Aborto legal na infância retratado pela imprensa escrita brasileira: perspectivas para o cuidado / Aborto legal en la infancia retratado por la prensa escrita brasileña: perspectivas para el cuidado / Legal abortion in childhood portraited by the brazilian written press: perspectives for care

Objetivo: identificar e interpretar à luz das categorias gênero e geração as contradições contidas em reportagens da imprensa escrita brasileira sobre caso envolvendo uma menina vítima de violência sexual e consequente aborto legal. Método: estudo documental de abordagem qualitativa. Os dados foram coletados por meio de 78 reportagens publicadas em 2 jornais no período de agosto a outubro de 2020, por meio de instrumento semiestruturado. O tratamento foi realizado por análise de conteúdo temática com apoio do webQDA. Resultados: foram identificadas três categorias empíricas: Proteção da infância expressa na legislação e no discurso dos agentes públicos; Concepções sobre o aborto e a inviolabilidade da integridade da criança; Volição dos adultos versus a autonomia da criança. Considerações finais: as contradições identificadas nas reportagens da mídia escrita brasileira no caso de uma menina desvelaram que sua autonomia, assim como o direito à proteção da infância e descriminalização do aborto, não foram respeitados.

Objetivo: identificar e interpretar, a la luz de las categorías de género y generación, las contradicciones contenidas en los reportajes de la prensa brasileña sobre el caso de una niña víctima de violencia sexual y consecuente aborto legal. Método: estudio documental con enfoque cualitativo. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de 78 reportajes publicados en 2 periódicos de agosto a octubre de 2020, utilizando un instrumento semiestructurado. El tratamiento se realizó mediante análisis de contenido temático con apoyo de webQDA. Resultados: se identificaron tres categorías empíricas: Protección de la niñez expresada en la legislación y en el discurso de los agentes públicos; Concepciones sobre el aborto y la inviolabilidad de la integridad del niño; Voluntad adulta versus autonomía infantil. Consideraciones finales: los resultados revelan las contradicciones identificadas en el caso de una niña brasileña, cuya autonomía, así como el derecho a la protección de la infancia y la despenalización del aborto, no fueron respetados.

Objective: to identify and interpret, based on the gender and generation categories, the contradictions contained in Brazilian written press reports on a case involving a girl victim of sexual violence and consequent legal abortion. Method: this is a documentary study with a qualitative approach. Data were collected through 78 reports published in 2 newspapers from august to october 2020, using a semi-structured instrument. The treatment was performed by thematic content analysis with support from webQDA. Results: three empirical categories were identified: Child protection expressed in legislation and the discourse of public agents; Conceptions about abortion and the inviolability of the child's integrity; Adult volition versus child autonomy. Final considerations: the results reveal the contradictions identified in the case of a Brazilian girl, whose autonomy, as well as the right to protection of childhood and decriminalization of abortion, were not respected.

Epilepsy through the eyes of the media: A paradox of positive reporting and challenges of access to advanced neurotechnology.

OBJECTIVE: Media coverage of disorders and medical advancements can impact public perception regarding the riskiness, effectiveness, and accessibility of treatment options. We studied that coverage for epilepsy with a focus on surgical interventions and emerging neurotechnologies. METHODS: Epilepsy-related English language articles published through 2019 were retrieved from online International news media with a circulation of 80,000 or above. We used directed content analysis of news articles to code content into a priori categories both to identify salient themes and to characterize their valence. RESULTS: One hundred forty-six unique articles matched our search terms. Overall, there was a steady increase in epilepsy reporting over time, with a majority of articles published with a positive tone. Neuromodulation was the focus of over 50% of all the articles in the time points analyzed. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) and deep-brain stimulation (DBS) were discussed more prominently than other types of neurotechnological interventions; VNS was the neurotechnological focus in 39% of the pediatric articles; resective surgery was the focus in 34% of adult articles. Access, support, and epilepsy literacy were the central themes in the context of ethical, legal, and social issues. SIGNIFICANCE: News media can influence the trust that the public places in science and medicine, and by extension, influences health policy. As innovations in neurotechnology for epilepsy emerge, understanding of individual and societal values is essential to their beneficial evolution and translation to care.

Freedom-deprived women: social representations of prison, violence, and their consequences / Mujeres privadas de libertad: representaciones sociales de la prisión, la violencia y sus consecuencias / Mulheres privadas de liberdade: representações sociais de prisão, violência e suas consequências

ABSTRACT Objective: To understand the social representations that women deprived of their freedom have of imprisonment, violence, and their consequences. Method: An exploratory-descriptive qualitative study with 15 women from a female penitentiary in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Semistructured interview was used. Data submitted to thematic content analysis and interpreted under Social Representations. Results: Categories identified: "Enclosed and abandoned in the prison environment": loss of contact with relatives, difficulties living in prison, and right to be reinserted into society. "Imprisoned in a cycle of social inequality": lack of support, access to education and employment opportunities, leading them to engage in new illicit activities and consequent imprisonment. Final considerations: The social representations of prisoners suggest that they perceive themselves to be doubly "imprisoned", either from the objective point of view, as an individual deprived of freedom; or subjective, as citizens who have their rights disrespected and their possibilities of rehabilitation limited by the prison system.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Comprender las representaciones sociales que las mujeres privadas de su libertad tienen sobre la prisión, la violencia y sus consecuencias. Método: Estudio cualitativo exploratorio-descriptivo realizado con 15 mujeres de una cárcel femenina del Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Se utilizó una entrevista semiestructurada. Los datos se sometieron al análisis de contenido temático y fueron interpretados a la luz de las Representaciones Sociales. Resultados: Categorías identificadas: "Enclaustradas y abandonadas en el ámbito penitenciario": pérdida de contacto con los familiares, dificultades de convivencia en la prisión y en lo que se refiere al derecho a ser reintegradas en la sociedad. "Encarceladas en un ciclo de desigualdad social": falta de apoyo, acceso a la educación y oportunidades de empleo, llevándolas a involucrarse en nuevas actividades ilícitas y por consiguiente volver a ser encarceladas. Consideraciones Finales: Las representaciones sociales de las detenidas sugieren que ellas se sienten doblemente "encarceladas", tanto desde el punto de vista objetivo, como individuo privado de su libertad, como del subjetivo, ciudadanas cuyos derechos no son respetados y sus posibilidades de rehabilitación son limitadas por el sistema penitenciario.

RESUMO Objetivo: Compreender as representações sociais que mulheres privadas de liberdade têm sobre prisão, violência e suas consequências. Método: Estudo qualitativo exploratório-descritivo realizado com 15 mulheres de uma penitenciária feminina do estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Foi utilizada entrevista semiestruturada. Dados submetidos à análise de conteúdo temática e interpretados à luz das Representações Sociais. Resultados: Categorias identificadas: "Enclausuradas e abandonadas no ambiente prisional": perda de contato com familiares, dificuldades de convívio na prisão e direito de serem reinseridas na sociedade. "Aprisionadas em um ciclo de desigualdade social": falta de apoio, acesso à educação e oportunidades de emprego, levando-as ao envolvimento em novas atividades ilícitas e consequente aprisionamento. Considerações finais: As representações sociais das detentas sugerem que elas se percebem duplamente "aprisionadas", seja do ponto de vista objetivo, como indivíduo privado de liberdade; ou subjetivo, como cidadãs que têm seus direitos desrespeitados e suas possibilidades de reabilitação limitadas pelo sistema prisional.

Social representations of transsexual women living with HIV/AIDS / Representaciones sociales de mujeres transexuales que viven con el VIH/Sida / Representações sociais de mulheres transexuais vivendo com HIV/Aids

ABSTRACT Objectives: identify the social representations of transsexual women living with HIV/AIDS. Methods: this is a qualitative descriptive exploratory study, based on the theory of social representations, conducted with six HIV/AIDS seropositive transsexual women from a hospital for patients with HIV/AIDS. For data collection, semi-structured interviews were conducted and later transcribed and analyzed with the help of Iramuteq (version 0.7) to produce a dendrogram of the descending hierarchical classification. Results: data were grouped into three classes: social thought and health/disease process; subjectivity and identity coping; and social determination and the context of vulnerability. Final Considerations: the elements of social representations were identified, based on commonsense knowledge, resulting from the way of thinking and acting and associated with the syndrome and social actors and sectors of the daily life of transsexual women. This study highlights the relevance of representational processes for humanized health care.

RESUMEN Objetivos: identificar las representaciones sociales de las mujeres transexuales que viven con el VIH/Sida. Métodos: estudio cualitativo, descriptivo y exploratorio, basándose en la teoría de las representaciones sociales, en el cual participaron seis mujeres transexuales seropositivas, en un hospital de referencia a personas con el VIH/Sida. En la recolección de datos, se hizo entrevistas semiestructuradas, siendo posteriormente transcriptas y analizadas con el auxilio del software Iramuteq (versión 0.7) para componer el dendograma a partir de la clasificación jerárquica descendente. Resultados: se agruparon los datos en tres clases: pensamiento social y el proceso salud/enfermedad; subjetividad y el enfrentamiento identitario; y determinación social y contexto de vulnerabilidad. Consideraciones Finales: se identificaron los elementos que componen las representaciones sociales, que buscan construir un conocimiento mediante el sentido común, siendo provenientes del modo de pensar y de actuar, asociados al síndrome y a los actores y sectores sociales en el cotidiano de las mujeres transexuales. Se pone en relieve la relevancia de los procesos representacionales para el cuidado de la salud de forma humanizada.

RESUMO Objetivos: identificar as representações sociais de mulheres transexuais vivendo com HIV/Aids. Métodos: estudo qualitativo, descritivo e exploratório, ancorado à teoria das representações sociais, realizado com seis mulheres transexuais soropositivas, num hospital de referência para pessoas com HIV/Aids. Realizaram-se, para a produção dos dados, entrevistas semiestruturadas, posteriormente transcritas e analisadas com o auxílio do software Iramuteq (versão 0.7) para compor o dendograma a partir da classificação hierárquica descendente. Resultados: obteve-se o agrupamento dos dados em três classes: pensamento social e o processo saúde/doença; subjetividade e o enfrentamento identitário; e determinação social e o contexto de vulnerabilidade. Considerações Finais: identificaram-se os elementos que compõem as representações sociais, objetivadas no conhecimento construído pelo senso comum, oriundos do modo de pensar e agir, associados à síndrome e aos atores e setores sociais no cotidiano das mulheres transexuais. Enaltece-se a relevância dos processos representacionais para o cuidado em saúde de forma humanizada.

Hierarchy of hair loss stigma: media portrayals of cancer, alopecia areata, and cancer in Israeli newspapers.

BACKGROUND: Over 300,000 people in Israel cope with temporary or permanent hair loss (alopecia) that results from diseases and medical treatments. For women, hair loss can be a highly traumatic event that may lead to adverse psychosocial consequences and health outcomes. Nevertheless, this phenomenon has been mostly ignored by health professionals as it is primarily considered an aesthetic-rather than as a health-related issue. Only recently the Healthcare Basket Committee approved financial assistance for the purchase of wigs by patients coping with hair loss. Given the important role that the media plays in shaping health policies related to diagnoses, treatment and support services, the current study sought to enrich our understanding of how the media portrays disease-related hair-loss. METHODS: Using framing and agenda-setting theories, this study examined the media portrayals of hair loss associated with three diseases-cancer, alopecia areata, and ringworm, depicted in Israeli newspapers in 1994-2016. The sample consisted of 470 articles about the three diseases: 306 on cancer, 36 on AA, and 128 on ringworm. RESULTS: Textual and visual analysis revealed the ways media marginalize this physical flaw. Cancer was framed in medical terms, and patients were portrayed as older Israeli-born people whose hair loss was absent from their experience. Ringworm was framed as a fear-inducing disease; patients were portrayed as faceless, unidentified immigrants that coped with visible hair loss. Articles on AA provided the greatest focus on the patient's experience of hair loss, but patients were portrayed as young foreign people. CONCLUSIONS: Our results revealed a hierarchy of stigmas against hair loss, in which the media coverage marginalized this experience. The omission of hair loss by the media may explain, at least in part, why health professionals often ignore the psychosocial needs of these patients. Health insurance funding of wigs is a helpful but nevertheless insufficient solution to coping with feminine hair loss. Our findings may encourage media leaders to conduct planned media interventions to increase awareness of clinicians and health policymakers about the unique challenges faced by women coping with hair loss and promote health policy-making aimed at the well-being of these women.

Following in the footsteps of tobacco and alcohol? Stakeholder discourse in UK newspaper coverage of the Soft Drinks Industry Levy.

OBJECTIVE: In politically contested health debates, stakeholders on both sides present arguments and evidence to influence public opinion and the political agenda. The present study aimed to examine whether stakeholders in the Soft Drinks Industry Levy (SDIL) debate sought to establish or undermine the acceptability of this policy through the news media and how this compared with similar policy debates in relation to tobacco and alcohol industries. DESIGN: Quantitative and qualitative content analysis of newspaper articles discussing sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) taxation published in eleven UK newspapers between 1 April 2015 and 30 November 2016, identified through the Nexis database. Direct stakeholder citations were entered in NVivo to allow inductive thematic analysis and comparison with an established typology of industry stakeholder arguments used by the alcohol and tobacco industries. SETTING: UK newspapers. PARTICIPANTS: Proponents and opponents of SSB tax/SDIL cited in UK newspapers. RESULTS: Four hundred and ninety-one newspaper articles cited stakeholders' (n 287) arguments in relation to SSB taxation (n 1761: 65 % supportive and 35 % opposing). Stakeholders' positions broadly reflected their vested interests. Inconsistencies arose from: changes in ideological position; insufficient clarity on the nature of the problem to be solved; policy priorities; and consistency with academic rigour. Both opposing and supportive themes were comparable with the alcohol and tobacco industry typology. CONCLUSIONS: Public health advocates were particularly prominent in the UK newspaper debate surrounding the SDIL. Advocates in future policy debates might benefit from seeking a similar level of prominence and avoiding inconsistencies by being clearer about the policy objective and mechanisms.

Nursing errors in the media: patient safety in the window.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the nursing errors reported by the journalistic media and interpret the main implications of this communication for the visibility of this problem. METHOD: Documental research, qualitative, descriptive and exploratory, with data collected in news reports from Brazil and Portugal, analyzed through hermeneutics with resources of Atlas Software. RESULTS: We analyzed 112 news items published between 2012 and 2016 that resulted in six categories: Year - highest occurrence in 2012; Age group of the patient - children; Professional category - nurses; Type of error - medication; Outcome - death; Possible attributed cause - occupational conditions. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: Nursing mistakes are a challenge for the profession, and the way they are communicated by the media is not very explanatory, contributing to a negative visibility of the profession, and to making society insecure. Improving the way they are served in the media contributes to the visibility of the problem without affecting the professional image.

Media portrayal of illness-related medical crowdfunding: A content analysis of newspaper articles in the United States and Canada.

BACKGROUND: Medical crowdfunding is a growing phenomenon, and newspapers are publishing on the topic. This research analyzed how illness-related crowdfunding and crowdfunding campaigns have recently been represented in newspapers that are popular in the United States and Canada. METHODS: A sample of 336 articles about medical crowdfunding published during the two year time period from October 7, 2015 to October 6, 2017 was produced using a Factiva search of the English language newspapers with the largest Canadian and United States readership. A coding frame was developed for and applied to the sample to analyze content. RESULTS: Articles portrayed crowdfunding campaigns positively (43.75%) and neutrally (47.92%), but rarely negatively (4.76%). Articles mostly mentioned the crowdfunding phenomenon with a neutral characterization (93.75%). Few (8.63%) articles mentioned ethical issues with the phenomenon of crowdfunding. Ailments most commonly precipitating the need for a campaign included cancer (49.11%) and rare disease (as stated by the article, 36.01%). Most articles (83.04%) note where donations and contributions can be made, and 59.23% included a hyperlink to an online crowdfunding campaign website. Some articles (26.49%) mentioned a specific monetary goal for the fundraising campaign. Of the 70 (20.83%) articles that indicated the treatment sought may be inefficacious, was unproven, was experimental or lacked regulatory approval, 56 (80.00%) noted where contributions can be made and 36 (51.43%) hyperlinked directly to an online crowdfunding campaign. CONCLUSIONS: Crowdfunding campaigns are portrayed positively much more often than negatively, many articles promote campaigns for unproven therapies, and links directly to crowdfunding campaign webpages are present in most articles. Overall, crowdfunding is often either implicitly or explicitly endorsed.

Images of alcohol in the adolescents' life of one quilombola community / Imágenes del alcohol en la vida de adolescentes de una comunidad "quilombola" / Imagens do álcool na vida de adolescentes de uma comunidade quilombola

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the images of alcohol in the rite of passage of adolescents of a quilombola community. Method: Qualitative and participatory study was developed by Creative and Sensitive Method, and guided by generated questions: "In my house, alcohol is..."; "Near my house, I see alcohol in..." Ten adolescents who live in a quilombola community in the north of the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil, participated in the group dynamics. The material was submitted to a thematic analysis. Results: Images of alcohol are common in the daily life of adolescents and can be seen in bars drinks, in their homes or in soccer fields; in different moments within the community (weekend barbecues, church celebrations, after soccer); and also in rites of passage, where adolescents first sipped or tasted alcohol with friends or socially with adults. Final Consideration: Alcohol in quilombola communities is cultural, and socially accepted, which turns it into a challenge for health professionals to promote health education with these adolescents.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar con los adolescentes de una comunidad "quilombola" las imágenes del alcohol en sus ritos de iniciación. Método: Estudio cualitativo, participativo, aplicando el Método Creativo y Sensible, orientado por las cuestiones: "En casa, la bebida alcohólica está…"; "Cerca de casa, veo la bebida alcohólica en…". Diez adolescentes residentes en comunidad "quilombola" del norte de Espírito Santo participaron en las dinámicas. Materiales sometidos a análisis temático. Resultados: Las imágenes del alcohol son constantes en el día a día del adolescente, están presentes en bares, casa, campo de fútbol; en diferentes momentos comunitarios (asado de fin de semana, fiestas religiosas, luego del fútbol); y en los ritos de iniciación, probando el alcohol con amigos o consumiéndolo socialmente con adultos. Consideraciones Finales: El alcohol en la comunidad "quilombola" es cultural y socialmente aceptado, convirtiéndose en desafío para los profesionales de salud en la promoción y la educación en salud de estos adolescentes.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar, com os adolescentes de uma comunidade quilombola, as imagens do álcool em seus ritos de passagem. Método: Estudo qualitativo e participativo, com o Método Criativo e Sensível, conduzido pelas questões: "Na minha casa a bebida alcoólica está..."; "Perto da minha casa eu vejo a bebida alcoólica em..." Dez adolescentes residentes em comunidade quilombola do norte do Espírito Santo participaram das dinâmicas. Os materiais foram submetidos a análise temática. Resultados: Imagens da bebida alcoólica são constantes no cotidiano do adolescente e estão presentes nos botecos, na casa, no campo de futebol; em diferentes momentos da comunidade (churrasco de fim de semana, festas da igreja, depois do futebol); e, nos ritos de passagem, experimentando álcool entre pares ou usando socialmente com adultos. Considerações Finais: O álcool na comunidade quilombola é cultural e socialmente aceito, tornando-se um desafio para os profissionais de saúde na promoção e na educação em saúde com esses adolescentes.

Nursing errors in the media: patient safety in the window / Errores de enfermería en los medios: la seguridad del paciente en la vitrina / Erros de enfermagem na mídia: a segurança do paciente na vitrine

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the nursing errors reported by the journalistic media and interpret the main implications of this communication for the visibility of this problem. Method: Documental research, qualitative, descriptive and exploratory, with data collected in news reports from Brazil and Portugal, analyzed through hermeneutics with resources of Atlas Software. Results: We analyzed 112 news items published between 2012 and 2016 that resulted in six categories: Year - highest occurrence in 2012; Age group of the patient - children; Professional category - nurses; Type of error - medication; Outcome - death; Possible attributed cause - occupational conditions. Final considerations: Nursing mistakes are a challenge for the profession, and the way they are communicated by the media is not very explanatory, contributing to a negative visibility of the profession, and to making society insecure. Improving the way they are served in the media contributes to the visibility of the problem without affecting the professional image.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar los errores de enfermería noticiados por los medios periodísticos e interpretar las principales implicaciones de esa comunicación para la visibilidad de esta problemática. Método: Investigación documental, cualitativa, descriptiva y exploratoria, con los datos recogidos en los informes periódicos de Brasil y Portugal, analizó utilizando la hermenéutica con fondos de la Atlas.ti Software. Resultados: Se analizaron 112 noticias publicadas entre 2012 y 2016 que resultaron en seis categorías: Año - mayor ocurrencia en 2012; Edad del paciente - niños; Categoría profesional - enfermeros; Tipo de error - medicación; Descenso - muerte; y Posible causa atribuida - condiciones de trabajo. Consideraciónes finales: Los errores de enfermería constituyen un desafío para la profesión, y la forma en que son comunicados por los medios es poco explicativa, contribuyendo a una visibilidad negativa de la profesión, y para dejar a la sociedad insegura. Mejorar la forma en que se transmiten en los medios de comunicación contribuyen a la visibilidad del problema sin afectar la imagen profesional.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar os erros de enfermagem noticiados pela mídia jornalística e interpretar as principais implicações dessa comunicação para a visibilidade dessa problemática. Método: Pesquisa documental, qualitativa, descritiva e exploratória, com dados coletados em notícias de jornais do Brasil e Portugal, analisados por meio da hermenêutica com recursos do Software Atlas.ti. Resultados: Foram analisadas 112 notícias publicadas entre 2012 e 2016 que resultaram em seis categorias: Ano - maior ocorrência em 2012; Faixa etária do paciente - crianças; Categoria profissional - enfermeiros; Tipo de erro - medicação; Desfecho - morte; Possível causa atribuída - condições de trabalho. Considerações finais: Erros de enfermagem constituem um desafio para a profissão, e a forma como são comunicados pela mídia é pouco explicativa, contribuindo para uma visibilidade negativa da profissão, e para deixar a sociedade insegura. Melhorar a forma como são veiculados na mídia contribuem para a visibilidade do problema sem afetar a imagem profissional.

Taking the pressure off the spring: the case of rebounding smoking rates when antitobacco campaigns ceased.

OBJECTIVE: Smoking rates have been compared with a spring, requiring continuous downward pressure against protobacco forces, rather than a screw, which once driven down stays down. Quality antitobacco mass media campaigns put downward pressure on smoking rates. The suspension of a major Australian state campaign provided a natural experiment to assess effects on smoking. Furthermore, we document the positive influence of robust monitoring and mature advocacy on the political decision to reinstate funding. We also document the misuse by industry of South Australian smoking data from the period between Australia's implementation and subsequent evaluation of plain packaging. METHODS: A time series analysis was used to examine monthly smoking prevalence trends at each of four intervention points: (A) commencement of high-intensity mass media campaign (August 2010); (B) introduction of plain packaging (December 2012), (C) defunding of campaign (July 2013); and (D) reinstatement of moderate-intensity campaign (July 2014). FINDINGS: The suspension of the antitobacco campaign was disruptive to achieving smoking prevalence targets. There was an absence of a downward monthly smoking prevalence trajectory during the non-campaign period. Moreover, there was a significant decline in smoking prevalence during the period of high-intensity advertising, which continued after the introduction of plain packaging laws, and at the recommencement of campaign activity. CONCLUSIONS: While the observed declines in smoking prevalence are likely due to a combination of interventions and cannot be attributed exclusively to antitobacco advertising, the results reinforce the political decision to reinstate the campaign and demonstrate the need for maintained investment to keep downward pressure on smoking rates.

Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) View it Differently Than Non-LGBT: Exposure to Tobacco-related Couponing, E-cigarette Advertisements, and Anti-tobacco Messages on Social and Traditional Media.

BACKGROUND: LGBT populations use tobacco at disparately higher rates nationwide, compared to national averages. The tobacco industry has a history targeting LGBT with marketing efforts, likely contributing to this disparity. This study explores whether exposure to tobacco content on traditional and social media is associated with tobacco use among LGBT and non-LGBT. METHODS: This study reports results from LGBT (N = 1092) and non-LGBT (N = 16430) respondents to a 2013 nationally representative cross-sectional online survey of US adults (N = 17522). Frequency and weighted prevalence were estimated and adjusted logistic regression analyses were conducted. RESULTS: LGBT reported significantly higher rates of past 30-day tobacco media exposure compared to non-LGBT, this effect was strongest among LGBT who were smokers (p < .05). LGBT more frequently reported exposure to, searching for, or sharing messages related to tobacco couponing, e-cigarettes, and anti-tobacco on new or social media (eg, Twitter, Facebook, etc.) than did non-LGBT (p < .05). Non-LGBT reported more exposure from traditional media sources such as television, most notably anti-tobacco messages (p = .0088). LGBT had higher odds of past 30-day use of cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and cigars compared to non-LGBT, adjusting for past 30-day media exposure and covariates (p ≤ .0001). CONCLUSIONS: LGBT (particularly LGBT smokers) are more likely to be exposed to and interact with tobacco-related messages on new and social media than their non-LGBT counterparts. Higher levels of tobacco media exposure were significantly associated with higher likelihood of tobacco use. This suggests tobacco control must work toward reaching LGBT across a variety of media platforms, particularly new and social media outlets. IMPLICATIONS: This study provides important information about LGBT communities tobacco-related disparities in increased exposure to pro-tobacco messages via social media, where the tobacco industry has moved since the MSA. Further, LGBT when assessed as a single population appear to identify having decreased exposure to anti-tobacco messages via traditional media, where we know a large portion of tobacco control and prevention messages are placed. The study points to the need for targeted and tailored approaches by tobacco control to market to LGBT using on-line resources and tools in order to help reduce LGBT tobacco-related health disparities. Although there have been localized campaigns, only just recently have such LGBT-tailored national campaigns been developed by the CDC, FDA, and Legacy, assessment of the content, effectiveness, and reach of both local and national campaigns will be important next steps.

The palatability of sugar-sweetened beverage taxation: A content analysis of newspaper coverage of the UK sugar debate.

BACKGROUND: Excess sugar consumption, including sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), contributes to a variety of negative health outcomes, particularly for young people. The mass media play a powerful role in influencing public and policy-makers' perceptions of public health issues and their solutions. We analysed how sugar and SSB policy debates were presented in UK newspapers at a time of heightened awareness and following the announcement of the UK Government's soft drinks industry levy (SDIL), to inform future public health advocacy. METHODS & FINDINGS: We carried out quantitative content analysis of articles discussing the issues of sugar and SSB consumption published in 11 national newspapers from April 2015 to November 2016. 684 newspaper articles were analysed using a structured coding frame. Coverage peaked in line with evidence publication, campaigner activities and policy events. Articles predominantly supportive of SSB taxation (23.5%) outnumbered those that were predominantly oppositional (14.2%). However, oppositional articles outnumbered supportive ones in the month of the announcement of the SDIL. Sugar and SSB consumption were presented as health risks, particularly affecting young people, with the actions of industry often identified as the cause of the public health problem. Responsibility for addressing sugar overconsumption was primarily assigned to government intervention. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the policy landscape favouring fiscal solutions to curb sugar and SSB consumption has benefited from media coverage characterising the issue as an industry-driven problem. Media coverage may drive greater public acceptance of the SDIL and any future taxation of products containing sugar. However, future advocacy efforts should note the surge in opposition coinciding with the announcement of the SDIL, which echoes similar patterns of opposition observed in tobacco control debates.

O papel da mídia na construção da agenda governamental para o SUS no Rio de Janeiro / The role played by mass media in constructing the governmental agenda on SUS in Rio de Janeiro / El papel de los medios de comunicación de masas en la construcción de la agenda del gobierno de Rio de Janeiro para el SUS

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar o papel da mídia na formulação da agenda governamental de saúde no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Foram coletadas notícias publicadas sobre o tema nos três jornais de maior circulação nesse estado entre 2003 e 2011. Reuniram-se 3.305 notícias, posteriormente agrupadas em oito categorias. A análise dos dados mostra que a mídia foi o principal ator do processo de mudança do modelo de gestão das unidades de saúde, ao enquadrar o tema de forma a favorecer uma visão negativa da prestação de serviços feita diretamente pela administração pública. Isso permitiu a formação de uma opinião pública favorável ao projeto de implantação de organizações sociais apresentado pelo governador Sérgio Cabral e seu secretário de Saúde, Sérgio Côrtes.(AU)

The purpose of this article is to analyze the role of mass media in creating health governmental agenda in the state of Rio de Janeiro. We collected news published on the subject in the three most circulated newspapers in that state from 2003 till 2011. We gathered 3.305 news and subsequently we grouped them into eight categories. The analysis of data shows that the media was the main actor in the process of changing the management model of the health units by framing the theme so that to favour a negative view on the provision of services directly by the public administration. This allowed the formation of a public opinion favorable to the project of implantation of OS - organizações sociais (social organizations, a specific kind of private association) presented by the governor Sérgio Cabral and his secretary of health, Sérgio Côrtes.

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el papel de los medios de comunicación de masas en la formulación de la agenda gubernamental de salud en estado de Río de Janeiro. Se recogieron noticias publicadas sobre el tema en los tres periódicos de mayor circulación en aquel estado entre 2003 y 2011. Se reunieron 3.305 noticias, posteriormente agrupadas en ocho categorías. El análisis de los datos muestra que los medios de comunicación de masas fueron el actor principal del proceso de cambio del modelo de gestión de las unidades de salud al encuadrar el tema favoreciendo una visión negativa de la prestación de servicios directamente por la administración pública. Esto permitió la formación de una opinión pública favorable al proyecto de implantación de OS ­ organizações sociais (organizaciones sociales, un tipo específico de asociación privada) presentado por el gobernador Sérgio Cabral y su secretario de salud, Sérgio Côrtes.

Public Opinions Toward Diseases: Infodemiological Study on News Media Data.

BACKGROUND: Society always has limited resources to expend on health care, or anything else. What are the unmet medical needs? How do we allocate limited resources to maximize the health and welfare of the people? These challenging questions might be re-examined systematically within an infodemiological frame on a much larger scale, leveraging the latest advancement in information technology and data science. OBJECTIVE: We expanded our previous work by investigating news media data to reveal the coverage of different diseases and medical conditions, together with their sentiments and topics in news articles over three decades. We were motivated to do so since news media plays a significant role in politics and affects the public policy making. METHODS: We analyzed over 3.5 million archive news articles from Reuters media during the periods of 1996/1997, 2008 and 2016, using summary statistics, sentiment analysis, and topic modeling. Summary statistics illustrated the coverage of various diseases and medical conditions during the last 3 decades. Sentiment analysis and topic modeling helped us automatically detect the sentiments of news articles (ie, positive versus negative) and topics (ie, a series of keywords) associated with each disease over time. RESULTS: The percentages of news articles mentioning diseases and medical conditions were 0.44%, 0.57% and 0.81% in the three time periods, suggesting that news media or the public has gradually increased its interests in medicine since 1996. Certain diseases such as other malignant neoplasm (34%), other infectious diseases (20%), and influenza (11%) represented the most covered diseases. Two hundred and twenty-six diseases and medical conditions (97.8%) were found to have neutral or negative sentiments in the news articles. Using topic modeling, we identified meaningful topics on these diseases and medical conditions. For instance, the smoking theme appeared in the news articles on other malignant neoplasm only during 1996/1997. The topic phrases HIV and Zika virus were linked to other infectious diseases during 1996/1997 and 2016, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The multi-dimensional analysis of news media data allows the discovery of focus, sentiments and topics of news media in terms of diseases and medical conditions. These infodemiological discoveries could shed light on unmet medical needs and research priorities for future and provide guidance for the decision making in public policy.

Representing a "revolution": how the popular press has portrayed personalized medicine.

PURPOSE: This study investigated the portrayal of "personalized" and "precision" medicine (PM) in North American news over the past decade. Content analysis of print and online news was conducted to determine how PM has been defined and to identify the frames used to discuss PM, including associated topics, benefits, and concerns. METHODS: A data set was built using the FACTIVA database, searching for popular North American publications with the terms "personalized (personalised) medicine" and/or "precision medicine" from 1 January 2005 to 15 March 2016. The final set of publications totaled 774. RESULTS: PM is almost exclusively defined as related to genetics and is often part of a story related to cancer. The PM story is overwhelmingly one of highlighting (potential) benefits and optimism, especially in shorter publications, and ones where PM is not the main focus. This promotional PM discourse has remained fairly consistent over the past decade. CONCLUSION: The numerous concerns associated with PM have received little attention over the past decade, especially in articles more likely to be encountered by a more general audience. This promotion of PM serves as an example of the science hyping that takes place in science reportage and may have implications for consumers, public expectations, and related health policy.

Assessing U.S. Health Journalists' Beliefs About Medical Overtreatment and the Impact of Related News Coverage.

The United States spends more on health care than any other country in the world, but often experiences poorer health outcomes and lower patient satisfaction than other developed countries. One possible explanation for this paradox is overtreatment, the use of medical tests and treatment for which harms outweigh benefits. Because journalists play a key role in informing people about the health care system, including issues such as overtreatment, it is important to understand how they define the issue and its importance. This qualitative study of health news journalists offers an analysis of journalists' perspectives on overtreatment coverage. The interviews produced four major themes in regard to journalists' beliefs about overtreatment and its coverage: journalists' roles and responsibilities, the medical context, causes of overtreatment, and economics/costs. Journalists view overtreatment as an important but complex issue driven by Americans' faith in medicine and cultural norms that make uncertainty unacceptable. The medical contexts most associated with overtreatment are cancer testing and treatment and overprescribing. Journalists see themselves as providing information to help consumers make personal treatment decisions, rather than helping audiences understand health policy. For decades, the American public has expressed dissatisfaction with the U.S. health system; in one recent assessment, two-thirds of Americans graded the overall quality of health care in the country at a "C" or worse (Blendon, Benson, SteelFisher, & Weldon, 2011; Blendon, Brodie, Benson, Altman, & Buhr, 2006). A study of patient satisfaction in 11 Western countries showed greater dissatisfaction with the U.S. system than with those in any of the comparison countries, with more than one-quarter of Americans saying the U.S. health system needs to be completely rebuilt (Papanicolas, Cylus, & Smith, 2013).