Comparative susceptibility of adult house fly (Diptera: Muscidae) and an important predator, Carcinops pumilio (Coleoptera: Histeridae), to Beauveria bassiana (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae).

House flies (Musca domestica L.) (Diptera: Muscidae) are challenging pests to control. Biological control using Carcinops pumilio beetles may help to reduce house fly populations. However, it is unknown if C. pumilio beetles are compatible with Beauveria bassiana, another house fly biological control option. Five strains of commercially available (GHA, HF23, and L90) and newly discovered (NFH10 and PSU1) strains of B. bassiana were used to test the comparative susceptibility of adult house flies and adult C. pumilio using different laboratory exposure methods. Adult house flies were susceptible to B. bassiana in contact filter paper assays (89%-98% mortality) and immersion assays (100% mortality) at the same 108 conidia suspension using 0.1% CapSil as an aqueous surfactant. Carcinops pumilio were less susceptible than flies to B. bassiana infection using the contact and immersion assays at the same 108 conidial concentration, with 4.4%-12.2% and 8.3%-24.6% mortality, respectively. Immersion in an aqueous conidial suspension resulted in higher mortality compared to contact with treated filter papers at the same 108 concentration with house flies and beetles. We conclude that C. pumilio can safely be used as a biological control agent for house flies with B. bassiana in animal production systems.

Isolation of Multidrug-Resistant Helicobacter pylori from Wild Houseflies Musca domestica with a New Perspective for the Treatment.

Background: High frequency of Helicobacter pylori infection and the unknown mode of transmission prompted us to investigate H. pylori-wild housefly relationship. H. pylori causes chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, and stomach cancer. H. pylori persists in the gut of the experimentally infected houseflies. The existence of H. pylori strains isolated from wild houseflies, on the other hand, has never been documented. Materials and Methods: In this study, 902 wild houseflies from different sites were identified as Musca domestica, then 60 flies were screened by traditional microbiological techniques and H. pylori-specific 16S rRNA gene. The antibiotic resistance (ART) was investigated phenotypically. Wild housefly gut bacterial isolates were further evaluated genotypically to have 23S rRNA gene mutation related to clarithromycin resistance. To find efficient therapeutic alternatives, the potency of three plant extracts (garlic, ginger, and lemon) and the wasp, Vespa orientalis venom was evaluated against H. pylori. The cytotoxic effect of the crude wasp venom, the most potent extract, against Vero and Colon cancer (Caco2) cell lines was investigated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Results: All isolates from houseflies were positive. The isolated bacteria have variable resistance to frequently used antibiotics in all isolates. Minimum inhibitory concentration values of 15.625 mg/mL for both ginger and lemon extracts, 7.8125 mg/mL for garlic extract, and 0.0313 mg/mL for wasp venom were recorded. Wasp venom has the most potent antibacterial activity compared with the four antibiotics that are currently used in therapies against H. pylori. Conclusion: We conclude that wild houseflies can play a role in disseminating H. pylori. The housefly gut may be a suitable environment for the horizontal transfer of ART genes among its associated microbiome and H. pylori. Wasp venom proved its potential activity as a new and effective anti-H. pylori drug for both therapeutic and preventative usage.

Potential antitumor and anti-inflammatory activities of an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) from Bacillus subtilis isolated from a housefly.

Bacillus subtilis, a probiotic, has been applied in the medical, food, and feed industries among others. However, the mechanisms of its benefits to hosts are not yet fully understood. Here the characterization and bioactivities of an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) from Bacillus subtilis were investigated to reveal its partial mechanisms and provide the theoretical basics for further development and utilization of Bacillus subtilis. In this study, the novel strain Bacillus subtilis xztubd1 (GenBank: MG458322.1) was isolated from a housefly's body, identified according to phenotypical and genotypical analyses, and found to produce large amounts of an EPS. Through ultraviolet spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR spectroscopy), the EPS was found to contain a variety of chemical functional groups, such as O-H groups, C=C, C=O, CH3, C-O-H and C-O-C bonds, and alpha-type pyranose. Furthermore, the in vitro antioxidant activity of the EPS on DPPH radicals at a concentration of 90 µg/ml was 62%; on the superoxide radical at a concentration of 90 µg/ml, this value was 75%; and on hydroxyl radicals at a concentration of 90 µg/ml, the activity was 54%. EPS also enhanced significantly phagocytosis, lysozyme activity in macrophages, IL-2 content in mice and inhibited dramatically the growth of HeLa cells. These results showed that the EPS with reductive groups have the strong capacity to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS), reinforce the immune system and inhibit the growth of cancer cell, which helps theirs hosts defence against many diseases, including inflammation and cancer. The EPS from Bacillus subtilis has the potential to be an anticancer and anti-inflammatory drug candidate in the pharmaceutical industries, which provide scientific evidence for the development and utilization of probiotic-derived medicines.

PAP1 activates the prophenoloxidase system against bacterial infection in Musca domestica.

We previously identified three putative prophenoloxidase-activating proteinase (mdPAP1, mdPAP2, and mdPAP3) genes from housefly Musca domestica by transcriptomic analysis. In this study, mdPAP1 cDNA was cloned, and the function of its encoded protein was analyzed. The cDNA of mdPAP1 was 1358 bp, and it contained a single open reading frame of 1122 bp encoding a predicted MdPAP1 protein of 373 amino acids. The estimated molecular weight of MdPAP1 was 41267.08 Da with an isoelectric point of 6.25. The deduced amino acid sequence of MdPAP1 exhibited high similarity to known PAPs of insects. mdPAP1 was detected in larvae, pupae, and adult housefly, and the expression level of mdPAP1 was upregulated in bacterial challenged larvae. The recombinant protein of MdPAP1 expressed in Escherichia coli could cleave the prophenoloxidase into phenoloxidase in M. domestica hemolymph infected by bacteria and result in a significant increase of the total phenoloxidase activity. In addition, RNA interference-mediated gene silencing of mdPAP1 significantly increased the mortality of M. domestica larvae. Results indicated that mdPAP1 was involved in the activation of the prophenoloxidase against bacterial infection in M. domestica.

Apibacter muscae sp. nov., a novel bacterial species isolated from house flies.

We describe the isolation and characterization of three bacterial isolates from the common house fly, Musca domestica, caught in Londerzeel, Belgium and Huye District, Rwanda. Although isolated from distinct geographical locations, the strains show >99 % identical 16S rRNA gene sequences and are <95 % identical to type strains of Apibacter species. Whole-genome sequences were obtained for all three strains. The genomes are 2.4-2.5 Mb with a G+C content of ~30.3 mol%. Bacteriological and biochemical analysis of the strains demonstrate distinctly different characteristics compared to known Apibacter species. Particularly, the three strains investigated in this study can be distinguished from the known Apibacter species (Apibacter mensalisand Apibacter adventoris) through urease and ß-glucosidase activities. Whole-cell fatty acid methyl ester analysis shows that the fatty acid composition of the novel strains is also unique. On the basis of phylogenetic, genotypic and phenotypic data, we propose to classify these isolates as representatives of a novel species of the genus Apibacter, Apibacter muscae sp. nov., in reference to its prevalence in house flies, with strain G8T (=LMG 30898T=DSM 107922T) as the type strain.

Infectivity of housefly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) to different entomopathogenic fungi

Abstract The housefly Musca domestica is a worldwide insect pest that acts as a vector for many pathogenic diseases in both people and animals. The present study was conducted to evaluate the virulence of different local isolates of Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae and Isaria fumosorosea on M. domestica using two bioassay techniques: (1) adult immersion and (2) a bait method applied to both larvae and adults. The results showed evidence of a broad range of responses by both stages (larvae and adults) to the tested isolates of B. bassiana, M. anisopliae and I. fumosorosea. These responses were concentration-dependent, with mortality percentages ranging from 53.00% to 96.00%. Because it resulted in lower LC50 values and a shorter lethal time, B. bassiana (Bb-01) proved to be the most virulent isolate against both housefly larvae and adults. Sublethal doses of the tested isolates were also assessed to evaluate their effect on M. domestica fecundity and longevity. The fungal infections reduced housefly survival regardless of their sex and also decreased egg production in females.

Insects in confined swine operations carry a large antibiotic resistant and potentially virulent enterococcal community.

BACKGROUND: Extensive use of antibiotics as growth promoters in the livestock industry constitutes strong selection pressure for evolution and selection of antibiotic resistant bacterial strains. Unfortunately, the microbial ecology and spread of these bacteria in the agricultural, urban, and suburban environments are poorly understood. Insects such as house flies (Musca domestica) and German cockroaches (Blattella germanica) can move freely between animal waste and food and may play a significant role in the dissemination of antibiotic resistant bacteria within and between animal production farms and from farms to residential settings. RESULTS: Enterococci from the digestive tract of house flies (n = 162), and feces of German cockroaches (n = 83) and pigs (n = 119), collected from two commercial swine farms were isolated, quantified, identified, and screened for antibiotic resistance and virulence. The majority of samples (93.7%) were positive for enterococci with concentrations 4.2 ± 0.7 × 104 CFU/house fly, 5.5 ± 1.1 × 106 CFU/g of cockroach feces, and 3.2 ± 0.8 × 105 CFU/g of pig feces. Among all the identified isolates (n = 639) Enterococcus faecalis was the most common (55.5%), followed by E. hirae (24.9%), E. faecium (12.8%), and E. casseliflavus (6.7%). E. faecalis was most prevalent in house flies and cockroaches, and E. hirae was most common in pig feces. Our data showed that multi-drug (mainly tetracycline and erythromycin) resistant enterococci were common from all three sources and frequently carried antibiotic resistance genes including tet(M) and erm(B) and Tn916/1545 transposon family. E. faecalis frequently harbored virulence factors gelE, esp, and asa1. PFGE analysis of selected E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates demonstrated that cockroaches and house flies shared some of the same enterococcal clones that were detected in the swine manure indicating that insects acquired enterococci from swine manure. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that house flies and German cockroaches in the confined swine production environment likely serve as vectors and/or reservoirs of antibiotic resistant and potentially virulent enterococci and consequently may play an important role in animal and public health.

Transmisión oral de la enfermedad de chagas: con especial referencia a la patología de los casos del año 2009 / Oral transmission of chagas disease due to oral: with special reference to the pathology of the cases from the year 2009

La transmisión oral de la enfermedad de Chagas habitual en el ciclo selvático es una forma rará en el ser humano. En este último, se debe a la contaminación de las heces con Trypanosoma cruzi (Tcruzi) en los alimentos o a la manipulación infectada de los mismos. Más raramente a la ingesta de carne de reservorios infectados. En esta comunicación, se ponen en el tapete, los trabajos experimentales y naturales del investigador Díaz-Ungría quien demostró el importante papel que juega la mosca doméstica en la contaminación de los alimentos con las heces infectadas de los vectores. Igualmente, se destaca la importancia del perro como reservorio doméstico, todos los cuales podrían ser factores determinantes en la causa de los brotes agudos presentados en los dos últimos años en nuestro país. Se exponen las características de la miocarditis aguda chagásica como la expresión más constante de la forma aguda de la enfermedad por transmisión oral. Se destacan las medidas de prevención efectuadas por las autoridades sanitarias en estas circunstancias

Oral transmission of Chagas disease is common in the forest'cycle and is a rare form in humans. In the human is due to contamination of the stool with T.cruzi in food or infected by their manipulation. More rarely due to reservoirs infected T.cruzi meat intake. In this communication we described the natural and experimental works of the Díaz-Ungría researcher who demonstrated the important role played bi the house fly in the contamination of food with vectors infected faeces. It also highlights the importance of the dog as domestic reservoir, all of which could be determining factors in the cause of acute outbreaks in the past two years in our country. The features of acute Chagasic'myocarditis are exposed as the constant expression of the acute form of the disease by oral transmission. The prevention measures carried out by the health authorities in these circunstances are high lighted

Protocolo de cria de Musca domestica en laboratorio / Breeding protocol for Musca domestica in the laboratory

Presentamos un método de cría de Musca domestica en condiciones de laboratorio, a una temperatura de 32ºC, humedad relativa de 70 a 80 % y fotoperiodo de 12 horas de luz, el ciclo biológico de M. domestica dura aproximadamente 9 días. La dieta para moscas adultas consiste en 80 gr de azúcar comercial, 250 mL de leche pasteurizada y agua filtrada. El medio de cultivo para larvas se elabora con tiras de papel de servilletas humedecidas con una solución de leche y levadura, éstas se colocan por capas de 5 centímetros en el interior de un frasco de vidrio hasta llenar 1/3 del volumen del mismo. Posteriormente se depositan aproximadamente 250 huevos, encima de los cuales se coloca la última capa seca de tiras papel. Transcurridos cinco días se procede a sacar las pupas del medio de cría. Estas se colocan en el interior de una jaula limpia y cuatro días después emergen los adultos.

We present a method of growing Musca domestica under laboratory conditions. At a temperature of 32 ºC, relative humidity of 70 to 80% and photo period of 12 hours of light, the life cycle of M. domestica lasts about 9 days. The diet for the adult fly consists of 80 grams of commercial sugar, 250 mL of pasteurized milk and filtered water. The culture medium for larvae was made with strips of paper napkins moistened with a solution of milk and yeast that were placed in layers to 5 cm deep in a glass bottle filled 1/3 full. About 250 larvae eggs were placed on the top layer and then a last layer of dry strips of paper was added. After five days the pupae were removed from the rearing flask. These were placed into a clean cage and four days later the adults emerged.

An improved bioassay for the detection of Bacillus thuringiensis beta-exotoxin.

Some Bacillus thuringiensis strains secrete beta-exotoxin, which is an insecticidal, thermostable adenine nucleotide analogue. Discrepancies between detection of beta-exotoxin by high-performance liquid chromatography and insect bioassays have shown the importance of bioassays in the determination of beta-exotoxin production. With the aim of improving the fly beta-exotoxin bioassay, a range of fly diets were evaluated and the best performing diet was incorporated into a novel beta-exotoxin bioassay. The improved bioassay is characterised by good control pupation percentages, low variability, easy setup and monitoring. The bioassay allowed unambiguous differentiation between beta-exotoxin producing and non-producing strains, and is suitable for the routine screening of B. thuringiensis strains for beta-exotoxins.

Molecular characterization and expression of the antimicrobial peptide defensin from the housefly (Musca domestica).

A 430-bp cDNA encoding the insect antimicrobial peptide defensin was cloned from the housefly, and designated Musca domestica defensin (Mdde). The open reading frame of the cDNA encoded a 92-amino acid peptide with an N-terminal signal sequence followed by a propeptide that is processed by cleavage to a 40-amino acid mature peptide. Northern analysis and in situ hybridization identified the corresponding mRNA in the fat body of bacterially challenged houseflies and in the epidermis of the body wall of naive and challenged houseflies. The Gram-negative bacterium (Escherichia coli) is a strong inducer of the gene. By RT-PCR, Mdde mRNA was also detected in naive and challenged insects. These findings suggest that the defensin gene is constitutively expressed in the epidermis of the housefly body wall. The predicted mature form of Mdde was expressed as a recombinant peptide in E. coli and Pichia pastoris. The recombinant Mdde expressed in Pichia was active against Gram-positive and some Gram-negative bacteria.

Ocorrência de multiparasitismo em larvas de terceiro ínstar e pupas de Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) em condições de campo / Occurrence of multiparasitism in third instar larvae and pupae of Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) in field conditions

Durante experimento de pesquisa envolvendo o parasitismo de larvas de terceiro ínstar e pupas de Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794) em dois locais da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, observou-se a ocorrência de multiparasitismo em 1,83 por cento das pupas expostas no Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC) e em 2,16 por cento expostas no Jardim Zoológico (ZOO). O experimento foi conduzido semanalmente de agosto de 1999 a julho de 2000. Em ambos os locais, houve a co-ocorrência de duas espécies por pupa e os parasitóides encontrados foram os himenópteros Tachinaephagus zealandicus Ashmead, 1904, Pachycrepoideus vindemiae (Rondani, 1875) e Nasonia vitripennis (Walker, 1836). 72,73 por cento do multiparasitismo ocorreu no ZOO em julho de 2000. Em condições de multiparasitismo, T. zealandicus e P. vindemiae mantiveram seu hábito gregário e solitário, respectivamente, mas N. vitripennis foi encontrado solitário em algumas pupas.

Microhimenoópteros parasitóides de Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794)(diptera: calliphoridae) na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, RJ e o parasitismo de larvas de moscas por Tachinaephagus zealandicus Ashmead, 1904 (Hymenoptera: encyrtidae) sob diferentes temperaturas / Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius,1794)(diptera: calliphoridae) Microhimenopteros parasitoids in Rio de Janeiro, RJ and Parasitism of fly larvae by Techinaephagus zealandicus Ashmead, 1904 (Hymenoptera: encyrtidae) in different temperatures

As moscas varejeiras são um grande problema nas cidades e no campo devido ao seu hábito sinantrópico e vetoração de microorganismos patogênicos. A utilização de produtos químicos para seu controle causa danos a saúde do homem e contamina o meio ambiente, sendo portanto, um estímulo para a busca de alternativas mais seguras, onde o controle biológico pode tornar-se um grande aliado... As coletas foram realizadas semanalmente no campus do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/FIOCRUZ) e no Jardim Zoológico da cidade, através da exposição de larvas de C. megacephala presentes em carne bovina moída putrefata próximo a lixeira dos dois locais e em três diferentes alturas: ao nível do solo, a 1m e a 2m. Após sete dias no campo, as larvas transformadas em pupas foram recolhidas e levadas para o Laboratório de Biologia e Controle de Insetos Vetores do Departamento de Biologia do IOC, repetindo o processo durante o período de agosto de 1999 a julho de 2000.As pupas de onde não emergiram moscas foram individualizadas em cápsulas de gelatina e mantidas em câmara climática a 27+ 2°C por aproximadamente 35 dias, quando foi verificada a emergência de parasitóides e feita a dissecação de todas as pupas. Determinada a espécie de parasitóide mais abundante, foram realizados testes de parasitismo em C. megacephala e mensurada a longevidade na presença e ausência do hospedeiro, o tempo de desenvolvimento de ovo a adulto e a razão sexual dos parasitóides desenvolvidos em temperaturas constantes de 21, 24, 27 e 29°C + 2°C... Peckia chrysostoma (Wiedemann, 1830) (Sarcophagidae), C. megacephala e Ophyra aenescens (Wiedemann, 1830) (Muscidae) a 25 + 2°C. Os resultados mostraram a existência de três microhimenópteros que parasitam C. megacephala na cidade do Rio de Janeiro: Tachinaephagus zealandicus Ashmead, 1904 (Encyrtidae), Pachycrepoideus vindemiae (Rondani, 1875) Pteromalidae) e Nasonia vitripennis (Walker, 1836) (Pteromalidae)... A 29°C não houve pupas parasitadas e a 24°C houve maior emergência de microhimenópteros adultos... O número médio de T. zealandicus por pupa no campo foi igual a 14,92 e sob temperatura controlada variou em 8,66, 9,44 e 13,23 a 21°C, 24°C e 27°C, respectivamente... O número médio de parasitóides por pupa foi 13,08 em C. megacephala e de 21,18 em P. chrysostoma. Não houve diferença no tempo médio de desenvolvimento de ovo a adulto e na duração média do período de emergência de T. zealandicus quando criado nas duas espécies de moscas.

Avaliacao in vitro dos fungos aspergillus flavus e penicillium corylophilum em adultos de musca domestica / In vitro avaliation of the fungus aspergillus flavus and penicillium corylophilum in adults of musca domestica

O objetivo do presente estudo foi o de avaliar o potencial de dois isolados fúngicos de Aspergillus flavus e dois isolados de Penicillium corylophilum sobre adultos de Musca domestica. Para a realizacao dos bioensaios foram selecionados dois isolados de cada especie fúngica. Os adultos de M. domestica para os bioensaios foram obtidos a partir de pupas da colonia desta especie. Moscas adultas recem emergidas foram separadas en quatro grupos con dez moscas para cada uma das diluicoes das suspensoes conidiais (10 elevado a 5 a 10 elevado a 8 conídios/ml). Foram realizadas pulverizacoes de 2,5 ml das suspensoes conidiais para cada repeticao. Dois grupos controles foram mantidos, no primeiro as moscas foram tratadas com espalhante adesivo e o segundo sem nenhum tratamento. Os insetos adultos foram sensíveis aos tratamentos com diferentes isolados fúngicos, princeipalmente nos tratamentos com suspensoes com maiores concentracoes conidiais. No bioensaio com um dos isolados de A. flavus ocorreu a mortalidade de 100 percento das moscas no terceiro dia após a infeccao. Nos bioensaios com os dois isolados de P. corylophilum, 100 percento das moscas tratadas morreram até o sétimo dia após infeccao. O ritmo de mortalidade foi mais lento nos tratamentos com menores concentracoes conidiais prolongandose até o 15º dia

Characterization and description of a virus causing salivary gland hyperplasia in the housefly, Musca domestica.

A double-stranded DNA virus was isolated from hyperplasic salivary glands of male and female houseflies, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), collected from a dairy in Alachua County, Florida, U.S.A. Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) of this housefly salivary gland hyperplasia (SGH) virus revealed the presence of two major and eight minor structural polypeptides. Restriction endonuclease analysis indicated that the c. 137 kilobase pair DNA was double-stranded. Weekly, sweep-net sampling of the fly population throughout the season (May-October, 1991) showed that 1.5-18.5% of the dissected flies possessed hyperplasic salivary glands. The virus replicated within the nuclei of the salivary gland cells and was transmitted per os to newly-emerged healthy adult flies.

The housefly (Musca domestica) as a carrier of pathogenic microorganisms in a hospital environment.

Houseflies have long been regarded as potential carriers of microorganisms. Since pathogenic microorganisms are widespread in the hospital environment, there is abundant opportunity for flies to become contaminated and, in turn, to contaminate the patient environment. In the present study, an attempt was made to isolate and identify pathogenic bacteria, fungi and parasites from the housefly Musca domestica collected in the surgical ward of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences Hospital and also in a remote residential area located 5 km from the hospital. A total of 113 flies were collected: 65 from a surgical ward (test) and 48 from a residential area for comparison. Ten genera of bacteria were isolated from the test group of flies compared with nine from the control group. In primary isolations, it was observed that the load of bacteria carried by the test group of flies was significantly more (P less than 0.001) than for the control flies. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis and viridans streptococci were isolated only from the test flies. The isolation rate of Staphylococcus aureus was significantly higher (P less than 0.001) in test houseflies than in the control houseflies. There was no significant difference in isolation of parasitic ova and cysts from test and control houseflies. Candida spp. were isolated in almost equal numbers from both groups of houseflies, yet none of these was Candida albicans. Houseflies therefore may act as vectors of potentially pathogenic bacteria in a hospital environment.

Control de la mosca doméstica con la asociación azametifos-cizomazina en una granja de ponedoras comerciales / Control of domestic fly with the association azamethiphos-cyromazine in a farm of commercial layers

Para combatir una altísima infestación de moscas en una granja de ponedoras se utilizó ciromazina administrada con el alimento a 5 ppm junto a un cebo con 1 por ciento de azametifós. La ciromazina se administró continuamente por dos períodos de cinco semanas cada uno, separados por un intervalo de cinco semanas sin el producto. El cebo se esparció sobre el suelo, a ,lo largo de los pasillos y en las partes de las fosas donde se congregaban moscas al inicio y a la 2a semana del primer tratamiento con ciromazina y, además se aplicó a cartones colgantes de los comederos inferiores a distancia de 10-11 pasos uno del otro en todos los galpones. Los cartones fueron colocados al inicio del primer tratamiento con ciromazina y recargados de cebo cada 3-4 semanas. A los 13-16 días después de comenzada la primera administración de ciromazina la infestación se había reducido notablemente y siguió disminuyendo en las semanas siguientes. A las 4a-5a semana del intervalo sin ciromazina solamente se encontraron algunas moscas y, al terminar la segunda aplicación del producto, las moscas habían practicamente desaparecido. Cinco semanas después de terminada la administración de ciromazina, solamente se observaron algunas moscas en dos de los 14 galpones de granja

[Bacteriologic studies of flies and cockroaches in the residential quarters of refuse disposal sites in Cairo (Mokattam and Ezbeth el Nakhl)]. / Bakteriologische Untersuchungen von Fliegen und Schaben in den Wohnvierteln der Mülldeponien in Kairo (Mokattam und Ezbeth el Nakhl).

In Cairo's waste disposal sites various germs could be isolated from cockroaches and flies; antibiotic resistance was determined.

Controle de Musca domestica (Diptera, Muscidae) em dejetos de galinhas poedeiras, por larvas de Alphitobius piceus (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) / Control of Musca domestica (Diptera, Muscidae) in feces of chicken egg-laying by using larvae of Alphitobius picus (Coleoptera, tenebrionidae)

El presente tabajo relata los resultados promisores obtenidos, en el laboratorio y campo, en el control de huevos y larvas de Musca domestica, usándose larvas de Alphitobius piceus (Oliver, 1792 (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae)

Epizootic vesicular stomatitis in Colorado, 1982: epidemiologic studies along the northern Colorado front range.

Epidemiologic evaluations were made of farm personnel on vesicular stomatitis-affected premises along the front range of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado during the 1982 epizootic. A similar antibody prevalence was noted to that of veterinarians and research and regulatory personnel who were involved with the same epizootic. Risk of infection resulted from intimate physical contact with infected horses or cows. Incidence and infection rates in horses were 45%; rates in cows were much lower, only 5%. Some epidemiologic clues were gained by a detailed study of an equine ranch. The pasture was incriminated as the area of highest risk, where 100% infection rates were noted. Horses in open pens and barns were at lower risk. Severe clinical disease in horses resulted in higher neutralizing antibody titers than inapparent or mild infection. Maternal antibody was detected in foals up to 4 months of age, and the level of antibody in the foal was a reflection of the dam's antibody level.