of Buenos Aires

Introducción: El cáncer de mama en el hombre es una patología poco frecuente, que representa el 1% de todos los tumores malignos masculinos y menos del 1% de todos los carcinomas mamarios, cuyas dos características fundamentales son la aparición tardía y la presentación en estadios avanzados. Objetivo: Presentar los 38 casos tratados en el Servicio de Mastología del Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires y comparar los hallazgos con publicaciones anteriores. Material y método: Estudio retrospectivo de pacientes tratados por cáncer de mama en el Servicio desde enero del 1973 a mayo del 2018. Resultados: Edad media 63,9+12.8 años. Tamaño tumoral: 1,9 +0.9 cm. Se realizó Mastectomía radical modificada en 61% de los pacientes. Tipo histológico más frecuente: Ductal Infiltrante en 89,5% de los casos. Hallazgos que concuerdan con publicaciones de otros centros. Discusión: La presentación ocurre en edades avanzadas. La demora en la consulta y la falta de educación sanitaria condicionan las posibilidades de curación. Conclusiones: El cáncer de mama masculino se presenta a avanzada edad, con una importante demora en la consulta y en estadios avanzados. En la actualidad su manejo se extrapola de conductas llevadas a cabo en mujeres.

Introduction: Breast cancer in male patients in an uncommon disease, which represents 1% of all male malignancies and less than 1% of all breast carcinomas, whose two fundamental characteristics are evident: the late appearance and the presentation in advanced stages. Objective: To present the 38 cases treated in the Mastology Service of the British Hospital of Buenos Aires and compare the findings with previous publications. Material and method: Retrospective study of patients treated for breast cancer in the Servic between january 1973 to may 2018. Results: Average age was 63,9 ± 12,8 years. Tumor size: 1.9 ± 0.9 cm. A Modified radical mastectomy was performed in 61% of patients. Most frequent histological type was Infiltrating Ductal Carcinoma in 89,5% of cases. Findings that match publications from other centers. Discussion: Presentation occurs at advanced ages. The delay in consultation and the lack of health education determine the possibilities of healing. Conclusions. Male breast cancer occurs at an advanced age, with a significant delay in the consultation. At present, its management is extrapolated from guidelines carried out in women.

Reconstrucción mamaria inmediata en el Instituto Nacional de Oncología y Radiobiología de Cuba / Immediate Breast Reconstruction at the National Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology of Cuba

RESUMEN Introducción: La reconstrucción mamaria inmediata disminuye el impacto psicológico del cáncer de mama y mejora la calidad de vida de las pacientes. Objetivo: Evaluar la simetría en la reconstrucción mamaria inmediata en el Instituto Nacional de Oncología y Radiobiología de Cuba. Método: Se realizó un estudio analítico y prospectivo, de cohorte incidente, en el Servicio de Cirugía Reconstructiva del Instituto Nacional de Oncología y Radiobiología de 2014 al 2017. Se incluyeron 41 pacientes que consintieron participar en el estudio. Se recogieron variables demográficas y onco-reconstructivas. Se utilizó un software creado en la institución para evaluar la simetría mamaria. Los datos se recogieron de la historia clínica. Se aplicaron el test de Chi-cuadrado corregido y la razón de momios para el análisis estadístico. Resultados: El 30,2 por ciento de mujeres reconstruidas pertenecieron al grupo de 30 a 39 años; el 46,3 por ciento tenían sobrepeso. La mejor simetría se encontró con las técnicas oncoplásticas (31,7 por ciento), seguida de la mastectomía ahorradora de piel. La técnica de expansión tisular con la mastectomía presentó mayores complicaciones (63,6 por ciento) y menor simetría. La necrosis parcial de piel fue la mayor complicación en 7,3 por ciento y estuvo relacionadas con las técnicas ahorradoras de piel. Conclusiones: Evaluar de forma objetiva la simetría mamaria permitió conocer la efectividad de las técnicas quirúrgicas reconstructivas. Con las técnicas de cirugía oncoplástica y mastectomía ahorradora de piel se obtuvieron los mejores resultados estéticos y pocas complicaciones. La expansión mamaria inmediata con una mastectomía radical modificada no ofrece ninguna ventaja(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Immediate breast reconstruction reduces the psychological impact of breast cancer and improves the quality of life of patients. Objective: To assess symmetry in immediate breast reconstruction at the of Cuba. Method: An analytical and prospective study of incident cohort was carried out in the reconstructive surgery service at the National Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology (INOR), from 2014 to 2017. Forty-one patients who consented to participate in the study were included. Demographic and oncoreconstructive variables were collected. A software created in the institution was used to assess breast symmetry. The data were collected from the medical histories. The corrected chi-square test and odds ratio were applied for statistical analysis. Results: 30.2 percent of women who received reconstruction belonged to the age group 30-39 years; 46.3 percent were overweight. The best symmetry was found with oncoplastic techniques (31.7 percent), followed by skin-sparing mastectomy. The tissue expansion technique with mastectomy presented greater complications (63.6 percent) and less symmetry. Partial skin necrosis was the major complication, accounting for 7.3 percent of the cases, and was related to skin-sparing techniques. Conclusions: Objectively evaluating breast symmetry allowed us to know the effectiveness of reconstructive surgical techniques. With oncoplastic surgery and skin-sparing mastectomy techniques, the best aesthetic outcomes and few complications were obtained. Immediate breast expansion with a modified radical mastectomy offers no benefit(AU)

Avaliação do perfil dos tumores de mama localmente avançados de estadiamento inicial T4N0 no Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva / Profile assessment of locally advanced T4N0 breast tumors at the National Cancer Institute José Alencar Gomes da Silva

"Introdução: O câncer de mama localmente avançado é uma forma de apresentação ainda bastante frequente em países em desenvolvimento, correspondendo a um grupo heterogêneo de tumores com comportamento biológico variado. As pacientes são tratadas com abordagem multidisciplinar, incluindo tratamento sistêmico, cirurgia radical e radioterapia. Objetivo: Avaliar se há características presentes em tumores de estadiamento clínico T4N0 que poderiam dar respaldo à realização de biópsia de linfonodo sentinela. Método: Estudo retrospectivo incluindo 50 pacientes com carcinoma invasivo de mama localmente avançado matriculadas no Instituto Nacional de Câncer no período entre fevereiro de 2008 a agosto de 2010. Todas as pacientes foram submetidas a tratamento cirúrgico com mastectomia radical modificada e todas as pacientes foram submetidas à radioterapia adjuvante. Utilizadas variáveis como tamanho do tumor, número de linfonodos acometidos, subtipo molecular e ocorrência de linfedema. Resultados: A média de idade foi 59,42 anos. O tamanho médio do tumor pré-tratamento foi 5,83 cm e pós-tratamento foi 3,2 cm. Terapia neoadjuvante sistêmica foi administrada a 40 pacientes. Trinta e seis casos tinham receptor de estrogênio positivo, 19 pacientes eram receptor de progesterona positivo, 10 pacientes apresentavam HER2 positivo, 5 casos de tumores receptor hormonal negativo e HER2 positivo, 9 pacientes tumores triplo negativos e cinco pacientes com tumores do tipo luminal híbrido. Vinte e três pacientes não apresentaram linfonodos positivos na peça cirúrgica; 18 pacientes apresentaram 1 a 3 linfonodos positivos, 6 pacientes apresentaram de 4 a 9 linfonodos comprometidos e 3 pacientes com 10 ou mais linfonodos comprometidos. Apresentaram linfedema 34% das pacientes, sendo que 41,1% não apresentaram doença axilar na patologia pós-operatória. Das vinte e três pacientes com ausência de doença axilar, 82,6% das pacientes apresentavam, ao exame clínico na triagem, apenas edema cutâneo como característica para classificação T4. Conclusão: A biópsia de linfonodo sentinela poderia ser considerada em casos selecionados de pacientes classificadas como T4b que apresentam como alteração apenas o edema de pele, e com o tratamento sistêmico apresentam resposta terapêutica e resolução completa da alteração cutânea, mantendo-se com axila clinicamente negativa, podendo se beneficiar de um procedimento menos invasivo na axila"(AU)

"Introduction: Locally advanced breast cancer is a form of presentation that is still quite frequent in developing countries, corresponding to a heterogeneous group of tumors with varied biological behavior. Patients are usually treated with a multidisciplinary approach, including systemic treatment, radical surgery and radiation therapy. Objective: To evaluate if there are characteristics present in T4N0 clinical staging tumors that could support the performance of sentinel lymph node biopsy. Method: Retrospective study including 50 patients with locally advanced invasive breast carcinoma enrolled at the National Cancer Institute from February 2008 to August 2010. All patients underwent surgical treatment with modified radical mastectomy and all patients underwent adjuvant radiotherapy. Variables such as tumor size, number of affected lymph nodes, molecular subtype and occurrence of lymphedema were assessed. Results: The average age was 59.42 years. The average size of the pretreatment tumor was 5.83 cm and post-treatment was 3.2 cm. Systemic neoadjuvant therapy was administered to 40 patients. Thirty-six cases had positive estrogen receptor, 19 patients were positive progesterone receptor, 10 patients had HER2 positive, 5 cases of negative hormone receptor and positive HER2 tumors, 9 patients with triple negative tumors and 5 patients with hybrid luminal tumors. 23 patients did not present positive lymph nodes in the surgical specimen; 18 patients had 1 to 3 positive lymph nodes, 6 patients had 4 to 9 compromised lymph nodes and 3 patients with 10 or more compromised lymph nodes. 34% of the patients had lymphedema, and 41.1% of them had no axillary disease in the postoperative pathology. Of the 23 patients with no axillary disease, 82.6% of the patients presented, at screening, on clinical examination, only cutaneous edema as a characteristic for T4 classification. Conclusion: Sentinel lymph node biopsy could be considered in selected cases of patients classified as T4b who present only skin edema as an alteration, and with systemic treatment present therapeutic response and complete resolution of the skin alteration, maintaining a clinically negative armpit and may benefit from a less invasive procedure in the armpit."(AU)

Infecciones del sitio operatorio posterior a mastectomía radical modificada, análisis epidemiológico en una clínica oncológica / Surgical site infections after modified radical mastectomy, epidemiological analysis at an oncology center

Introducción.La tasa de incidencia de infecciones del sitio operatorio asociadas a cirugías mamarias varía desde el 6 hasta el 38 %. Se presentan la incidencia local y el perfil microbiológico de las infecciones en una clínica oncológica.Métodos.Se trata de un estudio de cohorte, prospectivo, descriptivo, durante un periodo de un año en el Instituto Médico de Alta Tecnología, IMAT Oncomédica, de mujeres con diagnóstico de cáncer de mama, que presentaron infecciones del sitio operatorio después de la mastectomía. Resultados.Se encontraron 335 cirugías registradas y la incidencia de infecciones del sitio operatorio fue del 3,38 %, todas en mastectomías radicales con reconstrucción. Se obtuvo crecimiento bacteriano en el 77 % de los cultivos, principalmente de cocos Gram positivos, con predominio de Staphylococcus aureus sensible a la meticilina (SAMS). Los bacilos Gram negativos representaron el 40 %. Se administraron cefalosporinas de primera generación como profilaxis antibiótica prequirúrgica, la cual fue correcta en el 31 % de los casos. En el 50 % de las pacientes infectadas se practicó el baño prequirúrgico y se cumplió el protocolo institucional. Conclusiones. La incidencia encontrada de infecciones del sitio operatorio es menor que la reportada en otras series. Staphylococcus aureus sensible a la meticilina fue el microorganismo responsable más frecuente. El cum-plimiento de la profilaxis con cefalosporina y baño prequirúrgico es fundamental para disminuir la incidencia de infecciones del sitio operatorio

Introduction.The incidence rate of surgical site infection associated with breast surgeries ranges from 6% to 38%. We present the local incidence and microbiological profile of infections in an oncology clinic.Methods. Prospective, descriptive cohort study over a one-year period of women diagnosed with breast cancer at Instituto Médico de Alta Tecnología, IMAT Oncomédica, and have developed surgical site infection after mastectomy.Results. 335 registered surgeries were found. The incidence of surgical site infection was 3.38%, all of them in radical mastectomies with reconstruction. Bacterial growth was obtained in 77% of crops. Gram-positive were the main microorganisms responsible, predominantly methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (SAMS). Gram-Negative bacilli accounted for 40%. First generation cephalosporins were administered as presurgical antibiotic prophylaxis, which was correct in 31% of cases. In 50% of infected patients, the pre-surgical bath was performed and the institutional protocol was complied with.Conclusion. Our incidence of surgical site infection was lower than reported in other series. SAMS was the most common responsible microorganism. Compliance with cephalosporin and pre-surgical bath prophylaxis is critical to reducing the incidence of operative site infections.

Perfil epidemiológico de mulheres mastectomizadas em um serviço de referência localizado no Vale do Taquari/RS / Epidemiological Profile of Mastectomized Women in a Reference Service Located in Vale do Taquari/RS / Perfil epidemiológico de mujeres mastectomizadas en un servicio de referencia localizado en el Valle del Taquari/RS

Justificativa e Objetivos: O câncer de mama é o de maior incidência entre as mulheres no país, sendo a cirurgia a principal medida de tratamento, associada ou não a terapias adjuvantes. O objetivo deste trabalho é verificar o número e identificar o perfil epidemiológico de mulheres diagnosticadas com câncer de mama que realizaram mastectomia radical modificada em um hospital de referência, localizado no Vale do Taquari, no Rio Grande do Sul. Métodos: Estudo epidemiológico retrospectivo, de abordagem quantitativa, no qual foram averiguados 329 prontuários. As variáveis analisadas foram: idade, município de encaminhamento, escolaridade e raça. Resultados: Foram realizadas 150 cirurgias de mastectomia radical entre janeiro de 2008 a junho de 2016, identificando-se mulheres de maioria branca, com baixa escolaridade, na faixa etária superior a 50 anos, provenientes de 29 municípios da região estudada. Conclusão: O perfil epidemiológico da população atendida na referida região segue as características locorregionais e nacionais. Dada a alta incidência de câncer de mama em brasileiras, o número acentuado de mulheres com baixa escolaridade acometidas e, o impacto da doença na qualidade de vida, sugere-se a realização de estudos que verifiquem a evolução pós-operatória, reabilitação clínica, física, psicológica e social após cirurgia de mastectomia radical.(AU)

Background and Objectives: Breast cancer is the one with the highest incidence among women in the country, with surgery being the main measure of treatment, associated or not with adjuvant therapies. The aim is to verify the number and identify the epidemiological profile of women diagnosed with breast cancer who underwent radical modified mastectomy at a referral hospital, located in Vale do Taquari, Rio Grande do Sul. Methods: Retrospective epidemiological study, in which 329 medical records were investigated. The analyzed variables were: age, municipality of referral, schooling and race. Results: 150 radical mastectomy surgeries were performed between January 2008 and June 2016, identifying mostly white women with low schooling in the age group over 50 years of age from 29 municipalities in the region studied. Conclusion: The epidemiological profile of the population served in this region follows the locoregional and national characteristics. Given the high incidence of breast cancer in Brazilians, the high number of women with low schooling affected, and the impact of the disease on quality of life, it is suggested to carry out studies that verify the postoperative evolution, clinical rehabilitation, physical, psychological and social after radical mastectomy surgery.(AU)

Justificación y Objetivos: El cáncer de mama es el de mayor incidencia entre las mujeres en el país, siendo la cirugía la principal medida de tratamiento, asociada o no a terapias adyuvantes. El objetivo de este trabajo es verificar el número e identificar el perfil epidemiológico de mujeres diagnosticadas con cáncer de mama que realizaron mastectomía radical modificada en un hospital de referencia, localizado en el Valle del Taquari, en Rio Grande do Sul/Brasil. Métodos: Estudio epidemiológico retrospectivo, enfoque cuantitativo, en el que se verificaron 329 registros. Las variables analizadas fueron: edad, municipio de encaminamiento, escolaridad y raza. Resultados: Se realizaron 150 cirugías de mastectomía radical entre enero de 2008 a junio de 2016, identificándose mujeres de mayoría blanca, con baja escolaridad, en la franja etaria superior a 50 años, provenientes de 29 municipios de la región estudiada. Conclusiones: El perfil epidemiológico de la población atendida en la referida región sigue las características locorregionales y nacionales. Dada la alta incidencia de cáncer de mama en las brasileñas, el número acentuado de mujeres con baja escolaridad acometidas y, el impacto de la enfermedad en la calidad de vida, se sugiere la realización de estudios que verifiquen la evolución post-operatoria, rehabilitación clínica, física, psicológica y social tras cirugía de mastectomía radical.(AU)

Resultados del tratamiento quirúrgico del cáncer de mama en mujeres hasta 40 años de edad / Outcome of surgical treatment of breast cancer in women under 40 years of age

Introducción: El cáncer de mama es el más frecuente y la principal causa de muerte por cáncer en la mujer. Es de peor pronóstico en las mujeres jóvenes por presentar una histología más agresiva y mayor índice de recidivas. Objetivo: Evaluar los resultados del tratamiento quirúrgico del cáncer de mama en mujeres hasta 40 años de edad en el Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Hermanos Ameijeiras. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, longitudinal, retrospectivo y prospectivo en el período de mayo de 2005 a mayo de 2015. Se estudiaron 79 mujeres hasta 40 años que fueron operadas por diagnóstico de cáncer de mama. Resultados: Se encontró que 83,5 por ciento tenían entre 35 y 40 años, con solo 4 casos por debajo de los 30 años (5,1 por ciento). El 38,4 por ciento negaron historia familiar de cáncer. Las manifestaciones clínicas más frecuentes fueron la presencia de nódulos no dolorosos en 93,7 por ciento y nódulo de consistencia dura en 44,3 por ciento. Predominaron los tumores en estadio I con 48,1 por ciento, seguido del estadio II con 32,9 por ciento. La técnica quirúrgica más empleada fue la Mastectomía Radical Modificada en 58 casos (73,4 por ciento). En 37 pacientes (46,8 por ciento) hubo recaída de la enfermedad. Durante el seguimiento hubo 11 fallecidas (13,9 por ciento). El tiempo medio de supervivencia global fue de aproximadamente 9 años con una variación entre 7 y 10 años. El tiempo medio de supervivencia libre de enfermedad fue de 5,5 años con una variación entre 5 y 6 años para un intervalo de confianza del 95 por ciento. Conclusiones: En las mujeres menores de 40 años el cáncer de mama es de peor pronóstico por presentar una histología más agresiva y mayor índice de recidivas(AU)

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer and the main cause of death for cancer in women. It has a worse prognosis in young women due to more aggressive histology and higher recurrence rate. Objective: To assess the results of the surgical treatment of breast cancer in women up to 40 years of age in Hermanos Ameijeiras Clinical-Surgical Hospital. Method: A descriptive, longitudinal, retrospective and prospective study was carried out in the period from May 2005 to May 2015. Results: 79 women aged up to 40 years with a diagnosis of breast cancer who underwent surgery were studied. It was found that 83.5 percent were between 35 and 40 years old, with only 4 cases below 30 years (5.1 percent). 38.4 percent referred no family history of cancer. The most frequent clinical manifestations were the presence of non-painful nodules in 93.7 percent and nodule of hard consistency in 44.3 percent. The tumors in stage I predominated, with 48.1 percent, followed by other in stage II, with 32.9 percent. The most widely used surgical technique was modified radical mastectomy, in 58 cases (73.4 percent). In 37 patients (46.8 percent), there was relapse of the disease. During the follow-up, 11 patients (13.9 percent) deceased. The average time of overall survival was approximately 9 years, with a variation between 7 and 10 years. The mean time of disease-free survival was 5.5 years, with a variation between 5 and 6 years, which represents a 95 percent confidence interval. Conclusions: In women under 40 years of age, breast cancer has a worse prognosis due to a more aggressive histology and higher recurrence rate(AU)

Percepção das Mulheres sobre sua Funcionalidade e Qualidade de Vida após Mastectomia / Women Perception of their Functionality and Quality of Life after Mastectomy / Percepción de las Mujeres sobre su Funcionalidad y Calidad de Vida después Mastectomía

Introdução: No Brasil, o diagnóstico do câncer de mama ocorre geralmente em fase avançada, culminando com tratamentos mais agressivos que levam a maiores sequelas funcionais e psicológicas, que interferem negativamente na qualidade de vida. Objetivo: Compreender e descrever a percepção das pacientes sobre o impacto do tratamento oncológico e a contribuição da fisioterapia na recuperação da sua qualidade de vida e funcionalidade. Método: Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo no qual foram incluídas 29 mulheres submetidas à mastectomia radical modificada, que apresentaram restrição da amplitude de movimento de membro superior. As pacientes realizaram dez atendimentos fisioterapêuticos e, ao final, foram submetidas a entrevistas semiestruturadas, categorizadas em relação aos efeitos do tratamento oncológico, limitações pós-cirúrgicas, conceito de qualidade de vida e impacto do tratamento fisioterapêutico no retorno às atividades de vida diária. Resultados: Após o tratamento, as pacientes relataram melhora da capacidade funcional, emocional e autoestima, possibilitando sua reinserção social e retorno às atividades de vida diária. Conclusão: Por meio dos relatos, foi possível concluir que a reabilitação promoveu resultados positivos na qualidade de vida e funcionalidade e ter uma percepção mais ampla sobre o impacto do adoecimento e do tratamento oncológico no cotidiano dessas mulheres, subsidiando assim caminhos para o aperfeiçoamento do cuidado fisioterapêutico a essa população.

Introduction: In Brazil, the breast cancer diagnosis usually occurs an advanced stage, culminating in more aggressive treatments that lead to greater functional and psychological sequelae that interfere negatively in the quality of life. Objective: This study aimed to understand and describe the patients' perception about the impact of cancer treatment and the contribution of physiotherapy to recovery their quality of life and functionality. Method: It ́s a qualitative study with twenty-nine women, underwent modified radical mastectomy and who presented a restriction of the range of motion of the upper limb. The patients underwent ten physiotherapeutic sessions and, in the end, they were submitted to semi-structured interviews, categorized in relation to the effects of oncological treatment, post-surgical limitations, concept of quality of life and impact of physical therapy on return to daily activities of daily living. Results: After the treatment, the patients reported functional, emotional and self-esteem improvement, allowing their social reinsertion and return activities of daily living. Conclusion: Through the reports, it was possible to conclude that the rehabilitation promoted positive results in the quality of life and functionality and we could have a broader perception about the impact of the illness and oncological treatment in the daily life of these women, thus subsidizing ways to improve the physiotherapeutic care to this population.

Introducción: En Brasil, el diagnóstico del cancro de mama ocurre generalmente, en fase avanzada, culminando con tratamientos más agresivos que llevan a mayores secuelas funcionales y psicológicas que interfieren negativamente en la calidad de vida. Objetivo: Comprender y describir la percepción de las pacientes sobre el impacto del tratamiento oncológico y la contribución de la fisioterapia en la mejora de su calidad de vida y funcionalidad. Método: Se trata de un estudio cualitativo en el que se incluyeron 29 mujeres, sometidas a la mastectomía radical modificada, que presentaron restricción de la amplitud de movimiento de miembro superior. Las pacientes realizaron diez atendimientos fisioterapéuticos y, al final, fueron sometidas a entrevistas semiestructuradas, categorizadas en relación a los efectos del tratamiento oncológico, limitaciones postquirúrgicas, concepto de calidad de vida e impacto del tratamiento fisioterapéutico en el retorno a las actividades de vida diaria. Resultados: Después del tratamiento, las pacientes reportaron mejoría de la capacidad funcional, emocional y autoestima, posibilitando su reinserción social, retorno a las actividades de vida diaria. Conclusión: Por medio de los relatos, fue posible concluir que la rehabilitación tuvo resultados positivos en la calidad de vida y funcionalidad y tener una percepción más amplia sobre el impacto de la enfermedad y del tratamiento oncológico en el cotidiano de esas mujeres, subsidiando así caminos para perfeccionar el cuidado fisioterapéutico a esta población.