A genetic history of continuity and mobility in the Iron Age central Mediterranean.

The Iron Age was a dynamic period in central Mediterranean history, with the expansion of Greek and Phoenician colonies and the growth of Carthage into the dominant maritime power of the Mediterranean. These events were facilitated by the ease of long-distance travel following major advances in seafaring. We know from the archaeological record that trade goods and materials were moving across great distances in unprecedented quantities, but it is unclear how these patterns correlate with human mobility. Here, to investigate population mobility and interactions directly, we sequenced the genomes of 30 ancient individuals from coastal cities around the central Mediterranean, in Tunisia, Sardinia and central Italy. We observe a meaningful contribution of autochthonous populations, as well as highly heterogeneous ancestry including many individuals with non-local ancestries from other parts of the Mediterranean region. These results highlight both the role of local populations and the extreme interconnectedness of populations in the Iron Age Mediterranean. By studying these trans-Mediterranean neighbours together, we explore the complex interplay between local continuity and mobility that shaped the Iron Age societies of the central Mediterranean.

Genetic continuity of Indo-Iranian speakers since the Iron Age in southern Central Asia.

Since prehistoric times, southern Central Asia has been at the crossroads of the movement of people, culture, and goods. Today, the Central Asian populations are divided into two cultural and linguistic groups: the Indo-Iranian and the Turko-Mongolian groups. Previous genetic studies unveiled that migrations from East Asia contributed to the spread of Turko-Mongolian populations in Central Asia and the partial replacement of the Indo-Iranian populations. However, little is known about the origin of the latters. To shed light on this, we compare the genetic data on two current-day Indo-Iranian populations - Yaghnobis and Tajiks - with genome-wide data from published ancient individuals. The present Indo-Iranian populations from Central Asia display a strong genetic continuity with Iron Age samples from Turkmenistan and Tajikistan. We model Yaghnobis as a mixture of 93% Iron Age individual from Turkmenistan and 7% from Baikal. For the Tajiks, we observe a higher Baikal ancestry and an additional admixture event with a South Asian population. Our results, therefore, suggest that in addition to a complex history, Central Asia shows a remarkable genetic continuity since the Iron Age, with only limited gene flow.

Projetos Vidas Paralelas Migrantes: mosaicos de cenários, perspectivas e produção de conhecimento no Brasil e na França - 2017/2020 / Project Migrant Parallel Lives: mosaics of scenarios, perspectives and knowledge production in Brazil and France - 2017/2020 / Proyecto Vidas Paralelas de Migrantes: mosaicos de escenarios, perspectivas y producción de conocimiento en Brasil y Francia - 2017/2020

Este artigo aborda a experiência do Projeto Vidas Paralelas Migrantes Brasil-Franca, implantado entre 2017 e 2020 em Brasília, Rio de Janeiro, Paris e Montpellier. Trata-se de uma pesquisa-ação realizada por meio de cooperação internacional entre Universidade de Brasília, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Université Paris 5, Université Paris 13 e Université Montpellier 3, financiada por edital CAPES-COFECUB. O artigo constitui um recorte de pesquisa do trabalho desenvolvido em Brasília com estudantes migrantes vinculados ao Programa de Estudantes-Convênio de Graduação (PEC-G) da Universidade de Brasília e com o Mouvement Sans-Papiers em Paris, bem como as experiências realizadas junto aos centros de acolhimento de migrantes da Cáritas, situado no Rio de Janeiro e em Paris. Aborda-se também trabalho de pesquisa sobre o processo de socialização de migrantes e refugiados vinculados a diversas organizações sediadas em Paris. A partir do resgate das experiências, busca-se refletir sobre os diferentes cenários, perspectivas teóricas e os caminhos percorridos na produção do conhecimento acerca do cotidiano de vida, cultura, saúde e trabalho dos migrantes, assinalando os avanços e desafios que caracterizam o desenvolvimento de um trabalho de cooperação.

Human mitochondrial DNA lineages in Iron-Age Fennoscandia suggest incipient admixture and eastern introduction of farming-related maternal ancestry.

Human ancient DNA studies have revealed high mobility in Europe's past, and have helped to decode the human history on the Eurasian continent. Northeastern Europe, especially north of the Baltic Sea, however, remains less well understood largely due to the lack of preserved human remains. Finland, with a divergent population history from most of Europe, offers a unique perspective to hunter-gatherer way of life, but thus far genetic information on prehistoric human groups in Finland is nearly absent. Here we report 103 complete ancient mitochondrial genomes from human remains dated to AD 300-1800, and explore mtDNA diversity associated with hunter-gatherers and Neolithic farmers. The results indicate largely unadmixed mtDNA pools of differing ancestries from Iron-Age on, suggesting a rather late genetic shift from hunter-gatherers towards farmers in North-East Europe. Furthermore, the data suggest eastern introduction of farmer-related haplogroups into Finland, contradicting contemporary genetic patterns in Finns.

Ancient Genomes Reveal Yamnaya-Related Ancestry and a Potential Source of Indo-European Speakers in Iron Age Tianshan.

Recent studies of early Bronze Age human genomes revealed a massive population expansion by individuals-related to the Yamnaya culture, from the Pontic Caspian steppe into Western and Eastern Eurasia, likely accompanied by the spread of Indo-European languages [1-5]. The south eastern extent of this migration is currently not known. Modern-day human populations from the Xinjiang region in northwestern China show a complex population history, with genetic links to both Eastern and Western Eurasia [6-10]. However, due to the lack of ancient genomic data, it remains unclear which source populations contributed to the Xinjiang population and what was the timing and the number of admixture events. Here, we report the first genome-wide data of 10 ancient individuals from northeastern Xinjiang. They are dated to around 2,200 years ago and were found at the Iron Age Shirenzigou site. We find them to be already genetically admixed between Eastern and Western Eurasians. We also find that the majority of the East Eurasian ancestry in the Shirenzigou individuals is-related to northeastern Asian populations, while the West Eurasian ancestry is best presented by ∼20% to 80% Yamnaya-like ancestry. Our data thus suggest a Western Eurasian steppe origin for at least part of the ancient Xinjiang population. Our findings furthermore support a Yamnaya-related origin for the now extinct Tocharian languages in the Tarim Basin, in southern Xinjiang.

Was the Last Ice Age dusty climate instrumental in spreading of the three "Celtic" diseases (hemochromatosis, cystic fibrosis and palmar fibromatosis)?

Cystic fibrosis, hereditary hemochromatosis and palmar fibromatosis are often described as "Celtic", based on their contemporary prevalence. The former two are among genetically defined disorders that seem to provide survival advantages to heterozygote individuals, while severe health problems happen in homozygote mutation carriers. Although palmar fibromatosis has no defined mutations, its prevalence has been linked to the prevalence of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup I that expanded after the Last Ice Age, thus making th distribution of all three "Celtic" diseases dependent on the global climate from 40 to 8 Kya. During the Last Ice Age, the global climate was dry and dark due to dust-laden atmosphere (20-25 times more than today). It has been postulated that skin pigmentation was related to insolation, UV protection and skin synthesis of vitamin D, so when our ancestors moved to Eurasia, individuals with pale skin became advantageous. Deficiency of vitamin D has several health consequences and some of them have been proposed by other authors as important for the spreading of cystic fibrosis mutations: rickets/osteomalacia; susceptibility to diarrheal diseases and tuberculosis and salt induced arterial hypertension. The here proposed link is between vitamin D deficiency and the anaemia of chronic disease that might have facilitated spreading of the hemochromatosis mutation. It seems plausible that the risk of health problems in the offspring of close relatives might have resulted in social taboos of consanguinity in Eurasian protosocieties. Ancient steam bath rituals seem linked to lower incidences of cystic fibrosis in several European populations, thus suggesting health protection in an arid, dusty climate of the last glaciation, that made CFTR mutations in heterozygote carriers less advantageous.

Ancient genomes suggest the eastern Pontic-Caspian steppe as the source of western Iron Age nomads.

For millennia, the Pontic-Caspian steppe was a connector between the Eurasian steppe and Europe. In this scene, multidirectional and sequential movements of different populations may have occurred, including those of the Eurasian steppe nomads. We sequenced 35 genomes (low to medium coverage) of Bronze Age individuals (Srubnaya-Alakulskaya) and Iron Age nomads (Cimmerians, Scythians, and Sarmatians) that represent four distinct cultural entities corresponding to the chronological sequence of cultural complexes in the region. Our results suggest that, despite genetic links among these peoples, no group can be considered a direct ancestor of the subsequent group. The nomadic populations were heterogeneous and carried genetic affinities with populations from several other regions including the Far East and the southern Urals. We found evidence of a stable shared genetic signature, making the eastern Pontic-Caspian steppe a likely source of western nomadic groups.

Sanadores inesperados: medicina china en la era de migración global (Lima y California, 1850-1930) / Unexpected healers: Chinese medicine in the age of global migration (Lima and California, 1850-1930)

Resumen Las masivas olas de migrantes chinos que llegaron a California y Lima en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX jugaron un rol clave en la expansión de la medicina china en ambos contextos. Desde fines de la década de 1860, los herbolarios expandieron su sistema de sanación más allá de su comunidad étnica, transformando la medicina china en una de las prácticas de sanación más adoptada por la población local. Desde una perspectiva comparada, este artículo examina las divergentes trayectorias de los sanadores chinos en Perú y EEUU, así como los factores sociales y políticos que determinaron la adaptación de este conocimiento médico, foráneo, en su nuevo entorno.

Abstract The massive waves of Chinese migrants arriving in California and Lima in the second half of the nineteenth century played a crucial role in expanding Chinese medicine in both settings. From the late 1860s on, herbalists expanded their healing system beyond their ethnic community, transforming Chinese medicine into one of the healing practices most widely adopted by the local population. This article uses a comparative approach to examine the diverging trajectories of Chinese healers in Peru and the USA, as well as the social and political factors that determined how this foreign medical knowledge adapted to its new environments.

Rumo à América: passageiros da rota Hamburgo-São Francisco do Sul na segunda metade dos Oitocentos / Heading to America: passengers of the Hamburg-São Francisco del Sul route in the second half of the 19th century / Rumbo a América: pasajeros de la ruta Hamburgo-São Francisco del Sul en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX

Resumo O presente texto tem como objetivo apresentar criticamente um conjunto de documentos que dizem respeito à e/imigração. Trata-se de listas de passageiros embarcados em Hamburgo e desembarcados em São Francisco do Sul, Santa Catarina, entre 1851 e 1889, traduzidas para o português, cujos originais fazem parte do acervo do Arquivo Histórico de Joinville, Santa Catarina. Basicamente, o conteúdo destas fontes inclui as "fichas técnicas" referentes a cada navio e à viagem relacionada, os nomes dos passageiros (constando ou não o nome dos familiares e outros acompanhantes), a idade, profissão, proveniência (geralmente local de origem), estado civil (quando era o caso), religião e observações diversas anotadas pelos tradutores.

Abstract The purpose of this text is to critically present a set of documents related to immigration. The lists of passengers who boarded in Hamburg and landed in São Francisco do Sul, Santa Catarina, between the years 1851 and 1889, translated to Portuguese, whose original documents are part of the Historical Archive of Joinville, SC. Basically, the contents of these sources include the "factsheets" concerning each vessel and each trip, the passengers' names (including names of family members and other accompanying persons), age, profession, place of origin (usually place of birth), marital status (when applicable), religion, and various observations noted by translators.

Resumen El presente texto tiene por objetivo presentar críticamente un conjunto de documentos que hablan sobre la e/inmigración. Se trata de nóminas de pasajeros embarcados en Hamburgo y que desembarcaron en São Francisco del Sur, Santa Catarina, entre 1851 y 1889, traducidas al portugués, cuyos originales forman parte del acervo del Archivo Histórico de Joinville, Santa Catarina. Básicamente, el contenido de estas fuentes incluyen las fichas técnicas de cada navío y el viaje concerniente, los nombres de los pasajeros (y en algunos casos el nombre de sus familiares u otros acompañantes), su edad, profesión, proveniencia (generalmente local de origen), su estado civil (cuando era el caso), religión y observaciones diversas de los traductores.

Eastern Mediterranean Mobility in the Bronze and Early Iron Ages: Inferences from Ancient DNA of Pigs and Cattle.

The Late Bronze of the Eastern Mediterranean (1550-1150 BCE) was a period of strong commercial relations and great prosperity, which ended in collapse and migration of groups to the Levant. Here we aim at studying the translocation of cattle and pigs during this period. We sequenced the first ancient mitochondrial and Y chromosome DNA of cattle from Greece and Israel and compared the results with morphometric analysis of the metacarpal in cattle. We also increased previous ancient pig DNA datasets from Israel and extracted the first mitochondrial DNA for samples from Greece. We found that pigs underwent a complex translocation history, with links between Anatolia with southeastern Europe in the Bronze Age, and movement from southeastern Europe to the Levant in the Iron I (ca. 1150-950 BCE). Our genetic data did not indicate movement of cattle between the Aegean region and the southern Levant. We detected the earliest evidence for crossbreeding between taurine and zebu cattle in the Iron IIA (ca. 900 BCE). In light of archaeological and historical evidence on Egyptian imperial domination in the region in the Late Bronze Age, we suggest that Egypt attempted to expand dry farming in the region in a period of severe droughts.

Ancestry and demography and descendants of Iron Age nomads of the Eurasian Steppe.

During the 1st millennium before the Common Era (BCE), nomadic tribes associated with the Iron Age Scythian culture spread over the Eurasian Steppe, covering a territory of more than 3,500 km in breadth. To understand the demographic processes behind the spread of the Scythian culture, we analysed genomic data from eight individuals and a mitochondrial dataset of 96 individuals originating in eastern and western parts of the Eurasian Steppe. Genomic inference reveals that Scythians in the east and the west of the steppe zone can best be described as a mixture of Yamnaya-related ancestry and an East Asian component. Demographic modelling suggests independent origins for eastern and western groups with ongoing gene-flow between them, plausibly explaining the striking uniformity of their material culture. We also find evidence that significant gene-flow from east to west Eurasia must have occurred early during the Iron Age.

Continuity or conquest? A multi-isotope approach to investigating identity in the Early Iron Age of the Southern Levant.

OBJECTIVES: Across the Mediterranean and Near East, the transition from the Late Bronze Age (ca. 1550-1200 BC) to the Early Iron Age (ca. 1200-900 BC) was accompanied by profound cultural change. While this transformation was initially attributed to invasion or conquest, more recent, nuanced interpretations of archaeological and biological data now emphasize the decline of palatial economies, a shift away from centralized political authority, and internal social restructuring amidst rapid climate change in lieu of "collapse." Correspondingly, the hypothesis that Early Iron Age populations in Palestine represent the same ethnic group whose culture nevertheless underwent considerable change by actively adapting to internal and external forces was tested using biogeochemical data from individuals interred within an Early Iron Age tomb at the site of Tell Dothan. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Human dental enamel from molars (n = 43) recovered from Tomb I at Tell Dothan was analyzed for radiogenic strontium isotope ratios and stable oxygen and carbon (VPDB) isotope values. RESULTS: Strontium (mean = 0.70816 ± 0.00005, 1σ) isotope ratios, as well as oxygen (mean = -2.3 ± 0.7‰, 1σ) and carbon (mean = -11.9 ± 0.5‰, 1σ) isotope values, all display little variability. DISCUSSION: The absence of non-locals at Tell Dothan indicates that population replacement does not adequately explain the sociopolitical changes observed in the archaeological record. Further, homogeneity among isotope values is indicative of a community that was not highly mobile, suggesting that decentralization and a corresponding transition to a more mobile lifestyle may not accurately reflect the adaptive strategies of all human groups during this period as a mechanism to cope with social and environmental change.

Genomic analyses inform on migration events during the peopling of Eurasia.

High-coverage whole-genome sequence studies have so far focused on a limited number of geographically restricted populations, or been targeted at specific diseases, such as cancer. Nevertheless, the availability of high-resolution genomic data has led to the development of new methodologies for inferring population history and refuelled the debate on the mutation rate in humans. Here we present the Estonian Biocentre Human Genome Diversity Panel (EGDP), a dataset of 483 high-coverage human genomes from 148 populations worldwide, including 379 new genomes from 125 populations, which we group into diversity and selection sets. We analyse this dataset to refine estimates of continent-wide patterns of heterozygosity, long- and short-distance gene flow, archaic admixture, and changes in effective population size through time as well as for signals of positive or balancing selection. We find a genetic signature in present-day Papuans that suggests that at least 2% of their genome originates from an early and largely extinct expansion of anatomically modern humans (AMHs) out of Africa. Together with evidence from the western Asian fossil record, and admixture between AMHs and Neanderthals predating the main Eurasian expansion, our results contribute to the mounting evidence for the presence of AMHs out of Africa earlier than 75,000 years ago.

Inference of sex-specific expansion patterns in human populations from Y-chromosome polymorphism.

Studying the current distribution of genetic diversity in humans has important implications for our understanding of the history of our species. We analyzed a set of linked STR and SNP loci from the paternally inherited Y chromosome to infer the past demography of 55 African and Eurasian populations, using both the parametric and nonparametric coalescent-based methods implemented in the BEAST application. We inferred expansion events in most sedentary farmer populations, while we found constant effective population sizes for both nomadic hunter-gatherers and seminomadic herders. Our results differed, on several aspects, from previous results on mtDNA and autosomal markers. First, we found more recent expansion patterns in Eurasia than in Africa. This discrepancy, substantially stronger than the ones found with the other kind of markers, may result from a lower effective population size for men, which might have made male-transmitted markers more sensitive to the out-of-Africa bottleneck. Second, we found expansion signals only for sedentary farmers but not for nomadic herders in Central Asia, while these signals were found for both kind of populations in this area when using mtDNA or autosomal markers. Expansion signals in this area may result from spatial expansion processes and may have been erased for the Y chromosome among the herders because of restricted male gene flow.

Craniovertebral junction malformation in Northeastern Brazil: the myth of the Dutch colonization / Malformação da junção craniovertebral no Nordeste do Brasil: o mito da colonização Holandesa

The high prevalence of craniovertebral junction malformation in Northeastern Brazil is historically associated with brachycephalic biotype (flat head), also common in this region. It has been postulated that this trait was introduced to this region by the Dutch during the colonial period in Brazil's history. Based on the confrontation of this paradigm against some historical facts, the authors concluded that the brachycephalic phenotype was inherited from prehistoric ancestors (Amerindians) who were already living in this region when white European men arrived.

A alta prevalência de malformação da junção craniovertebral no Nordeste do Brasil é historicamente associada ao biótipo braquicefálico (cabeça chata), também comum nessa região. Postula-se que essa característica tenha sido introduzida na região pelos holandeses durante o período colonial da história do Brasil. Com base na confrontação desse paradigma com alguns fatos históricos, os autores concluem que o fenótipo braquicefálico foi herdado de ancestrais pré-históricos (ameríndios) que já habitavam a região no momento da chegada do homem branco europeu.

Eu não sou mais um estrangeiro: abordagem sociológica da experiência de jogadores brasileiros de futsal em ligas européias / Yo no soy má un extranjero: abordaje sociológico de la experiência de jugadores brasileños de futsal en ligas europeas / I am not a foreigner anymore: a microsociological study of the experiences of brazilian futsal players in european leagues

This paper represents the first stage of a longer term study of sport and migration. It focuses on Brazilian futsal players who have left their country of origin to play in Europe. Futsal is an indoor game with 5 players in each team. In some European countries, such as Spain and Portugal, it is a popular form of entertainment that is sufficiently commercialised to sustain full time professional players. Brazilian players are assigned stereotypical virtues of skilful styles of play. We interviewed XX players when they returned to Brazil for vacations. The focus of the questions were on three key themes: adaptation to the new country in social and sporting terms, questions of national identity, and some general questions about their attitudes and plans. The answers provided suggested migration has broadly turned out to be a positive experience, but the respondents make similar comments about their sense of ‘otherness’, their relationship with ‘home’ and their understanding of exile. From this point, we suggest that responses can only really be understood through a discourse theory framework of interpretation – they reveal the limitations of exile discourse rather than anyinherent truth of their experience.

Este estudo representa uma parte de uma linha de pesquisa que investiga as relações entre Esporte e Migração. Focamos nossa investigação em jogadores brasileiros de futsal que atuam em ligas européias, principalmente em países que mantêm ligas profissionais de destaque, como Portugal e Espanha. Abordamos aqui as características por vezes estereotipadas da forma brasileira de jogar, com suas habilidades e atuação em quadras estrangeiras. Estas características com relação as suas performances acabam por servir tanto aos jogadores quanto aos clubes que os contratam, alimentando o interesse dos torcedores. Entrevistamos 20 jogadores brasileiros de futsal quando estes estavam em férias no Brasil, em suas cidades natais. Focamos nosso trabalho em três questões: a) adaptação ao novo país em relação à vida social e dentro das quadras; b) questões sobre identidade, focando na possível aquisição de uma nova cidadania; c) questões sobre ordem familiar e independência financeira. As análises das entrevistas apontam para um dado positivo da experiência em países no estrangeiro, principalmente sobre a aquisição de um “estilo” europeu de jogar futsal. Encontrarmos também a questão do não pertencimento, seus vínculos afetivos deixados no Brasil e a tentativa de formar uma poupança financeira voltada para os anos de aposentadoria. Estudos futuros podem revelar como a relação entre esporte e migração atinge uma parcela significativa de atletas brasileiros e suas conseqüências em termos sociais, econômicos e pessoais para os que partem para as quadras estrangeiras.

Este estúdio representa una parte de una línea de pesquisa que averigua lãs relaciones entre Deporte y Migración. Concentramos nuestra investigación en jugadores brasileños de futsal que actúan en ligas europeas, principalmente en países que mantienen ligas profisionales de destaque, como Portugal y España. Abordamos aquí las características por veces esteriotipadas de la manera brasileña de jugar, con sus habilidades y actuación en cuadras extranjeras. Estas características con relación a sus performances acaban por servir tanto a los jugadores cuanto a los clubes que les contratan alimentando el interes de los hinchas. Entrevistamos 20 jugadores brasileños de futsal cuando estos estaban de vacaciones en Brasil, en sus ciudades-natales. Concentramos nuestro trabajo en tres cuestiones: a) adaptación al nuevo país en relación a la vida social y dentro da las cuadras; b) cuestiones acerca de identidad, particularmente la posible adquisición de una nueva ciudadanía; c) cuestiones acerca de orden familiar e independência financiera. Los análisis de las entrevistas apuntan para un dado positivo de experiencia en países extranjeros, principalmente acerca de la adquisición de un “estilo” europeo de jugar futsal. Encontramos también la cuestión del no-pertenecer, sus vínculos afectivos dejados en Brasil y el intento de formar un ahorro financiero volvido para los años de jubilación. Estúdios futuros pueden revelar como la relación entre deporte y migración alcanza una parcela significativa de atletas brasileños y sus consecuencias en termos sociales, econômicos y personales para a los que parten para las cuadras extra-jeras.

Mobilidade humana no litoral brasileiro: análise de isótopos de estrôncio no Sambaqui do Forte Marechal Luz / Human mobility in the Brazilian coast: analysis of isotopes of strontium in the Sambaqui Forte Marechal Luz

Isótopos de estrôncio têm sido usados com êxito na identificação de padrões demobilidade humana por diversos autores. Apesar de a técnica ter sido desenvolvida há mais de duas décadas, ela foi pouco utilizada em populações construtoras de sambaquis do sul do Brasil. O presente estudo analisou esmalte dentário de indivíduos sepultados no sítio Forte Marechal Luz, um sítio escavado por Alan Bryan na década de 1960, que apresenta pacotes arqueológicos sem presença de cerâmica e com presença de cerâmica,situado em Santa Catarina, Brasil, na tentativa de identificar indivíduos não locais originados de sítios ceramistas do interior. Os resultados apontam a existência de três indivíduos não locais (9.4 por cento do total), possivelmente originados do Planalto Catarinense, próximo ao município de Lages, ou do Planalto Curitibano. Os não locais foram encontrados tanto no nível pré-ceramista como no ceramista. A razão isotópica dos indivíduos considerados locais é mais próxima da razão isotópica da água do mar do que da razão isotópica da fauna terrestre, indicando forte influência marinha na dieta dessas populações. Por outro lado, ressaltase que remanescentes de fauna terrestre analisados apresentaram valores isotópicos significativamente mais elevados, indicando sua contribuição limitada como fonte alimentar desses indivíduos.

For more than two decades many authors have successfully identified patterns of human mobility using Strontium isotopes. However, there are no conclusive studies using this technique with the shellmounds of the south of Brazil. This study analyzedtooth enamel of individuals buried in a pre-ceramic and a ceramic occupation of the archaeological site of Forte Marechal Luz, located in the coast of the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, in order to identify outsiders within the local population, from ceramic sites located in the hinterland of south Brazil. The results indicated three non-local individuals (9.4%), possibly from thePlanalto Catarinense, near Lages-SC city, or from the Planalto Curitibano, around Curitiba-PR City. There are non-local individuals in both pre-ceramic and ceramic occupations of the Forte Marechal Luz site. The isotopic ratios found for the locals are very similar to the ratio of seawater, indicating a strong relationship between the locals and marine resources, including food and water. The terrestrial fauna analyzedpresented significantly higher ratios than the human strontium rations, indicating that it had less contribution for the local population’s diet than marine resources.

Mobilidade humana no litoral brasileiro: análise de isótopos de estrôncio no Sambaqui do Forte Marechal Luz / Human mobility in the Brazilian coast: analysis of isotopes of strontium in the Sambaqui Forte Marechal Luz

Isótopos de estrôncio têm sido usados com êxito na identificação de padrões de mobilidade humana por diversos autores. Apesar de a técnica ter sido desenvolvida há mais de duas décadas, ela foi pouco utilizada em populações construtoras de sambaquis do sul do Brasil. O presente estudo analisou esmalte dentário de indivíduos sepultados no sítio Forte Marechal Luz, um sítio escavado por Alan Bryan na década de 1960, que apresenta pacotes arqueológicos sem presença de cerâmica e com presença de cerâmica, situado em Santa Catarina, Brasil, na tentativa de identificar indivíduos não locais originados de sítios ceramistas do interior. Os resultados apontam a existência de três indivíduos não locais (9.4 por cento do total), possivelmente originados do Planalto Catarinense, próximo ao município de Lages, ou do Planalto Curitibano. Os não locais foram encontrados tanto no nível pré-ceramista como no ceramista. A razão isotópica dos indivíduos considerados locais é mais próxima da razão isotópica da água do mar do que da razão isotópica da fauna terrestre, indicando forte influência marinha na dieta dessas populações. Por outro lado, ressalta-se que remanescentes de fauna terrestre analisados apresentaram valores isotópicos significativamente mais elevados, indicando sua contribuição limitada como fonte alimentar desses indivíduos.

Entre muros e favelas / Between walls and favelas

Entre muros e favelas se vale de histórias reais de famílias que moram em favelas do Rio de Janeiro, em específico, Caju, Borel e Mandela, para mostrar a opressão e o preconceito de que é vítima a população pobre, principalmente a favelada. É mostrado que o fenômeno das favelas, sobretudo na região sudeste brasileira, teve sua gênese nas décadas de 40 e 50, quando houve o primeiro grande fluxo migratório para essa área. Depois, durante a década de 70, houve um novo fluxo migratório, incentivado por veículos de comunicação de massa, como a Rede Globo de Televisão, a qual propagava a ideia de que o sudeste brasileiro era um paraíso. Só que essas pessoas iriam morar onde? Não havia habitação regular para elas. Aí surgiram as favelas, tão combatidas pela classe rica, mas nascidas pelo interesse dessa mesma burguesia. Os favelados que não obtinham empregos ou que não se sujeitavam a trabalhar pelo salário de fome tradicionalmente pago pela elite brasileira acabaram sendo cooptados pelo tráfico de drogas. O filme demonstra ainda que o próprio narcotráfico é também um investimento bilionário da classe dominante e que encontra no morador de favela uma mão de obra barata. O dinheiro do crime organizado está na bolsa de valores, no financiamento de campanhas eleitorais, em transações financeiras de âmbito internacional, que requerem todo um aparato técnico desconhecido daquele que a mídia corporativa apresenta ao público como sendo o grande traficante (geralmente negro, iletrado, nascido e criado nalguma comunidade carente).

Prevalência da hepatite B em área rural de município hiperendêmico na Amazônia Mato-grossense: situação epidemiológico / Prevalence of Hepatitis B in a Hiperendemic Rural Area in the Amazon Region of Mato Grosso State: Epidemiological Situation

Em 1995, foi identificada epidemia comunitária de hepatite B entre colonos agrícolas recentemente assentados em Cotriguaçu,noroeste de Mato Grosso. Houve campanha de vacinação nos municípios da região. Nos anos seguintes, manteve-se a estratégia de vacinar a população e os migrantes que continuaram chegando àquele município. Em 2001, foi realizado novo inquérito sorológico de marcadores da hepatites B com o objetivo de avaliar a magnitude do problema e o impacto das medidas tomadaspreviamente. A comunidade de Nova União foi escolhida por ser a área de maior atração de migrantes a partir do final da década de 90. Foram estudados 838 indivíduos, encontrando-se 40,0 por cento já infectados pelo vírus da hepatite B (VHB), 2,1 por cento de portadores do vírus e 40,8 por cento protegidos por vacinação. A maioria dessa população era composta de migrantes vindos de Rondônia. Entre os portadores do VHB, 28,0 por cento tinham marcadores de hepatite D. As variáveis associadas à infecção pelo VHB foram: atividade sexual; etilismo; contato com caso de hepatite; e ter vivido em garimpo. Esse padrão de moderada prevalência é diferente do observado em 1995, ocasião em que se evidenciou alta prevalência. Observou-se associação do VHB com aumento da idade e com início da atividade sexual. Como a migração para aquela área continua intensa, recomenda-se que a atual estratégia de vacinação continue. Especial atenção deve ser dedicada à progressiva entrada do vírus da hepatite Delta (VHD) na região