Molluscum contagiosum presenting as periorbital abscess in immunocompetent children.

Molluscum contagiosum presenting as a periorbital region abscess is unusual. The virus generally causes a self-limiting localized disease in children. Presentation as an abscess has been reported mainly in immunocompromised patients. We performed a retrospective study of ten children treated for Molluscum contagiosum infection presenting as periorbital abscess. Data investigated included age, immunocompetence, systemic antibiotic treatment, clinical findings, and histopathology. All children were immunocompetent. Bacterial cultures taken in six of the ten children were positive in two. Seven patients received oral antibiotics before presentation but required IV antibiotics on admission. One patient received IV antibiotics only. All antibiotic treatment had very limited effect. Two patients had no antibiotic treatment. CT imaging in one case where orbital cellulitis was suspected showed no significant intraorbital findings with anterior involvement only. Nine out of ten children had surgery and intra-operative cryotherapy at our center with immediate improvement and recovery. One child whose parents initially refused surgical excision had initial limited clinical improvement of periorbital swelling with antibiotics. However, the lesions were excised shortly following discharge from our hospital at another medical center with a complete cure. Molluscum is a cause of periorbital abscess in immunocompetent children which should be part of the differential diagnosis in periorbital/adnexal infection. Antibiotic treatment has a limited effect, and the abscess is most likely a virally triggered reaction. Surgical excision and intra-operative cryotherapy are curative of the disease in our experience.

Quality of life in children with skin disease: A Spanish sample.

INTRODUCTION: The impact of skin diseases on quality of life varies widely, and some can have an impact similar to that of asthma or cystic fibrosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional, observational and descriptive study with the aim of describing the degree to which quality of life was affected in paediatric patients managed in a dermatology clinic by means of the Children's Dermatology Life Quality Index (CDLQI). RESULTS: In our study, the skin disease with the greatest impact on quality of life was atopic dermatitis, chiefly on account of symptoms like pruritus and insomnia. It was followed by acne, mainly due to the associated negative feelings (shame, sadness, etc.). Quality of life in patients with viral warts and molluscum contagiosum was mostly affected by the treatment, chiefly based on cryotherapy. Most patients with nevi or café-au-lait spots did not have a decreased quality of life, although up to one third of them had negative feelings in relation to their skin disease. DISCUSSION: Atopic dermatitis was the common skin disease that caused the greatest impairment in quality of life in our sample, although other diseases also had an impact on different dimensions of quality of life. We ought to underscore the recommendation to use less painful treatments than cryotherapy for viral warts and molluscum contagiosum, as the impairment in quality of life in paediatric patients with these conditions was mainly due to the treatment.

Tratamento de Molusco Contagioso em crianças: uma revisão sistemática de literatura / Molluscum Contagiosum treatment in children: a systematic literature review / Tratamiento del molusco contagioso en niños: una revisión sistemática de la literatura

Objetivo: Molusco contagioso é uma infecção cutânea, causada pelo Molluscipox vírus. Diante da inexistência de um tratamento específico, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo verificar, segundo a literatura recente, os melhores métodos de tratamento em crianças imunocompetentes. Métodos: Revisão sistemática de literatura realizada no PubMed, bem como no Lilacs, Scielo, Medline e demais bases de dados abrangidas na Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), com publicações de 2010 a 2016. Para evitar viés, foram utilizadas recomendações do PRISMA. Critérios do Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine e do sistema GRADE foram usados para classificação do nível de evidência dos estudos. Resultados: Curetagem, laser pulsado de contraste, crioterapia, exérese cirúrgica, KOH 2,5%, 5% e 10%, ácido tricloroacétrico, combinação de ácido lático e ácido salicílico, tretinoína 0,05% apresentaram boa proporção de cura, facilidade de realização e tempo de resolução. Os métodos de injeção intralesional do antígeno da Cândida e da vacina MMR, dieta balanceada, óleo de Malaleuca alternifólia e Ingenol Mebutate 0,05% mostraram-se promissores. Entretanto, cantaridina e imiquimod 5% creme não foram recomendados. Conclusão: As evidências obtidas não permitem indicar um método preferencial. A escolha do método de tratamento deve ser individualizada. Recomenda-se realizar mais pesquisas voltadas para cultura do vírus.

Objective: Molluscum contagiosum is a skin infection caused by the Molluscipox virus. Given the absence of a specific treatment, this study aims to verify according to recent literature the best methods for molluscum contagiosum treatment in immunocompetent children. Methods: This study is a systematic review conducted in PubMed, as well as Lilacs, Scielo, Medline and other data bases from the Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), including publications from 2010 to 2016. The bias is avoided by using PRISMA recommendations . Criteria of the Oxford Center for Evidence-Based Medicine and the GRADE system were used to rank the level of evidence of the studies. Results: Curettage, pulsed dye laser, cryotherapy, surgical abscission, KOH 2.5%, 5% and 10%, trichloroacetic acid, combination of lactic acid and salicylic acid and 0.05% tretinoin showed good performances regarding cure rate, ease of implementation and resolution time. Moreover, methods such intralesional injection of antigen Candida and the MMR vaccine, balanced diet, Malaleuca oil alternifolia and ingenol Mebutate 0.05% showed relevant results. However, the use of cantharidin and imiquimod 5% cream is not recommended. Conclusion: It is not possible to indicate the most eligible method based on the evidence found. Therefore, treatment should be individualized. Future researches about the virus culture are recommended.

Objetivo: El molusco contagioso es una infección de la piel causada por el virus Molluscipox. Dada la ausencia de un tratamiento específico, la presente investigación tiene como objetivo verificar, de acuerdo con la literatura reciente, los mejores métodos de tratamiento en niños inmunocompetentes. Métodos: Revisión sistemática de la literatura realizada en el Pubmed, así como en Lilacs, Scielo, Medline y otras bases de datos en la Biblioteca Virtual de Salud (BVS), con publicaciones de 2010 a 2016. Para evitar sesgos, se utilizaron las recomendaciones del PRISMA. Se utilizaron los criterios del Centro de Oxford para la Medicina Basada en la Evidencia y el sistema GRADE para clasificar el nivel de evidencia de los estudios. Resultados: Curetaje, láser pulsado de contraste, crioterapia, exéresis quirúrgica, KOH 2,5%, 5% y 10%, ácido tricloroacétrico, la combinación de ácido láctico y ácido salicílico, tretinoína 0,05% exhibieron buena tasa de curación, facilidad de realización y tiempo de resolución. Los métodos de inyección intralesional de antígenos de Cándida y la vacuna triple vírica, dieta equilibrada, aceite de alternifolia Malaleuca y ingenol mebutate 0,05% se muestran prometedores. Sin embargo, no se recomienda las cremas de cantaridina y imiquimod al 5%. Conclusión: Las evidencias obtenidas no han elegido un método preferido. La elección del método de tratamiento debe ser individualizada. Se recomienda la realización de más investigaciones relcionadas con el cultivo del virus.

Laser therapy in dermatology: Kids are not just little people.

Advances in laser research and technology have led to expanded laser applications for the treatment of dermatologic disease. Lasers are viable treatment modalities for patients of any age group and offer unique treatment options for both adult and pediatric patients. While many skin diseases can be treated similarly in children and adults, differences in treatment approaches can result from varying anxiety levels, pain tolerance, psychosocial considerations of untreated disease, determination of suitable anesthesia, the use of size-appropriate safety equipment, and differences in the evolution of skin disease over time. Laser therapy can prove effective for the treatment of molluscum contagiosum unresponsive to conventional therapy. Hypertrophied vascular lesions and pigmented lesions, such as the nevus of Ota, respond more effectively to laser therapy earlier in life with fewer treatment sessions and reduced side effects. In the case of port-wine stains, the pulsed dye laser is the agent of choice in the pediatric patient, while the Q-switched alexandrite may be more effective in the adult population.

Molluscum contagiosum: posible papel patogenésico en las enfermedades autoinmunes. Reporte preliminar de 111 casos / Molluscum contagiosum: possible role in pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. preliminary report of 111 cases

Mostrar los resultados de una casuística de 111 pacientes diagnosticados por clínica del virus del molusco contagioso (VMC), en los cuales existe una alta prevalencia de enfermedades autoinmunes y de patologías dermatológicas crónicas. Aunque la infección dérmica por el virus del molusco contagioso (VMC) se conoce hace más de 140 años, es sólo durante el presente siglo que se ha difundido el conocimiento de esta patología, en gran parte porque ha existido un aumento alarmante en su incidencia y prevalencia. La bibliografía disponible destaca su larga evolución y resistencia a los tratamientos en boga, ninguno aprobado por la Administración de Alimentos y Medicamentos de los Estados Unidos (FDA, por sus siglas en inglés), pero no menciona complicación del VMC (excepto la sobre infección originada por el rascado). Además de una revisión actualizada de esta dermatosis, el presente artículo muestra una casuística de 111 pacientes (desde infantes de 3 meses hasta adultos de 58 años), portadores del VMC en los cuales parece existir una alta incidencia de patologías reactivas, todas ellas con un patrón de actividad autoinmune y relacionadas en tiempo al inicio del cuadro viral. Conclusión: aunque los resultados preliminares presentados requieren de un mejor manejo estadístico y metodológico, los datos sugieren fuertemente una probable relación entre el VMC y las enfermedades autoinmunes (EAI). Es un hecho que se requieren estudios confirmativos más extensos que avalen o rechacen dicha asociación...

To show the cohort of 111 patients clinically diagnosed of molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV or VMC), in who exists a very high prevalence of autoimmune diseases (AID or EAI) and chronic dermatologic conditions. Despite the clinical entity of VMC has been described in medical literature 140 years ago, just present century has brought awareness of its clinical aspects, diagnosis and treatment, mainly because of the explosive spreading of this highly contagious dermatitis. Even when there are several proposed treatments for this virus, no one has been conclusively effective for its eradication and no one has been approved by FDA. Beside an update of clinical picture of VMC, this paper presents a cohort of 111 patients, all of them clinically diagnosed of VMC, aged from 3 months to 58 years; interestingly patients show a very high coexistence of autoimmune diseases and chronic dermatologic conditions as rosaceous, oral and skin lichen...

Treatment of molluscum contagiosum in adult, pediatric, and immunodeficient populations.

BACKGROUND: Molluscum contagiosum is a viral infection of the skin that is widely considered to be a self-resolving disease that can be treated with benign neglect. However, the clinical reality is that the disease can vary widely by anatomic site and by recalcitrance to treatment and remains a significant cause of morbidity worldwide. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this review was to compile an updated resource for clinicians that addresses the management of the broad spectrum of molluscum cases that may be encountered. METHODS: A comprehensive PubMed search was performed to identify publications on the treatment of molluscum infection, including presentations that may be rare or difficult. RESULTS: The specific clinical scenario of molluscum must be considered when selecting the optimal therapy because certain treatments can be more effective for specific patient subpopulations. CONCLUSION: Further attention must be directed toward standardizing treatment for molluscum infection based on patient age and immune status.

The spectrum of oculocutaneous disease: Part I. Infectious, inflammatory, and genetic causes of oculocutaneous disease.

Many skin diseases are associated with ocular findings, emphasizing the need for dermatologists to be fully aware of their presence, and as a result, avoid overlooking conditions with potentially major ocular complications, including blindness. We review important oculocutaneous disease associations with recommendations for the management of the ocular complications and appropriate referral to our ophthalmology colleagues. Part I of this 2-part review focuses on the infectious, inflammatory, and genetic relationships.

Chancroid, lymphogranuloma venereum, granuloma inguinale, genital herpes simplex infection, and molluscum contagiosum.

Chancroid, lymphogranuloma venereum, and granuloma inguinale may be considered as tropical venereal diseases. These diseases were a major diagnostic and therapeutic challenge in past centuries. Currently, patients with these bacterial infections that are endemic to the tropics occasionally consult with dermatologists in temperate climates. Due to the increasing frequency of travel to the tropics for tourism and work, as well as the increasing number of immigrants from these areas, it is important for dermatologists practicing in temperate climates to be familiar with the dermatologic manifestations of such infections, to be prepared to diagnose these diseases, and to treat these patients. All three "tropical" infections respond well to prompt and appropriate antimicrobial treatment, although herpes progenitalis still cannot be cured, and the number of people infected keeps growing; moreover, genital herpes can be transmitted by viral shedding before and after the visual signs or symptoms. Acyclovir, valacyclovir, and famciclovir can shorten outbreaks and make them less severe or even stop them from happening. There is currently no etiologic treatment for molluscum contagiosum, and the majority of treatment options are mechanical, causing a certain degree of discomfort. The molluscum contagiosum virus, unlike the other infectious agents mentioned, does not invade the skin.

Comparison of 10% potassium hydroxide solution versus cryotherapy in the treatment of molluscum contagiosum: an open randomized clinical trial.

INTRODUCTION: Molluscum contagiosum (MC) is a common cutaneous viral infection. Potassium hydroxide (KOH), as a strong alkali, and cryotherapy have been used for its treatment. The objective of this study was to compare these two treatment modalities. METHODS: 30 patients, aged between 1 and 24 years of age, were randomly divided into 2 groups: 15 were treated with KOH 10% solution and 15 were treated with cryotherapy. KOH 10 % was applied by the patient or their parent(s) two times a day until the lesions disappeared completely. Cryotherapy was performed with liquid nitrogen spray, repeated weekly for 4 weeks. The assessment of response and side effects were performed weekly for 4 weeks. RESULTS: In the KOH group, 86.6% had complete response, 6.7% had partial response and 6.7% had no response after 4 weeks. In the cryotherapy group, 93.3% had complete response and 6.7% had partial response. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (p > 0.05). Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation, as a side effect, was mostly noted with cryotherapy. CONCLUSION: Both treatment modalities were equally effective. Since KOH is inexpensive and confers better cosmetic results compared to cryotherapy, it can be used as a suitable treatment modality for MC.

Aberrant humoral immune reactivity in DOCK8 deficiency with follicular hyperplasia and nodal plasmacytosis.

Mutations in the DOCK8 gene define the most common form of autosomal-recessive Hyper-IgE-syndrome (AR-HIES/OMIM#243700). In a patient with extensive molluscum contagiosum lesions, a homozygous DOCK8 gene deletion was demonstrated. In-vivo 18-FDG uptake showed multiple non-enlarged lymph nodes without uptake in the spleen. Lymph node biopsies for subsequent immunohistochemistry showed clear differences with the mouse model of DOCK8 deficiency in which these mice show no GCs. Unexpectedly, the patient's lymph nodes demonstrated lymphocyte polyclonality, follicular hyperplasia and an unusual IgE(+) plasma cell expansion. In contrast, the proliferative capacity of circulating B-cells was almost absent with little in-vitro Ig production or plasmablast formation. Also the T-cell proliferation indicated a partial defect. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) was performed resulting in the disappearance of the molluscum contagiosum lesions. In sum, DOCK8 deficiency results in defective antibody responses and undirected plasma cell expansion in the lymph nodes, as part of a combined immunodeficiency cured by HSCT.

Molluscum contagiosum: report of one case with overview.

Molluscum contagiosum is a common skin and mucosal disease of viral origin, caused by molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) virus of poxvirus family. With the eradication of smallpox, MCV is now the only member of the poxvirus family that causes substantial disease in humans. Though frequently reported, its unusual clinical presentation makes its diagnosis a challenging task. We discuss a case of molluscum contagiosum in a 30-year-old woman along with a review of aetiology, histopathology and different possible treatment modalities.

Plantar molluscum contagiosum: a case report of molluscum contagiosum occurring on the sole of the foot and a review of the world literature.

Molluscum contagiosum (MC) is a skin infection caused by the double-stranded DNA virus of the family Poxviridae that typically presents as flesh-colored asymptomatic umbilicated papules. Plantar MC is uncommon. We describe a 23-year-old man who presented with multiple plantar MC. We also summarize the epidemiologic features of the 34 previously reported patients with plantar MC and discuss the clinical characteristics, differential diagnosis, and treatment of plantar MC. The patients were immunocompetent and the median age at diagnosis was 21 years. Although the plantar MC were asymptomatic in some individuals, a common presenting symptom was pain while walking. Patients had 1 lesion (23/35), 2 lesions (5/35), 3 lesions (4/35), or more than 5 lesions (3/35). Giant MC (>or=1 cm in diameter) was observed in more than 75% (a minimum of 27/35) of patients. At the initial patient evaluation, plantar verruca often was suspected; subsequently, light and/or electron microscopy of the plantar lesion confirmed the diagnosis of plantar MC. Removal or destruction of the lesion resulted in definitive treatment of the plantar MC.

¿Existe tratamiento efectivo para el molusco contagioso? revisión sistemática cualitativa / Is there an effective treatment for molluscum contagiosum? a qualitative systematic review

Introducción: El Molusco Contagioso (MC) es una enfermedad frecuente de la piel en pediatría. Presenta pápulas perladas con una umbilicación central,independientes, en cualquier lugar del cuerpo. Si bien es de carácter benigno y autolimitado afecta al niño y su familia desde el punto de vista estético y social. Objetivo: Realizar una revisión en forma sistemática de la bibliografía sobre distintos tratamientos para establecer si existe evidencia científica sobre la eficacia y seguridad de los mismos. Material y métodos: Se realiza una búsqueda sistemática utilizando las bases de datos Medline, Lilacs y Cochrane; literatura gris en Google Académico y colaboración de la Biblioteca del Hospital Garrahan. Como estrategia se utilizaron las palabras “molluscum contagiosum” y “treatment”. Se seleccionaron ECAs, Meta-análisis y Revisiones Sistemáticas cualitativas desde 1990 a la actualidad. Se excluyen trabajos en inmunocomprometidos. Para el análisis se utilizaron las guías JAMA. Resultados: Se obtuvieron 15 ECAs y 1 Revisión Sistemática. Se incluyeron solo 8 estudios por reunir los criterios de validez interna. De los 7 ECAs incluidos solo 3 presentaron resultados estadísticamente significativos, pero todos tuvieron fallas metodológicas impor tantes. La RS concluyó que no existe evidencia científica que avale el uso de los tratamientos. Los principales inconvenientes fueron bajo Nº muestral en todos los trabajos y realizar la comparación con otros tratamientos en vez de placebo. Conclusión: No se cuenta actualmente con adecuada evidencia para avalar o desaconsejar el tratamiento del MC en pediatría. La mejor opción es la conducta expectante acompañando a la familia y reforzando su carácter benigno y autolimitado. Opinion de experto Dr. Adrián Pierini: El mejor tratamiento costo-efectivo del MC es no realizar ningún tratamiento.

Introduction: Molluscum contagiosum (MC) is a commonskin disease in pediatrics. The lesions are pearly in appea-rance with a dimpled center, are independent, and mayappear anywhere on the body. Although the disease isbenign and self limited, it may esthetically and socially affect the child and his/her family. Objective: To conduct a systematic literature review to determine if there is scientific evidence on the safety and efficacy of different treatments for MC. Material and methods: A systematic literature search was conducted using the Medline, Lilacs, and Cochrane data bases, the grey literature, and Google Scholar, and collaboration of the Hospital Garrahan library. Search strategy the words “molluscum contagiosum” and “treatment” were used. RCTs, meta-analyses, and qualitative systematic reviews published from 1990 onward were selected.Studies in immunocompromised patients were excluded.The JAMA guides were used for the analysis. Results: 15 RCTs and one systematic review were found. Only eightstudies that met the criteria of internal validity were included. Of the seven RCTs included, only three presented statistically significant results and all had considerable methodological flaws. The systematic review concluded that noscientific evidence exists to support the use of treatment.The main weaknesses were small sample sizes in all stu-dies and the comparison with other treatments instead ofplacebo. Conclusion: Currently, no adequate evidence existsto support or advise against treatment of MC in the pedia-tric population. The best management is a “wait-and-see”approach accompanying the family and emphasizing thebenign and self-limiting character of the disease. Expertopinion of Dr. Adrián Pierini: The most cost-effective treat-ment of MC is no treatment at all.

Ulcerating molluscum contagiosum in a boy with relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Molluscum contagiosum is an infectious disease presenting with flesh-colored, dome-shaped, umblicated papules. A few atypical presentations have been reported in immunodeficient patients. A 5-year-old boy with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, presented with bright white-colored papular lesions with no umblications on the chin during his continuation chemotherapy. Increased number of the lesions covered almost his entire chin in months. Topical therapies did not improve the lesions. After his bone marrow relapse, induction chemotherapy was withheld because of bronchopneumonia after febrile neutropenia. After initiation of a combination of systemic parenteral antibiotic and antifungal therapies, his parents squeezed one of his papular lesions. Meanwhile, systemic acyclovir was added to his therapy, because of herpes labialis. Despite the large spectrum of his therapies, in 1.5 months, this small lesion progressed to a large lesion with erythematous ground and a central ulceration. Etiology of the lesion could not be enlightened until a skin biopsy that was compatible with the molluscum contagiosum. A partial resolution was achieved by cryotherapy. In conclusion, molluscum contagiosum may present as an ulcerating lesion during childhood leukemia treatment. A skin biopsy should be performed for the accurate diagnosis of atypical cutaneous lesions in immunocompromised patients.