Políticas públicas e mobilidade social: egressos do Programa Universidade para todos (PROUNI) / Public policies and social mobility: students of University for all Program (PROUNI) / Políticas públicas y movilidad social: egresos del Programa Universidad para todos (PROUNI)

A educação tem se mostrado uma importante ferramenta de transformação social. A partir dessa compreensão, políticas públicas para acesso ao ensino superior têm sido desenvolvidas no Brasil com o objetivo de promover igualdade social. O Programa Universidade para Todos (PROUNI) é direcionado a estudantes com renda familiar de até três salários mínimos e atinge um número crescente de estudantes. Este estudo objetivou averiguar a ascensão desses estudantes beneficiados pelo PROUNI, envolvendo três dimensões: satisfação profissional, econômica e pessoal. Para tanto, foram contatados 1200 alunos egressos de uma Universidade privada que foram beneficiados pelo PROUNI. Os questionários foram enviados por e-mail e foram obtidas 212 respostas. A análise foi realizada por meio de estatística descritiva e relacional. Os resultados indicam que a graduação universitária através do PROUNI propiciou mobilidade social ascendente. A maioria dos entrevistados declarou que obteve melhorias em sua vida, tanto nos aspectos pessoais, profissionais e econômicos, o que ressalta a importância da existência de políticas públicas voltadas ao acesso à educação

Education has proved to be an important tool for social transformation. From this understanding, public policies for access to higher education have been developed in Brazil with the aim of promoting social equality. The University for All Program (PROUNI) is aimed at students with a family income of up to three minimum salaries and reaches an increasing number of students. This study aimed to ascertain the rise of these students benefited by PROUNI, involving three dimensions: professional, economic and personal satisfaction. For this purpose, 1,200 students from a private university who were benefited by PROUNI were contacted. The questionnaires were sent by e-mail and 212 responses were obtained. The analysis was performed using descriptive and relational statistics. The results indicate that university graduation through PROUNI provided upward social mobility. Most interviewees stated that they have made improvements in their lives, both in personal, professional and economic aspects. What stands out the importance of the existence of public policies focused on access to education.

La educación se ha mostrado una importante herramienta de transformación social. A partir de esa comprensión, políticas públicas para acceso a la enseñanza superior se han desarrollado en Brasil con el objetivo de promover igualdad social. El programa Universidad para Todos (PROUNI) es dirigido a estudiantes con ingresos familiares de hasta tres salarios mínimos y alcanza un número creciente de estudiantes. Este estudio objetivó averiguar el ascenso de esos estudiantes beneficiados por el PROUNI, involucrando tres dimensiones: satisfacción profesional, económica y personal. Para ello se contactaron a 1200 alumnos egresados ​​de una Universidad privada que fueron beneficiados por el PROUNI. Los cuestionarios fueron enviados por e-mail y se obtuvieron 212 respuestas. El análisis fue realizado por medio de estadística descriptiva y relacional. Los resultados indican que la graduación universitaria a través del PROUNI propició movilidad social ascendente. La mayoría de los encuestados declaró que obtuvo mejoras en su vida, tanto en los aspectos personales, profesionales y económicos. Lo que resalta la importancia de la existencia de políticas públicas dirigidas al acceso a la educación.

Life chances after surgery of congenital heart disease: A case-control-study of inter- and intragenerational social mobility over 15 years.

BACKGROUND: Patients of congenital heart disease surgery have good prospects for reaching old age. Against the backdrop of increasing life expectancies, the question of how well such patients are mastering daily routines and their working life emerges. In our study, the educational and occupational performance of patients over 15 years was examined. METHODS: Intergenerational social mobility (changes in social positions from the parental generation to the generation of children) was examined in terms of education, and intragenerational social mobility (changes in positions within the same generation, i.e., in individuals over their life courses) was examined in terms of occupational positions. Comparisons were made between patients and a control group drawn from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP). Controls were drawn from respondents who participated in the 2004 and 2018 SOEP surveys. RESULTS: The data were from 244 out of 360 patients (68%) with complete social data from the first survey (2003-2004) and who were included in the follow-up (2017-2019), and 238 controls were drawn from the SOEP. At the time of the second survey, subjects' ages ranged from 28 to 59 years of age (M = 40.1 years). Intergenerational educational mobility did not differ between cases and controls. For intragenerational social mobility, downward changes were more frequent among controls. This latter finding may be explained by patients retiring earlier than the general population. Retirement rates increased over time, particularly among patients with severe congenital malformations. Unemployment rates were also higher among patients. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, although a considerable proportion of patients with congenital heart disease retired prematurely or never entered the labour force, their educational and occupational careers proceeded more favourably than expected.

Evolución de la estructura de clases y el bienestar material en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires contemporánea (2004-2015) / Evolution of class structure and material well-being in the contemporary City of Buenos Aires (2004-2015)

En este artículo analizamos los rasgos que asumió la estructura de clases de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA) en el período 2004-2015. Utilizando como fuente de datos, principalmente, la Encuesta Anual de Hogares (EAH) relevada anualmente por la Dirección General de Estadística y Censos del Gobierno de la CABA, nos preguntamos acerca de cómo han evolucionado las clases sociales en términos de tamaño y composición, y cuánto se han distanciado o acercado respecto al bienestar material de los hogares que las conforman. Del análisis de los datos se desprende que la estructura de clases mantiene la configuración signada durante los años noventa, aunque con una relativa composición de la clase obrera calificada y la clase directivo-profesional. Por otro lado, el estudio de los ingresos y el acceso a la vivienda, en tanto dos activos del bienestar material de los hogares, muestra cierta reducción de la desigualdad respecto al primero, pero un fortalecimiento en las brechas respecto a la propiedad de la vivienda. (AU)

Class Status and Social Mobility on Tobacco Smoking in Post-Reform China Between 1991 and 2011.

INTRODUCTION: There is growing attention to social mobility's impact on tobacco use, but few studies have differentiated the two conceptually distinct mechanisms through which changes in social class can affect tobacco smoking: the class status effect and the mobility effect. AIMS AND METHODS: I applied Diagonal Reference Modeling to smoking and heavy smoking among respondents of the 1991 China Health and Nutrition Survey who were revisited two decades later in 2011 (n = 3841, 49% male, baseline mean age was 38 years). I divided the sample into six social classes (non-employment, self-employed, owners, workers, farmers, and retirees) and measured social mobility by changes in income and occupational prestige. RESULTS: About 61.7% of men were smokers and those from the classes of workers, owners, and self-employees consumed more cigarettes compared to the unemployed, but women smokers (3.7%) tend to be from the lower classes (unemployed and farmers). Controlling for social class, each 1000 Yuan increase in annual income led to smoking 0.03 more cigarettes (p < .05) and 1% increase (p < .05) in the likelihood of heavy smoking among men, but the income effect is null for women. Upwardly mobile men (a 10-points surge in occupational prestige) smoked like their destination class (weight = 78%), whereas men with downward mobility were more similar to peers in the original class (weight = 60%). CONCLUSIONS: Contrary to the social gradient in smoking in other industrial countries, higher class status and upward mobility are each associated with more smoking among Chinese men, but not among women. IMPLICATIONS: Tobacco control policies should prioritize male smoking at workplaces and the instrumental purposes of using tobacco as gifts and social lubricant. Taxation may counter the surge in smoking brought by individuals' income increase after upward mobility. Caution should be paid to women joining the similar social gradient in smoking as they gain foothold in the labor market.

Intergenerational educational mobility and smoking: a study of 20 European countries using diagonal reference models.

OBJECTIVES: Intergenerational educational mobility can be particularly relevant for smoking because it implies moving from individuals' family background to a new position in the social hierarchy. Existing research, however, does not provide an answer as to how the process of mobility, per se, is associated with the likelihood of smoking. STUDY DESIGN: We used cross-nationally comparable survey data for 20 countries collected within the health module of the European Social Survey in 2014. The analytical sample consisted of 22,336 respondents aged 25-64 years. METHODS: Smoking was operationalized by daily and occasional smoking, while the intergenerational educational mobility variable was derived from a comparison of respondents' and their parents' highest levels of educational attainment. We employed diagonal reference models to examine the association of intergenerational educational mobility and smoking. RESULTS: In the country- and age-adjusted analysis, intergenerational downward mobility was associated with odds ratios of 1.34 (CI95 1.07, 1.68) and 1.61 (CI95 1.34, 1.93) for smoking, respectively, among men and women. Intergenerational upward mobility, on the other hand, was negatively associated with smoking but only among women. CONCLUSION: Our findings provide new evidence that the process of intergenerational educational mobility is associated with individuals' likelihood of smoking and that this effect cannot be explained by conventional covariates of smoking.

Sick leave absence and the relationship between intra-generational social mobility and mortality: health selection in Sweden.

BACKGROUND: Poor health could influence how individuals are sorted into occupational classes. Health selection has therefore been considered a potential modifier to the mortality class gradient through differences in social mobility. Direct health selection in particular may operate in the short-term as poor health may lead to reduced work hours or achievement, downward social mobility, unemployment or restricted upward mobility, and death. In this study, the relationship between social mobility and mortality (all-cause, cancer-related, cardiovascular disease-related (CVD), and suicide) is explored when the relationship is adjusted for poor health. METHODS: Using Swedish register data (1996-2012) and discrete time event-history analysis, odds ratios and average marginal effects (AME) of social mobility and unemployment on mortality are observed before and after accounting for sickness absence in the previous year. RESULTS: After adjusting for sickness absence, all-cause mortality remained lower for men after upward mobility in comparison to not being mobile (OR 0.82, AME -0.0003, CI - 0.0003 to - 0.0002). Similarly, upward mobility continued to be associated with lower cancer-related mortality for men (OR 0.85, AME -0.00008, CI - 0.00002 to - 0.0002), CVD-related mortality for men (OR 0.76, AME -0.0001, CI - 0.00006 to - 0.0002) and suicide for women (OR 0.67, AME -0.00002, CI - 0.000002 to - 0.00003). The relationship between unemployment and mortality also persisted across most causes of death for both men and women after controlling for previous sickness absence. In contrast, adjusting for sickness absence renders the relationship between downward mobility and cancer-related mortality not statistically different from the non-mobile. CONCLUSIONS: Health selection plays a role in how downward mobility is linked to cancer related deaths. It additionally accounts for a portion of why upward mobility is associated with lower mortality. That health selection plays a role in how social mobility and mortality are related may be unexpected in a context with strong job protection. Job protection does not, however, equalize opportunities for upward mobility, which may be limited for those who have been ill. Because intra-generational upward mobility and mortality remained related after adjusting for sickness absence, other important mechanisms such as indirect selection or social causation should be explored.

Occupational prestige, social mobility and the association with lung cancer in men.

BACKGROUND: The nature of the association between occupational social prestige, social mobility, and risk of lung cancer remains uncertain. Using data from the international pooled SYNERGY case-control study, we studied the association between lung cancer and the level of time-weighted average occupational social prestige as well as its lifetime trajectory. METHODS: We included 11,433 male cases and 14,147 male control subjects. Each job was translated into an occupational social prestige score by applying Treiman's Standard International Occupational Prestige Scale (SIOPS). SIOPS scores were categorized as low, medium, and high prestige (reference). We calculated odds ratios (OR) with 95 % confidence intervals (CI), adjusting for study center, age, smoking, ever employment in a job with known lung carcinogen exposure, and education. Trajectories in SIOPS categories from first to last and first to longest job were defined as consistent, downward, or upward. We conducted several subgroup and sensitivity analyses to assess the robustness of our results. RESULTS: We observed increased lung cancer risk estimates for men with medium (OR = 1.23; 95 % CI 1.13-1.33) and low occupational prestige (OR = 1.44; 95 % CI 1.32-1.57). Although adjustment for smoking and education reduced the associations between occupational prestige and lung cancer, they did not explain the association entirely. Traditional occupational exposures reduced the associations only slightly. We observed small associations with downward prestige trajectories, with ORs of 1.13, 95 % CI 0.88-1.46 for high to low, and 1.24; 95 % CI 1.08-1.41 for medium to low trajectories. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that occupational prestige is independently associated with lung cancer among men.

Factors Affecting the Downward Mobility of Psychiatric Patients: A Korean Study of National Health Insurance Beneficiaries.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to examine the magnitude of and the factors associated with the downward mobility of first-episode psychiatric patients. METHODS: This study used the claims data from the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service. The study population included 19 293 first-episode psychiatric inpatients diagnosed with alcohol use disorder (International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision [ICD-10] code F10), schizophrenia and related disorders (ICD-10 codes F20-F29), and mood disorders (ICD-10 codes F30-F33) in the first half of 2005. This study included only National Health Insurance beneficiaries in 2005. The dependent variable was the occurrence of downward mobility, which was defined as a health insurance status change from National Health Insurance to Medical Aid. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess factors associated with downward drift of first-episode psychiatric patients. RESULTS: About 10% of the study population who were National Health Insurance beneficiaries in 2005 became Medical Aid recipients in 2007. The logistic regression analysis showed that age, gender, primary diagnosis, type of hospital at first admission, regular use of outpatient clinic, and long-term hospitalization are significant predictors in determining downward drift in newly diagnosed psychiatric patients. CONCLUSIONS: This research showed that the downward mobility of psychiatric patients is affected by long-term hospitalization and medical care utilization. The findings suggest that early intensive intervention might reduce long-term hospitalization and the downward mobility of psychiatric patients.

The social gradient in preventive healthcare use: what can we learn from socially mobile individuals?

Little is known about the origins of the stratified nature of preventive health behaviour. In this paper, we introduce theory and methodology from the field of social mobility research. Intergenerational socially mobile individuals can provide insights into the central discussion about how health lifestyles or cultural health capital develop over the life course, as they have encountered different contexts of socialisation, each with its own characteristic health-related practices. We study the use of regular mammography screening by Belgian women using data from the Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement and we operationalise social mobility as occupational mobility using the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-88). By means of diagonal reference models, we are able to discern the effects of the social position of origin, the social position of destination and social mobility itself, contrary to the less rigorous linear regression approach that prevails in health behaviour research. As expected, the take up of mammography screening is strongly influenced by social position. It seems that both upwardly and downwardly mobile women adapt to the mammography screening practices in their position of destination. This study shows the potential for social mobility research to enrich the debate on health lifestyles.

Socioeconomic mobility and tobacco consumption patterns in fish industry workers in Udupi District of coastal Karnataka.

AIM: The aim of this study was to understand the tobacco consumption patterns and their relationship with life course socioeconomic mobility among fish industry workers as this could provide important information in dealing with the tobacco problem in this very vulnerable population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Socioeconomic life course data and information about tobacco habits was collected from 102 fish industry workers. A subject was considered to be upwardly mobile if the family head's educational attainment and the number of earning members increased and the number of children and dependents decreased since childhood in his or her household. Oral examination was also done for malignant/premalignant lesions. RESULTS: Of the 102 subjects, 64 regularly consumed tobacco either in smoking or smokeless forms and the common reasons for the habit were the co-workers' influence and to keep awake at work. Fourteen subjects had premalignant lesions in the oral cavity and all them were in the buccal mucosa. The prevalence of the tobacco habit was much lesser (25%) among the upwardly mobile group when compared to the minimal or no improvement group (75%). A majority of those free from the habit (73.7%) were belonging to the group, which showed improved educational attainment. Among those with good social mobility, the percentage of workers with high frequency of tobacco consumption and those with a longer duration of the tobacco habit was low when compared to the minimal social mobility group. CONCLUSION: A holistic approach consisting of efforts to improve the overall socioeconomic conditions can be more effective than piecemeal solutions in dealing with the tobacco menace.

Family income trajectory during childhood is associated with adolescent cigarette smoking and alcohol use.

BACKGROUND: Although childhood socioeconomic disadvantage has been linked with adolescent tobacco and alcohol use in cross-sectional research, less is known about the influence of changes in socioeconomic status during childhood. Upward socioeconomic mobility may attenuate the negative influence of earlier socioeconomic disadvantage on health, while downward mobility may counter the health benefits of earlier socioeconomic advantage. This study evaluated the influence of common trajectories of family income during childhood on smoking and alcohol use during adolescence. METHODS: Data utilized were part of the 15-year longitudinal Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development. A 5-class trajectory model (two stable, one downward, and two upward income trajectories) was developed previously with this sample (N=1356). Logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine whether children of the more disadvantaged income trajectories were more likely to engage in tobacco and alcohol use at age 15 relative to those of the most advantaged trajectory. RESULTS: Family income trajectory was significantly associated with ever-smoking (p=.02) and past-year alcohol use at age 15years (p=.008). Children from the less advantaged trajectories were more likely to have ever-smoked than children of the most advantaged trajectory (all p's<.05). Children of the downwardly mobile trajectory were more likely to have used alcohol within the past year than children of the most advantaged trajectories as well as the most disadvantaged trajectory (all p's<.05). CONCLUSIONS: Findings indicate that childhood socioeconomic disadvantage influences adolescent smoking, while downward socioeconomic mobility influences adolescent alcohol use.

Health-related quality of life and income-related social mobility in young adults.

BACKGROUND: To assess the association of income-related social mobility between the age of 13 and 30 years on health-related quality of life among young adults. METHODS: In 1988-89 n = 7,673 South Australian school children aged 13 years were sampled with n = 4,604 children (60.0%) and n = 4,476 parents (58.3%) returning questionnaires. In 2005-06 n = 632 baseline study participants responded (43.0% of those traced and living in Adelaide). RESULTS: Multivariate regressions adjusting for sex, tooth brushing and smoking status at age 30 showed that compared to upwardly mobile persons social disadvantage was associated (p < 0.05) with more oral health impact (Coeff = 5.5), lower EQ-VAS health state (Coeff = -5.8), and worse satisfaction with life scores (Coeff = -3.5) at age 30 years, while downward mobility was also associated with lower satisfaction with life scores (Coeff = -1.3). CONCLUSIONS: Stable income-related socioeconomic disadvantage was associated with more oral health impact, and lower health state and life satisfaction, while being downwardly mobile was associated with lower life satisfaction at age 30 years. Persons who were upwardly mobile were similar in health outcomes to stable advantaged persons.

Childhood and adult socio-economic position and social mobility as determinants of low back pain outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Low back pain (LBP) is a prevalent problem and tends to be socio-economically patterned. Relatively little is known about life-course socio-economic circumstances as determinants of different types of LBP. Our aim was to examine whether childhood and adult socio-economic position and social mobility are associated with radiating and non-specific LBP and sciatica. METHOD: Data were derived from the Young Finns Study (n = 2231). Childhood socio-economic position was based on parental education, occupational class and family income at baseline in 1980. Data on own education and LBP outcomes were collected at the end of follow-up in 2007. Social mobility was based on parental and own education. Covariates were composed of age, parental body mass index and smoking. RESULTS: Both childhood and own socio-economic position remained associated with radiating LBP and sciatica after adjustments. However, the associations varied by socio-economic indicator and gender. Stable lower socio-economic position and downward mobility were associated with radiating LBP. CONCLUSION: Childhood socio-economic circumstances affect the risk of radiating LBP and sciatica in adulthood. To prevent low back disorders, early socio-economic circumstances need to be considered alongside own socio-economic position.

Mobilidade social, estilo de vida e indice de massa corporal de adolescentes / Movilidad social, estilo de vida e indice de masa corporal en adolescentes / Social mobility, lifestyle and body mass index in adolescents

OBJETIVO Analisar a associação entre mobilidade social, estilo de vida e índice de massa corporal de adolescentes. MÉTODOS Estudo de coorte com 1.716 adolescentes de dez a 17 anos de idade, de ambos os sexos. Os adolescentes eram participantes de um estudo de coorte e nasceram entre 1994 e 1999. Os adolescentes foram avaliados em escolas públicas e privadas entre 2009 e 2011. O estilo de vida foi avaliado por meio de entrevista e a antropometria foi utilizada para o cálculo do índice de massa corporal. Para a classificação econômica na infância e na adolescência foram utilizados critérios preconizados pela Associação Brasileira de Empresas de Pesquisa. Mobilidade social ascendente foi considerada como aumento em pelo menos uma classe econômica no período de dez anos. Utilizou-se regressão de Poisson para estimar a associação entre a mobilidade social ascendente e os desfechos avaliados. RESULTADOS Dos adolescentes (71,4% de seguimento da coorte), 60,6% apresentaram mobilidade social ascendente. Destes, 93,6% pertenciam à classe econômica D e 99,9% à E. Maior prevalência de ascensão social foi observada para escolares de cor da pele preta (71,4%) e parda (61,9%), matriculados na escola pública (64,3%) e cujas mães apresentaram menor escolaridade na primeira avaliação (67,2%) e na reavaliação (68,7%). A mobilidade social ascendente mostrou-se associada apenas aos comportamentos sedentários (p = 0,02) após ajuste para variáveis de confusão. A classe econômica na infância mostrou-se mais associada aos desfechos avaliados do que a mobilidade social ascendente. CONCLUSÕES A mobilidade social ascendente não mostrou associação com a maioria dos desfechos avaliados, possivelmente por ter sido discreta e porque o período considerado ...

OBJETIVO Analizar la asociación entre la movilidad social, estilo de vida e índice de masa corporal en adolescentes. MÉTODOS Estudio de cohorte con 1.716 adolescentes de diez a 17 años de edad, de ambos sexos. Los adolescentes participaban de un estudio de cohorte y nacieron entre 1994 y 1999. Los adolescentes fueron evaluados en escuelas públicas y privadas entre 2009 y 2011. El estilo de vida fue evaluado por medio de entrevista y la antropometría fue utilizada para el cálculo del índice de masa corporal. Para la clasificación económica en la infancia y en la adolescencia se utilizaron criterios recomendados por la Asociación Brasileña de Empresas de Investigación. La movilidad social ascendente fue considerada como aumento en al menos una clase económica en el período de diez años. Se utilizó regresión de Poisson para estimar la asociación entre la movilidad social ascendente y los resultados evaluados. RESULTADOS De los adolescentes (71,4% de seguimiento de la cohorte), 60,6% presentaron movilidad social ascendente. De estos, 93,6% pertenecían a la clase económica D y 99,9% a la E. La mayor prevalencia de ascensión social fue observada en escolares con color de piel negra (71,4%) y parda (61,9%), matriculados en la escuela pública (64,3%) y cuyas madres presentaban menor escolaridad en la primera evaluación (67,2%) y en la reevaluación (68,7%). La movilidad social ascendente estuvo asociada sólo con los comportamientos sedentarios (p=0,02) posterior al ajuste para variables de confusión. La clase económica en la infancia se mostró más asociada con los resultados evaluados en comparación con la movilidad social ascendente. CONCLUSIONES La movilidad social ascendente no mostró asociación con la mayoría de los resultados evaluados, posiblemente por haber sido ...

OBJECTIVE To analyze the association between social mobility, lifestyle and body mass index in adolescents. METHODS A cohort study of 1,716 adolescents aged 10 to 17 years of both sexes. The adolescents were participants in a cohort study and were born between 1994 and 1999. The adolescents, from public and private schools, were assessed between 2009 and 2011. Lifestyle was assessed by interview and anthropometry was used to calculatebody mass index. For the economic classification, both at pre-school age and in adolescence, the criteria recommended by the Brazilian Association of Research Companies were used. Upward social mobility was categorized as an increase by at least one class in economic status within a 10-year-period. Poisson regression was used to estimate the association between upward social mobility and the outcomes assessed. RESULTS Among all respondents (71.4% follow-up of the cohort), 60.6% had upward social mobility. Among these, 93.6% belonged to socioeconomic class D and 99.9% to economy class E. Higher prevalence of social mobility was observed for students with black skin (71.4%) and mulatto students (61.9%) enrolled in public schools (64.3%) whose mothers had less schooling in the first evaluation (67.2%) and revaluation (68.7%). After adjustment for confounding variables, upward social mobility was associated only with sedentary behavior (p = 0.02). The socioeconomic class in childhood was more associated with the outcomes assessed than was upward mobility. CONCLUSIONS Upward social mobility was not associated with most of the outcomes evaluated, possibly as it is discreet and because the period considered in the study may not have been sufficient to reflect substantial changes in lifestyle and body mass index in adolescents. .

[Social mobility, lifestyle and body mass index in adolescents]. / Mobilidade social, estilo de vida e índice de massa corporal de adolescentes.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association between social mobility, lifestyle and body mass index in adolescents. METHODS: A cohort study of 1,716 adolescents aged 10 to 17 years of both sexes. The adolescents were participants in a cohort study and were born between 1994 and 1999. The adolescents, from public and private schools, were assessed between 2009 and 2011. Lifestyle was assessed by interview and anthropometry was used to calculatebody mass index. For the economic classification, both at pre-school age and in adolescence, the criteria recommended by the Brazilian Association of Research Companies were used. Upward social mobility was categorized as an increase by at least one class in economic status within a 10-year-period. Poisson regression was used to estimate the association between upward social mobility and the outcomes assessed. RESULTS: Among all respondents (71.4% follow-up of the cohort), 60.6% had upward social mobility. Among these, 93.6% belonged to socioeconomic class D and 99.9% to economy class E. Higher prevalence of social mobility was observed for students with black skin (71.4%) and mulatto students (61.9%) enrolled in public schools (64.3%) whose mothers had less schooling in the first evaluation (67.2%) and revaluation (68.7%). After adjustment for confounding variables, upward social mobility was associated only with sedentary behavior (p = 0.02). The socioeconomic class in childhood was more associated with the outcomes assessed than was upward mobility. CONCLUSIONS: Upward social mobility was not associated with most of the outcomes evaluated, possibly as it is discreet and because the period considered in the study may not have been sufficient to reflect substantial changes in lifestyle and body mass index in adolescents.

Movilidad intergeneracional y marginalidad económica: Un estudio de caso en el Conurbano Bonaerense / Intergenerational mobility and economic marginality: A case study at Gran Buenos Aires area

El artículo analiza la movilidad intergeneracional en áreas periféricas del Gran Buenos Aires. El diseño del estudio aplica una clasificación sociolaboral de tipo exploratorio para distinguir segmentos en contextos de marginalidad geográfica. Partiendo de los datos empíricos proporcionados por un estudio de caso en el barrio de Ministro Rivadavia, se sostiene que los trabajadores en actividades de subsistencia y los asalariados de bajo nivel educativo se encuentran vinculados intergeneracionalmente, lo que da cuenta de la tendencia a la marginalidad y la movilidad espuria señalada por la literatura sobre movilidad en América Latina. Los principales resultados también muestran una baja movilidad educativa que desafía los incrementos nacionales en el nivel de educación. (AU)

Socioeconomic status, social mobility and cancer occurrence during working life: a case-control study among French electricity and gas workers.

OBJECTIVES: A case-control study within a cohort of the workers employed by Electricité de France and Gaz de France between 1988 and 1992 was carried out to investigate relationships between cancers and socioeconomic status, including the effects of social mobility, by studying three professional career points. METHODS: All the incident cases of breast cancer in women and all the incident cases of upper respiratory and digestive tract cancer (comprising cancers of the larynx, pharynx, buccal cavity and esophagus), lung cancer, hematopoietic system cancers and colon cancer in men were extracted from the Cancer Register of the Social Security Department. The controls were matched for age (men) and for age and length of employment in the company (women). Socioeconomic status was measured at three professional career points (beginning, midpoint (about 35), and time of diagnosis (about 48)) by two types of socio-professional variables: employee category (low, medium, high) and a variable based on the French socioeconomic status classification system. An estimation of social mobility was done between career beginning and midpoint. Cases and controls were compared for socioeconomic status at the three career points. They were also compared for social mobility. RESULTS: The differences between the social categories were larger at the start than later in the career for breast cancer in women. The category of operations staff was used as a reference, and this analysis shows a difference between the risks associated with supervisors (OR = 2.0) and managers and specialist professions (OR = 1.5). There were large differences according to the type of cancer in men. A socioeconomic gradient in the incidence of cancers of the upper respiratory and digestive tract was observed at every career stage. The gradient was largest at the moment of diagnosis. The odds ratio was 3.4 for supervisors, 7.8 for operations staff and 14.8 for production staff. There was a socioeconomic gradient in lung cancer at all points in the career and in the incidence of the hematopoietic system cancers at mid-career and at diagnosis. No association between socioeconomic status and colon cancer was found. Social mobility accentuated all these results. CONCLUSION: Socioeconomic status is involved in the development of cancers. Our study suggests that the transition from social to biological processes could act via specific lifestyle and/or work-related risk factors. When there is a social gradient in the incidence of a cancer, an individual's social change is at least as important as his/her original social status in the relationship between cancer and social class.

Movilidad territorial en la formación de médicos en México / Migration patterns of medical students in Mexico

Objetivo. Conocer la migración de estudiantes de medicina en las entidades federativas del país. Material y métodos. Se estudió el lugar de origen y el de titulación de los médicos que registraron su título entre 1970-1974, 1980-1984, y 1985--1989; los datos se tomaron del Registro de Profesiones de la Secretaría de Educación Pública. Se establecieron focos de atracción, de expulsión, en transición y corrientes migratorias de interés. Resultados. La concentración de la formación médica se ha expresado en la existencia de pocos focos de atracción (Distrito Federal, jalisco, Nuevo León y, en menor grado, Puebla y Michoacán), y en la persistencia de focos de expulsión (Guanajuato, Chiapas, Colima, Campeche, etc.). Dentro de este esquema, hubo cambios a lo largo del periodo de estudio, entre los que destacan la disminución de la migración de estudiantes universitarios: en 1070-1974 prácticamente la mitad de ellos (47 por ciento) se formaba fuera de su lugar de origen; para 1980-1984 bajó a 34 por ciento y en 1985-1989 llegó a 30.6 por ciento. El descenso de la importancia del Distrito Federal como principal centro formador: de 59 por ciento en 1970-1974 baja a 40 por ciento y a 30 por ciento en los siguientes lustros, viéndose aumentada la participación de Jalisco, Michoacán y de manera muy importante Nuevo León. conclusiones. En estas transformaciones de la migración ha jugado un papeñ central el establecimiento de escuelas de medicina en casi todas las entidades, pero del análisis de desprende que hay otras razones por las cuales siguen emigrando los estudiantes, lo que puede estar explicando la persistencia del esquema concentrador de la educación médica en las grandes ciudades del país, Guadalajara y Monterrey

Objetive.This work aimed to determine the migration patterns of medical students within Mexico. Materials and methods. We obtained the places of origin of graduates and the states where they registered their medical degrees at the Ministry of Education General Registry of Professions (sEP), between 1970-1974, 1980-1984 and 1885-1989. Data were organized as follows: Attracting foci, sending foci, transition foci, and important migrant flows. Results. The concentration of medical human resource development, is reflected by the existence of a few attracting foci (D.F., Jalisco, Nuevo Leon, and to a less extent, Puebla and Michoacan). Also, we observed the persistence of traditional sending foci (Guanajuato, Chiapas, Colima, Campeche). However, some important changes occurred throughout the study period, namely, a decrease of the migratory mobility of university students. During 1970-1974, almost half of them (47%) obtained their degrees outside their place of origin; during 1980-1984 this figure decreased to 34% and during 1985-1989, it decreased further to 30.6%. Second, the participation of D.F. as a main human resource development center diminished; from 59% to 40% during 1970-1974, it went down, to 30% in the following quinquennia, while it increased in Jalisco, Michoacan and Nuevo Leon. Conclusions. The establishment of medical schools in almost every Mexican state has had a central role in the migration patterns of medical students. Nevertheless, our results show that there are other reasons accounting for the persistence of the concentration of medical human resources development in main cities of the nation such as Guadalajara and Monterrey.