Healthy lifestyle and essential metals attenuated association of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with heart rate variability in coke oven workers.

Whether adopting healthy lifestyles and maintaining moderate levels of essential metals could attenuate the reduction of heart rate variability (HRV) related to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposure are largely unknown. In this study, we measured urinary metals and PAHs as well as HRV, and constructed a healthy lifestyle score in 1267 coke oven workers. Linear regression models were used to explore the association of healthy lifestyle score and essential metals with HRV, and interaction analysis was performed to investigate the potential interaction between healthy lifestyle score, essential metals, and PAHs on HRV. Mean age of the participants was 41.9 years (84.5% male). Per one point higher healthy lifestyle score was associated with a 2.5% (95% CI, 1.0%-3.9%) higher standard deviation of all normal to normal intervals (SDNN), 2.1% (95% CI, 0.5%-3.6%) higher root mean square of successive differences in adjacent NN intervals (r-MSSD), 4.3% (95% CI, 0.4%-8.2%) higher low frequency, 4.4% (95% CI, 0.2%-8.5%) higher high frequency, and 4.4% (95% CI, 1.2%-7.6%) higher total power, respectively. Urinary level of chromium was positively associated with HRV indices, with the corresponding ß (95% CI) (%) was 5.17 (2.84, 7.50) for SDNN, 4.29 (1.74, 6.84) for r-MSSD, 12.26 (6.08, 18.45) for low frequency, 12.61 (5.87, 19.36) for high frequency, and 11.31 (6.19, 16.43) for total power. Additionally, a significant interaction was found between healthy lifestyle score and urinary total hydroxynaphthalene on SDNN (Pinteraction = 0.04), and higher level of urinary chromium could attenuate the adverse effect of total hydroxynaphthalene level on HRV (all Pinteraction <0.05). Findings of our study suggest adopting healthy lifestyle and maintaining a relatively high level of chromium might attenuate the reduction of HRV related to total hydroxynaphthalene exposure.

Biomonitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Brazilian pregnant women: Urinary levels and health risk assessment.

Over the years, humans have been continuously exposed to several compounds directly generated by industrial processes and/or present in consumed products. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are legacy pollutants ubiquitous in the environment and represent the main chemical pollutants in urban areas. Worldwide, studies that aim to understand the impacts of exposure to these chemicals have gained increasing prominence due to their potential toxicity profile, mainly concerning genotoxicity and carcinogenicity. Human biomonitoring (HB) is an analytical approach to monitoring population exposure to chemicals; however, these studies are still limited in Brazil. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the exposure of Brazilian pregnant women to PAHs through HB studies. Besides, the risk characterization of this exposure was performed. For this purpose, urine samples from 358 Brazilian pregnant women were used to evaluate 11 hydroxylated metabolites of PAHs employing gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The 1OH-naphthol and 2OH-naphthol were detected in 100% of the samples and showed high levels, corresponding to 16.99 and 3.62 µg/g of creatinine, respectively. 2OH-fluorene (8.12 µg/g of creatinine) and 9OH-fluorene (1.26 µg/g of creatinine) were detected in 91% and 66% of the samples, respectively. Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) metabolites were detected in more than 50% of the samples (0.58-1.26 µg/g of creatinine). A hazard index of 1.4 and a carcinogenic risk above 10-4 were found for BaP metabolites in the risk characterization. Therefore, our findings may indicate that exposure to PAHs poses a potential risk to pregnant women's health and a high probability of carcinogenic risk due to their exposure to BaP. Finally, this work shows the need for more in-depth studies to determine the sources of exposure and the implementation of health protection measures regarding the exposure of the Brazilian population to PAHs.

Luminescent Chemosensor Based on Ru(II) Bipyridine Complex for Detection of Sudan I through Inner Filter Effect.

Presence of Sudan I in food stuff can be problematic and need to be checked in order to protect our health from possible carcinogen. Therefore, it is essential to detect Sudan I by efficient, rapid and reliable method. In this work, we have designed a Ru(II) polypyridyl complex, [Ru(bpy)2(CIP)]2+ probe for the selective and sensitive detection of Sudan I. Upon addition of Sudan I to the solution of [Ru(bpy)2(CIP)]2+ in ethanol, the luminescence quenched rapidly, and linear concentration range with analyte has been obtained from 0.8 to 100 µM with the limit of detection as low as 0.26 µM (S/N = 3). The effective luminescence quenching was resulted due to the inner filter effect (IFE) between luminophore, [Ru(bpy)2(CIP)]2+ and quencher, Sudan I. Our spectroscopic study was essentially provided sufficient analytical evidences in order to prove occurrence of IFE mechanism. As there were no interferences observed in luminescence measurement from the other substances the present probe has been successfully applied for the detection of Sudan I in commercial chili powder sample, making the probe suitable for practical usage.

Qualitative and quantitative analysis based on digital images to determine the adulteration of ketchup samples with Sudan I dye.

Sudan I is a synthetic-azo dye commonly used to adulterate foods to increase sensory appearance. However, it is banned due to its carcinogenic, mutagenic and genotoxic properties, which represent a serious risk to human health. Thus, this paper proposes a feasibility study to identify and quantify Sudan I dye in ketchup samples using colour histograms (obtained from digital images) and multivariate analysis. The successive projections algorithm coupled with linear discriminant analysis (SPA-LDA) classified correctly all samples, while the partial least squares coupled with SPA for interval selection (iSPA-PLS) quantified adequately the adulterant, attaining values of RMSEP of 11.64 mg kg-1, R2 of 0.96, RPD of 5.28, REP of 13.63% and LOD of 39.45 mg kg-1. Therefore, the proposed methodology provides a simple, fast, inexpensive, promising analytical tool for the screening of both the quality and safety of ketchup samples. As a consequence, it can help to protect the consumer's health.

Rapid and nondestructive fraud detection of palm oil adulteration with Sudan dyes using portable NIR spectroscopic techniques.

Non-destructive, simple and fast techniques for identifying authentic palm oil and those adulterated with Sudan dyes using portable NIR spectroscopy would be very beneficial to West Africa countries and the world at large. In this study, a portable NIR spectroscopy coupled with multivariate models were developed for detecting palm oil adulteration. A total of 520 samples of palm oil were used comprising; 40 authentic samples together with 480 adulterated samples containing Sudan dyes (I, II, III, IV of 120 samples each). Multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) preprocessing technique plus Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to extract relevant spectral information which gave visible cluster trends for authentic samples and adulterated ones. The performance of Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and Support vector machine (SVM) were compared, and SVM showed superiority over LDA. The optimised results by cross-validation revealed that MSC-PCA + SVM gave an identification rate above 95% for both calibration and prediction sets. The overall results show that portable NIR spectroscopy together with MSC-PCA + SVM model could be used successfully to identify authentic palm oils from adulterated ones. This would be useful for quality control officers and consumers to manage and control Sudan dyes adulteration in red palm oil.

Capillary electrophoresis method for the determination of (R)-dapoxetine, (3S)-3-(dimethylamino)-3-phenyl-1-propanol, (S)-3-amino-3-phenyl-1-propanol and 1-naphthol as impurities of dapoxetine hydrochloride.

A capillary electrophoresis method was developed and validated for the determination of the purity of dapoxetine with regard to the related substances (3S)-3-amino-3-phenylpropan-1-ol, (3S)-3-(dimethylamino)-3-phenylpropan-1-ol, 1-naphthol and the enantiomer (R)-dapoxetine. The separation was based on a dual selector system, which was optimized by a fractional factorial resolution V + design followed by a central composite face centered design with star distance 1 and Monte Carlo simulations for defining the design space. The optimized background electrolyte consisted of a 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 6.3, containing 45 mg/mL sulfated γ-cyclodextrin and 40.2 mg/mL 2,6-dimethyl-ß-cyclodextrin. Separations were carried out in a 23.5/32 cm, 50 µm fused-silica capillary employing a separation voltage of 9 kV at 15 °C. Following robustness testing using a Plackett-Burman design the method was validated according to the International Council on Harmonization guideline Q2(R1) in the range of 0.05-1.0% relative to the dapoxetine concentration. The method was applied to the analysis of drug substance and a commercial tablet. Data regarding the enantiomeric purity of dapoxetine obtained by the capillary electrophoresis assay were comparable to the data obtained by an enantioselective HPLC method.

Preparation of carbon quantum dots from cigarette filters and its application for fluorescence detection of Sudan I.

Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) with quantum yield of 14% were successfully synthesized via a simple, low-cost, and green hydrothermal treatment using cigarette filters as carbon source for the first time. The obtained CQDs showed a strong emission at the wavelength of 465 nm, with an optimum excitation of 365 nm.Sudan I with maximum absorption wavelength at 477 nm could selectively quench the fluorescence of CQDs. Based on this principle, a fluorescence probe was developed for Sudan I determination. Furthermore, the quenching mechanism of the CQDs was elucidated. A linear relationship was found in the range of 2.40-104.0 µmol/L Sudan I with the detection limit (3σ/k) of 0.95 µmol/L. Satisfactory results were achieved when the method was submitted to the determination of Sudan I in food samples.

Dispersed synthesis of uniform Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles via in situ decomposition of iron precursor along cotton fibre for Sudan dyes analysis in food samples.

Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles, with a negative charge surface, are known to have efficient adsorbent properties, but they tend to be agglomerated into larger aggregates or flocs, which can cause loss of specific area. The addition of cotton fibre, as a stabiliser in preparation of the Fe3O4 nanoparticles, is able to efficiently reduce particle aggregation, and thus, effective particle size, resulting in much greater specific surface area and adsorption sites. Fe3O4 nanoparticles synthesis was accomplished by in situ high-temperature decomposition of the precursor ferric ion in the presence of cotton fibre and ethylene glycol solvent. The morphology of Fe3O4 nanoparticles was characterised by field emission scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction, which confirmed that the magnetic nanoparticles are highly dispersed. These Fe3O4 nanoparticles were used for clean-up and pre-concentration of Sudan dyes in chilli and hot red sauces, prior to their determination by capillary liquid chromatography diode array detection. A comparative study of analyte pre-concentration was conducted with magnetic nanoparticles prepared with and without cotton fibre showing that both solid phases adsorb the analytes, but higher recoveries were obtained when using cotton fibre which therefore was selected for extraction of Sudan dyes.

Application of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in food adulteration determination: the example of Sudan dye I in paprika powder.

Carcinogenic Sudan I has been added illegally into spices for an apparent freshness. 1H solution and solid-state (SS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies were applied and compared for determination of Sudan I in paprika powders (PPs). For solution NMR, PPs spiked with Sudan I were extracted with acetonitrile, centrifuged, rotor-evaporated, and re-dissolved in DMSO-d6 for spectral collection. For SSNMR, Sudan I contaminated PPs were mixed with DMSO-d6 solution and used for spectral collection. Linear regression models constructed for quantitative analyses resulted in the average accuracies for unknown samples as 98% and 105%, respectively. Limits of detection for the solution NMR and SSNMR spectrometers were 6.7 and 128.6 mg kg-1, while the limits of quantification were 22.5 and 313.7 mg kg-1. The overall analysis time required by both methods was similar (35 and 32 min). Both NMR techniques are feasible for rapid and accurate determination of Sudan I adulteration in PPs.

Upconversion nanosensor for sensitive fluorescence detection of Sudan I-IV based on inner filter effect.

Sudan dyes are banned as food additives due to the carcinogenicity of their metabolites in the human body. Therefore, it is of great significance for sensitive detection of Sudan dyes. This paper reports a novel nanosensor for Sudan dyes detection based on fluorescence (FL) quenching of hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) stabilized upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) through the inner filter effect (IFE). In the presence of Sudan I-IV, the fluorescence emission of UCNPs was effectively quenched due to the absorption bands of Sudan I-IV largely covered the emission bands of UCNPs. Under the optimized conditions, the FL was quenched with Sudan concentration over the range of 0.05-40, 0.01-20, 0.01-40 and 0.05-40 µg/mL for Sudan I-IV, respectively. The corresponding limit of detection is 15.1, 2.83, 3.52 and 16.7 ng/mL (at 3σ/slope) respectively. Meanwhile, the nanosensor shows good selectivity, sensitivity and can be successfully applied to detection of Sudan in chili powder samples.

Determination of Sudan I in paprika powder by molecularly imprinted polymers-thin layer chromatography-surface enhanced Raman spectroscopic biosensor.

Sudan I is a carcinogenic and mutagenic azo-compound that has been utilized as a common adulterant in spice and spice blends to impart a desirable red color to foods. A novel biosensor combining molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), thin layer chromatography (TLC) and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) could determine Sudan I levels in paprika powder to 1 ppm (or 2 ng/spot). Sudan I spiked paprika extracts (spiking levels: 0, 1, 5, 10, 40, 70 and 100 ppm) were prepared. Sudan I imprinted polymers were synthesized by employing the interaction between Sudan I (template) and methacrylic acid (functional monomer), followed by washing to remove Sudan I leaving the Sudan I-binding sites exposed. MIPs were used as a stationary phase for TLC and could selectively retain Sudan I at the original spot with little interference. A gold colloid SERS substrate could enhance Raman intensity for Sudan I in this MIP-TLC system. Principal component analysis plot and partial least squares regression (R(2)=0.978) models were constructed and a linear regression model (R(2)=0.983) correlated spiking levels (5, 10, 40, 70 and 100 ppm) with the peak intensities (721 cm(-1)) of Sudan I SERS spectra. Both separation (30-40s) and detection (1s or 0.1s) were extremely fast by using both commercial bench-top and custom made portable Raman spectrometers. This biosensor can be applied as a rapid, low-cost and reliable tool for screening Sudan I adulteration in foods.

Standard addition method based on four-way PARAFAC decomposition to solve the matrix interferences in the determination of carbamate pesticides in lettuce using excitation-emission fluorescence data.

The simultaneous determination of two carbamate pesticides (carbaryl and carbendazim) and of the degradation product of carbaryl (1-naphthol) in iceberg lettuce was achieved by means of PARAFAC decomposition and excitation-emission fluorescence matrices. A standard addition method for a calibration based on four-way data was applied using different dilutions of the extract from iceberg lettuce as a fourth way that provided the enough variation of the matrix to carry out the four-way analysis. A high fluorescent overlapping existed between the three analytes and the fluorophores of the matrix. The identification of two fluorescent matrix constituents through the four-way model enabled to know the matrix contribution in each dilution of the extract. This contribution was subtracted from the previous signals and a subsequent three-way analysis was carried out with the tensors corresponding to each dilution. The PARAFAC decomposition of these resulting tensors showed a CORCONDIA index equal to 99%. For the identification of the analytes, the correlation between the PARAFAC spectral loadings and the reference spectra has been used. The trueness of the method, in the concentration range studied, was guaranteed because there was neither constant nor proportional bias according to the appropriate hypothesis tests. The best recovery percentages were obtained with the data from the most diluted extract, being the results: 127.6% for carbaryl, 125.55% for carbendazim and 87.6% for 1-naphthol. When the solvent calibration was performed, the decision limit (CCα) and the capability of detection (CCß) values, in x0=0, were 2.21 and 4.38 µg L(-1) for carbaryl, 4.87 and 9.64 µg L(-1) for carbendazim; and 3.22 and 6.38 µg L(-1) for 1-naphthol, respectively, for probabilities of false positive and false negative fixed at 0.05. However, these values were 5.30 and 10.49 µg L(-1) for carbaryl, 18.05 and 35.73 µg L(-1) for carbendazim; and 1.92 and 3.79 µg L(-1) for 1-naphthol, respectively, when the matrix-matched calibration using the most diluted extract was carried out in the recovery study.

Sirtuin inhibitor sirtinol is an intracellular iron chelator.

Sirtinol is a known inhibitor of sirtuin proteins, a family of deacetylases involved in the pathophysiology of aging. Spectroscopic and structural data reveal that this compound is also an iron chelator forming high-spin ferric species in vitro and in cultured leukemia cells. Interactions with the highly regulated iron pool therefore contribute to its overall intracellular agenda.

In the final analysis, are we a consumer society or not? Implications for health / Afinal, somos ou não somos uma sociedade de consumo? Consequências para a saúde

In this paper, the question of Brazil's insertion today as a country with the characteristics of modern consumer societies is discussed, focusing on the commercialization of the health sector, the segmentation of the health system and the contradictions of the rights to health care in the social context in question. Some research data on these issues broadcast in the National News Bulletins of Globo TV during the year of 2012 are presented, in which the high technology private hospital as a consumer icon, the underfunding of the public health system and the rejection of a poor and deprived Unified Health System are analyzed.

Discute-se aqui a nossa inserção como país, hoje, nas sociedades de consumo características da modernidade, enfocando a mercantilização na área da saúde, a segmentação do sistema de saúde e as contradições do direito à saúde no contexto social em questão. São apresentados dados de pesquisa sobre o tema no Jornal Nacional da Rede Globo de Televisão, durante o ano de 2012, na qual se analisa o hospital privado de alto padrão tecnológico como ícone de consumo, o subfinanciamento do sistema público de saúde e a rejeição de um Sistema Único de Saúde pobre e carente.

Cuidar e (não) vacinar no contexto de famílias de alta renda e escolaridade em São Paulo, SP, Brasil / Care and (non)-vaccination in the context of high-income and well-schooled families in São Paulo in the state of São Paulo, Brazil

O trabalho analisa a dimensão do cuidado parental e suas relações com as decisões de (não) vacinar os filhos no contexto de famílias de alta renda e escolaridade de São Paulo, SP. A pesquisa se orienta pela abordagem qualitativa, com uso de entrevista em profundidade, realizada com 15 casais alocados em três grupos: vacinadores, vacinadores seletivos e não vacinadores. O percurso analítico-interpretativo dos dados foi realizado por meio da análise de conteúdo e segundo os referenciais de cuidado em saúde e família. Para todos os casais do estudo, a escolha da (não) vacinação dos filhos é concebida como um cuidado parental e proteção ao filho, porém, para os vacinadores, proteger é vacinar os filhos; para os vacinadores seletivos, proteger é singularizar cada caso; e para os não vacinadores, proteger é não vacinar os filhos, é proteger contra os riscos da vacinação. O estudo revelou, também, que as justificativas da não vacinação e da seleção e/ou postergação do calendário vacinal foram semelhantes às encontradas na literatura internacional. O estudo aponta a importância da compreensão sociocultural da (não) aceitabilidade da vacinação no contexto do cuidado parental.

This paper analyzes the parental care dimension and the relationship with the decisions on (non)-vaccination of their children in the context of high-income and well-schooled families in São Paulo city/state. The research adopts the qualitative approach, using in-depth interviews conducted with 15 couples that were divided into three groups: vaccinators, selective vaccinators and non-vaccinators. The analytic-interpretative study of the data was performed by means of content analysis and in line with the benchmarks of care of health and family. For all the couples analyzed, the option of (non)-vaccination of their children is perceived as parental care and protection of the child. However, for the vaccinators, protection is to vaccinate their children; for the selective vaccinators, protection is to study case by case; and for the non-vaccinators, protection is not to vaccinate their children, but to protect them against the risks of vaccination. The study also revealed that the reasons for non-vaccination, selection and/or postponement of the vaccination schedule were similar to those found in the international literature. The study highlights the importance of socio-cultural comprehension of (non)-acceptance of vaccination in the context of parental care.

[Determination of 2-methylisoborneol and geosmin in drinking water using headspace solid phase micro-extraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass-spectrometry].

The odorous compounds of 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) and geosmin (GSM) heavily produced and released in water source are one of the most important factors leading to off-flavor emergencies and resident water consumption panic in drinking water. A headspace solid phase micro-extraction ( HS-SPME) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was established for the simultaneous determination of these two trace earthy and musty compounds in reservoir water, reservoir soil and tap water. The conditions of HS-SPME, such as salt amount, extraction time and extraction temperature, were optimized based on orthogonal analysis. The qualitative and quantitative analyses of 2-MIB and GSM were carried out in the electron impact (EI) -selective ion scanning mode. The results showed that the linear relationship between peak area and concentration of 2-MIB and GSM was good enough (r2 0.998) from 5 to 1 000 ng/L, the limits of detection were 0.72 ng/L for 2-MIB, 0.34 ng/L for GSM and the limits of quantification were 2.40 ng/L for 2-MIB, 1.13 ng/L for GSM. When the target samples spiked in the range of 10-600 ng/L, the average recoveries of the target compounds were 93.6% - 107.7% ( RSD ≤ 6.1%, n = 6). Based on the above method, the target compounds in reservoir water, reservoir soil and tap water in a certain region of Liaoning Province were analyzed. The results showed that the two target odors in reservoir water were 3.0 -3.6 ng/L. As for the extract of the soil around the reservoir, 2-MIB was 8.1 ng/L and GSM was 17.8 ng/L. The odorous substances were not detected in the tap water. This method is simple, accurate, reliable, highly sensitive and no need of organic solvents. And it is suitable for the detection of 2-MIB and GSM in drinking water.

A novel conducting poly(p-aminobenzene sulphonic acid)-based electrochemical sensor for sensitive determination of Sudan I and its application for detection in food stuffs.

In the present work, a new method for the determination of Sudan I has been developed based on a conducting poly(p-aminobenzene sulphonic acid) (poly(p-ABSA)) film modified electrode. The new electrochemical sensor showed strong accumulation ability and excellent electrocatalytic activity for Sudan I. Electrochemical oxidation signal of Sudan I at the poly(p-ABSA) modified glassy carbon electrode (poly(p-ABSA)/GCE) was significantly increased when compared to that at the bare GCE. The experimental conditions such as amount of alcohol, pH of buffer solution, accumulation time, and instrumental parameters for square wave anodic stripping voltammetry were optimised for the determination of Sudan I. Under optimum conditions, the linear regression equation of Sudan I was ip=1.868+0.1213c (ip: µA, c: µgL(-1), R=0.9981) from 1 to 500 µg L(-1) with a detection limit of 0.3 µg L(-1). Finally, this sensor was successfully employed to detect Sudan I in some hot chili and ketchup samples.

Analysis of Endodontist Posture Utilizing Cinemetry, Surface Electromyography and Ergonomic Checklists

The postural risk factors for dentists include the ease of vision in the workplace, cold, vibration and mechanical pressure in tissues, incorrect posture, functional fixity, cognitive requirements and work-related organizational and psychosocial factors. The objective was to analyze the posture of endodontists at the workplace. Eighteen right-handed endodontists aged 25 to 60 years (34±3) participated in the study. Electromyography, kinemetry, ergonomic scales (RULA and Couto's checklist) and biophotogrammetry were used to analyze the posture of endodontists during root canal treatment of the maxillary right first and second molars using rotary and manual instrumentation. The variations observed in the electromyographic activities during the performance of rotary and manual techniques suggest that the fibers of the longissimus region, anterior and medium deltoid, medium trapezium, biceps, triceps brachii, brachioradialis and short thumb abductor muscles underwent adaptations to provide more accurate functional movements. Computerized kinemetry and biophotogrammetry showed that, as far as posture is concerned, rotary technique was more demanding than the manual technique. In conclusion, the group of endodontists evaluated in this study exhibited posture disorders regardless of whether the rotary or manual technique was used.

Os fatores de risco posturais para cirurgiões dentistas incluem o acesso a visão no local de trabalho, frio, vibração, pressão mecânica nos tecidos, postura incorreta, alterações funcionais, requisitos cognitivos e fatores organizacionais e psicossociais relacionados com o trabalho. O objetivo é analisar a postura dos endodontistas no local de trabalho. Participaram dezoito endodontistas destros com idades entre as idades de 25 e 60 anos (34±3). Nesta pesquisa foi utilizado a eletromiografia, cinemetria, escalas de ergonomia (do RULA e Couto checklist) e biofotogrametria para analisar a postura dos endodontistas durante o preparo químico-mecânico do sistema de canais radiculares para primeiros e segundos molares superiores direitos, utilizando a instrumentação rotatória e manual. As variações observadas nas atividades eletromiográficas durante a execução das técnicas rotatórias e manuais sugerem que as fibras da região dos músculos longuíssimo, deltóide anterior e médio, trapézio médio, bíceps, tríceps braquial, braquiorradial e músculos abdutores curtos do polegar passaram por adaptações para promover movimentos funcionais mais precisos. A cinemetria e biofotogrametria computadorizada mostraram que a técnica rotatória foi mais exigente da postura corporal do que a técnica manual. Em conclusão, os endodontistas estudados apresentaram distúrbios de postura, independentemente da técnica utilizada, rotatória ou manual.

Walking training associated with virtual reality-based training increases walking speed of individuals with chronic stroke: systematic review with meta-analysis / Treino direcionado à marcha associado ao uso de realidade virtual aumenta a velocidade de marcha de indivíduos com hemiparesia crônica: revisão sistemática com metanálise

OBJECTIVE: To systematically review the available evidence on the efficacy of walking training associated with virtual reality-based training in patients with stroke. The specific questions were: Is walking training associated with virtual reality-based training effective in increasing walking speed after stroke? Is this type of intervention more effective in increasing walking speed, than non-virtual reality-based walking interventions? METHOD: A systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials was conducted. Participants were adults with chronic stroke and the experimental intervention was walking training associated with virtual reality-based training to increase walking speed. The outcome data regarding walking speed were extracted from the eligible trials and were combined using a meta-analysis approach. RESULTS: Seven trials representing eight comparisons were included in this systematic review. Overall, the virtual reality-based training increased walking speed by 0.17 m/s (IC 95% 0.08 to 0.26), compared with placebo/nothing or non-walking interventions. In addition, the virtual reality-based training increased walking speed by 0.15 m/s (IC 95% 0.05 to 0.24), compared with non-virtual reality walking interventions. CONCLUSIONS: This review provided evidence that walking training associated with virtual reality-based training was effective in increasing walking speed after stroke, and resulted in better results than non-virtual reality interventions. .

OBJETIVO: Revisar estudos sobre a eficácia do treino direcionado à marcha associado à realidade virtual em pacientes pós-acidente vascular encefálico (AVE). As perguntas clínicas foram: o treino direcionado à marcha associado à realidade virtual é eficaz para promover aumento em velocidade de marcha de indivíduos com hemiparesia? Essa modalidade de intervenção promove maior aumento em velocidade de marcha comparada a outras intervenções sem uso de realidade virtual? MÉTODO: Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática com metanálise de ensaios clínicos aleatorizados. Os participantes eram adultos pós-AVE, e a intervenção experimental considerada foi o treino direcionado à marcha associado ao uso de realidade virtual com o objetivo de melhorar a velocidade de marcha. Os dados referentes à velocidade de marcha foram extraídos para combinação por metanálise. RESULTADOS: Sete estudos representando oito comparações foram incluídos nesta revisão sistemática. O treino de marcha associado à realidade virtual aumentou a velocidade de marcha dos participantes, em média, 0,17 m/s (IC 95% 0,08 a 0,26) comparado à intervenção placebo, não intervenção ou intervenção não específica para os membros inferiores. Adicionalmente, o treino associado à realidade virtual aumentou a velocidade de marcha dos participantes, em média, 0,15 m/s (IC 95% 0,05 a 0,24) comparado a diferentes intervenções destinadas aos membros inferiores sem uso de realidade virtual associada. CONCLUSÕES: Esta revisão sistemática apresentou evidência clínica de que a adição da realidade virtual ao treino de marcha demonstrou ser eficaz para aumentar a velocidade de marcha de indivíduos com hemiparesia ...

Determination of musty-odor compounds in water by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with a needle-type sample-preparation device.

The musty-odor compounds (MOCs) 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) and geosmin in water samples were determined by a purge-and-trap method using a needle-type extraction device followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. For the extraction of these compounds, a triple-layer-type extraction needle containing divinylbenzene and activated carbon particles as the particulate extraction media was introduced. Several experimental parameters, including the sample temperature during extraction, the addition of sodium chloride, and desorption conditions, were thoroughly optimized in this study. The detection limits for 2-MIB and geosmin were 1.0 and 0.5 ng L(-1), respectively. The method was successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of MOCs and other volatile organic compounds in tap-water samples.