Readiness for return to work and its influencing factors among head and neck cancer patients: a cross-sectional study.

PURPOSE: This study aims to investigate the Readiness for Return-to-Work (RRTW) of patients with head and neck tumours and to analyse the relationships among self-efficacy, disease uncertainty, psychosocial adaptation, and RRTW in head and neck cancer (HNC) patients. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 259 HNC patients with a discharge length of ≥1 month at a tertiary hospital in Liaoning Province. The research tools included a self-designed general information questionnaire, the Readiness for Return-to-Work (RRTW) Scale, the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), the Mishel Uncertainty in Illness Scale (MUIS), and the Self-Reporting Psychosocial Adjustment to Illness Scale (PAIS-SR). Descriptive statistical analysis, the rank sum test, Spearman correlation analysis, and ordered multiple and dichotomous logistic regression analyses were used. RESULTS: The overall RRTW among HNC patients was low (41.9%). HNC patients who did not return to work were mainly in the precontemplation stage (38.1%) and contemplation stage (29.9%). HNC patients who returned to work were mainly in the active maintenance stage (64.2%). Children's status (OR = 0.218, 95% CI 0.068-0.703), self-efficacy (OR = 1.213, 95% CI 1.012-1.454), unpredictability (OR = 0.845, 95% CI 0.720-0.990), occupational environment (OR = 0.787, 95% CI 0.625-0.990), and family environment (OR = 0.798, 95% CI 0.643-0.990) influence the RRTW of HNC patients who have not returned to work. Educational level (OR = 62.196, 95% CI 63.307-68.567), children's status (OR = 0.058, 95% CI 1.004-2.547), self-efficacy (OR = 1.544, 95% CI 3.010-8.715), unpredictability (OR = 0.445, 95% CI 1.271-2.280), and psychological status (OR = 0.340, 95% CI 1.141-2.401) influence the RRTW of HNC patients who have returned to work. CONCLUSION: Children's status, education level, self-efficacy, illness uncertainty, and psychosocial adjustment are crucial to RRTW. This study provides a theoretical basis for formulating intervention measures aimed at improving the RRTW of patients.

Effectiveness of physical activity interventions in improving objective and patient-reported outcomes in head and neck cancer survivors: A systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of physical activity interventions in improving objective and patient-reported outcomes in HNC survivors. INTRODUCTION: Multiple guidelines recommend that head and neck cancer (HNC) survivors participate in regular physical activity. Physical activity is associated with improved outcomes and mortality in healthy individuals as well as in certain cancer populations. However, the effectiveness of physical activity interventions in HNC survivors is inadequately understood. METHODS AND RESULTS: Our literature search through December 2018 identified 2,392 articles. After de-duplication, title and abstract review, full-text review and bibliographic search, 20 studies met all inclusion criteria. Inclusion criteria included any full-body physical activity intervention in HNC survivors that did not target discrete organ sites or functions (e.g. swallowing). Study cohorts included 749 predominantly male participants with a mean age range of 48-63 years. At their conclusion, physical activity interventions were associated with at least one significant improvement in an objective or patient-reported outcome in 75% of studies. Aerobic capacity and fatigue were the most commonly improved outcomes. None of the included studies evaluated associations with survival or recurrence. Although traditional aerobic and resistance interventions were more common, a greater proportion of alternative physical activity (yoga and Tai Chi) interventions demonstrated improved objective and patient-reported outcomes. CONCLUSION: Physical activity interventions in HNC survivors often conferred some improvement in objective and patient-reported outcomes. Additional highly-powered, randomized controlled studies are needed to establish the optimal type, intensity, and timing of physical activity interventions as well as their impact on oncologic outcomes.

A transition out of the darkness: Patients' experience of the recovery phase after treatment for head and neck cancer.

PURPOSE: To explore the recovery experience of patients who completed medical treatment for head and neck cancer (HNC). METHOD: The study conducted interviews with a strategic sample of 12 patients at an oncology clinic. Interview data were analyzed by qualitative content analysis with a deductive approach based on transition theory. RESULTS: The transition theory coding frame for patients' descriptions of their recovery process produced four categories: properties, personal conditions, process indicators, and outcome indicators. Personal conditions, such as cultural beliefs and attitudes, impact the outcome of recovery, and necessitate interaction throughout the care chain using the person-centered care approach to help survivors master their changed living conditions during recovery after HNC. The transition was described as a journey out of a dark period characterized by a struggle with the side effects of chemotherapy and radiation treatment. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlighted the use of person-centered care to facilitate transition in the recovery phase, supported by an intra-professional team that collaborates during the care chain (primary care to hospital care). Patient education and self-care are tools that improve the transition from illness to everyday life.

Adoption of a Newly Introduced Dermal Matrix: Preliminary Experience and Future Directions.

INTRODUCTION: Acellular dermal matrix (ADM) products are adopted in the management of injuries to soft tissues. ADMs have been increasingly employed for their clinical advantages, and they are acquiring relevance in the future of plastic surgery. The aim of our study is to evaluate the application of ADMs in our patients who could not undergo fast reconstruction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective study on 12 patients who underwent ADM placement for scalp and limb surgical reconstructions at the Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano (Milano), Italy. Wounds resulted from 9 tumor resections and 3 chronic ulcers. The ADM substrate used to treat these lesions was PELNAC™ (Gunze, Japan), a double-layered matrix composed of atelocollagen porcine tendon and silicon reinforcement. All patients underwent a second surgical operation to complete the treatment with a full-thickness skin graft to cover the lesion. RESULTS: In this study, 12 patients were treated with PELNAC™: 11 out of 12 patients showed a good attachment over a median time of 21.3 days (range 14-27). After almost 23 days, all patients were ready to undergo a full-thickness skin grafting. CONCLUSION: This study assesses the benefits of PELNAC™ and proposes this method as an alternative to traditional approaches, especially in situations where the latter techniques cannot be applied.

Quality of life of head and neck cancer patients before and after cancer-directed treatment - A longitudinal study.

CONTEXT: Head-and-neck cancer (HNC) is a major health problem worldwide and even disproportionately bigger in India. Their diagnosis and treatment create severe impact on the quality of life (QOL). We chose to study such patients because we were already reporting these cancers to the Indian Council of Medical Research as part of project titled "Pattern of care and survival studies." AIMS: The aim of the study is to assess and compare QOL of H and N cancer patients before and after the completion of cancer-directed treatment (CDT). SETTINGS AND DESIGN: The present study was a hospital-based study conducted in the tertiary care hospital of Jammu with longitudinal study design. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: All newly diagnosed HNC patients registered with the Department of Radiotherapy and ENT on inpatient or outpatient basis were included over a period of 6 months. Each patient was followed for 4-6 weeks after the completion of CDT. QOL was assessed by the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30 (QLQ C30) (general) and EORTC QLQ H and N-35 (specific) questionnaires. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Paired t-test was calculated to compare pre- and postmean scores. Pre- and post-Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient was also calculated. RESULTS: The most frequent site was larynx followed by the oral cavity. Regarding both EORTC QLQ C-30 questionnaire and Global health status and EORTC H and N-35 specific questionnaires, the mean scores across all domains showed worsening of QoL from their baseline. The worsening was more severe in emotional function (functional scale), while physical, cognitive, and social functions were comparatively less affected. Pain, swallowing, speech, and mouth problems were most worsened. CONCLUSIONS: QoL showed worsening after CDT in all domains due to acute and subacute adverse effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy in treatment course.

Feasibility and Effects of a Supervised Exercise Program Suitable for Independent Training at Home on Physical Function and Quality of Life in Head and Neck Cancer Patients: A Pilot Study.

Introduction: Head and neck cancer patients often suffer from physical and cognitive impairments after cancer treatment. During rehabilitation, exercise therapy can improve physical function and quality of life (QoL). Surveys demonstrated patients' preference for home training with low- to moderate-intensity. This study was conducted in order to develope a suitable home-based training program. Therefore, the feasibility and effects of a low- to moderate-intensity exercise intervention on physical functions and QoL were evaluated. Methods: Training was conducted as supervised group training and consisted of mobilization, coordination, resistance, stretching, and relaxation exercises. The intervention lasted 12 weeks with 2 training sessions per week. Feasibility, attendance rate, physical function (eg, range of motion, 6-minute walk test [6MWT]), and QoL (eg, EORTC QLQ-30) were analyzed. Results: Ten out of 12 participants completed the intervention (83%) with an average attendance rate of 83%. Participants showed significant improvements in selected physical functions. For example, head rotation increased by 11.2° (P = .042), walking distance in the 6MWT increased by an average of 43.3 m (P = .010), and the global QoL scale improved by 8.2 points (P = .059). Additionally, there were positive changes in the physical function scale (P = .008), cognitive function scale (P = .015), and social function scale (P = .031) of the EORTC QLQ-30. Conclusion: Data indicate that the exercise program was feasible and had positive effects on physical function and QoL. Future research will analyze the effects of a home-based exercise program on physical function and QoL in a large-scale study.

Psychological issues in head and neck cancer survivors: Need for addressal in rehabilitation.

Rehabilitation in head and neck cancer (HNC) survivors is a lengthy process, based on multiple correlates and is associated with multiple challenges. The authors have tried to depict the psychological issues associated with the rehabilitation of these patients. Problems and discussion: HNC survivors have to undergo a traumatic and stressful process on the path to recovery. They may face are disfigurement, body image disturbances and limitation of activities which increases likelihood of anxiety and depression. The psychological state in these patients affect treatment adherence, successful rehabilitation, morbidity and overall survival through a multifactorial mechanism. CONCLUSIONS: There is need for multidisciplinary care in rehabilitation of head and neck cancer patients to help them cope with stress. Inclusion of a psychiatrist in the rehabilitation team is likely to lead to early evaluation and addressal of mental health concerns and improve quality of life and chances of survival.

SIP SMART: a parallel group randomised feasibility trial of a tailored pre-treatment swallowing intervention package compared with usual care for patients with head and neck cancer.

BACKGROUND: Dysphagia or difficulty in swallowing affects quality of life for most patients with head and neck cancer. SIP SMART - [Swallowing Intervention Package: Self-Monitoring, Assessment, Rehabilitation Training] aims to improve post-treatment swallowing outcomes through a targeted and tailored pre-treatment intervention. This feasibility study assessed 1) recruitment and retention, 2) patient acceptability of randomisation and participation, 3) patient adherence, and 4) sought to identify a suitable primary outcome for a definitive trial, including sample size estimation. METHODS: This two-arm parallel group non-blinded randomised feasibility trial took place within a head and neck centre at a teaching hospital in London, UK. Patients newly diagnosed with stage III/IV head and neck cancer were recruited and underwent 6-month follow-up. Patients were randomised to SIP-SMART or usual care via an online web-based system. SIP SMART comprised two 45-min consultations including a baseline clinical and instrumental swallowing assessment, relevant educational information, targeted swallowing exercises, and specific behaviour change strategies to increase exercise adherence. Usual care comprised a single session including a baseline clinical assessment and generic information about the likely impact of treatment on swallowing. RESULTS: A total of 106 patients were identified at pre-screening, 70 were assessed for eligibility. Twenty-six patients did not meet eligibility criteria [0.37, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.49]. Five of 44 [0.11, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.24] eligible patients were not approached by researchers during clinic. Seven [0.18, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.33] of the 39 approached declined participation. Target recruitment (32 consented patients) was achieved within the timeframe. At 6-months 29/32 [0.91, 95% CI 0.76 to 0.97] patients remained in the trial. Acceptability of randomisation and participation in the intervention was favourable, and adherence to the exercises exceeded the pre-defined 35% minimum criterion. The MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory swallow related quality of life measure was selected as the most suitable primary outcome for sample size estimation. No adverse effects arose from the intervention, or study participation. CONCLUSIONS: A definitive trial of the SIP SMART intervention compared to usual care is feasible and can be undertaken with patients with head and neck cancer treated within the NHS. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN40215425, registered retrospectively.

A randomized clinical trial on the efficacy of a patient-adapted autonomous exercise regime for patients with head and neck cancer.

Patients undergoing surgical therapy of head and neck malignancies are known to exhibit a high number of comorbidities and frequently present a high nosocomial morbidity. Physiotherapy (PT) improves the clinical course of patients after extensive surgery. The aim of this study was to establish and then compare an additional individualized autonomous exercise plan with standard physiotherapy. 69 consecutive patients undergoing surgical treatment of head and neck cancer were randomized into two groups. The control group received standard clinical physiotherapy, the intervention group an additional autonomous exercise plan, adapted to the patient's performance profile. The patients randomized to the intervention group showed significantly fewer signs of fatigue (5.5 ± 3.5 vs. 3.7 ± 2.7, p = 0.048) and fewer digestive problems (4.7 ± 3.3 vs. 2.3 ± 2.7; p = 0.009) compared with the patients of the control group. In addition, a significantly shorter hospital stay was observed (17.7 ± 6.3 vs. 13.4 ± 3.4 days, p = 0.005), which was positively influenced by the early start of the exercises (r = 0.623, p = 0.001) and frequent practice (r = 0.432, p = 0.031). Patients with head and neck cancer therapy can benefit from an autonomous, individualized exercise plan. In coordination with the physiotherapists, mobilization should be as early and intensive as possible.

Patients' and health professionals' experience of the Danish fast track treatment pathway for head and neck cancer patients receiving oral rehabilitation.

Objective: This study aims to investigate the responsiveness of the Danish treatment pathway for head-and-neck-cancer (HNC) patients receiving oral rehabilitation.Material and Methods: Eighteen HNC-patients who had received oral rehabilitation as well as five medical and four oral health care professionals involved in the treatment of HNC-patients filled in a questionnaire on responsiveness. The responsiveness was further described in individual interviews in the HNC-patients and focus group interviews in the health care professionals. All interviews were semi-structured and analysed using the grounded theory.Results: Patients and health care professionals overall reported good responsiveness of the pathway. Prompt attention was in both groups considered the most important aspect, although the patients found it difficult to cope mentally with the fast-track and the health care professionals reported insufficiencies giving prompt attention. The patients in general described a good relationship with their health care professionals, but along with the health care professionals also reported some problems regarding communication. Further, the health care professionals reported a gap between medical treatment and oral rehabilitation.Conclusions: The Danish treatment pathway for HNC-patients was, in general, evaluated positively. Communication and relationship between patient and health care professional can affect the responsiveness of the pathway.

Cancer Rehabilitation:: Acute and Chronic Issues, Nerve Injury, Radiation Sequelae, Surgical and Chemo-Related, Part 2.

Cancer affects millions of individuals, and approximately half will develop functional impairments. Cancers that commonly, either from direct effects or from its treatments, result in functional impairments include breast, head and neck, brain, and spinal cord tumors. There is a plethora of potential impairments including pain, spasticity, dystonia, weakness, and neurogenic bowel or bladder. This article reviews the functional impairments frequently encountered in breast, head and neck, brain, and spinal cord tumors. The authors also discuss management and treatment options incorporated in comprehensive cancer rehabilitation to address these impairments to maximize and maintain function and quality of life.

Myofascial pain, widespread pressure hypersensitivity, and hyperalgesia in the face, neck, and shoulder regions, in survivors of head and neck cancer.

PURPOSE: Medical treatment for head and neck cancer may induce the presence of inflammation, pain, and dysfunction. The purpose of the current study was to assess the presence of myofascial trigger points (TrPs) and their relationship with widespread pressure hypersensitivity and hyperalgesia in survivors of head and neck cancer (sHNC). METHODS: TrPs and pressure-pain thresholds (PPTs) were quantified in different muscles/joints in the head and neck of 30 sHNC (59.45 ± 13.13 years) and 28 age- and sex-matched controls (58.11 ± 12.67 years). RESULTS: The sHNC had more TrPs in all muscles on the affected side (p < 0.05) than did the healthy controls, and in the temporalis, masseter, and suboccipitalis muscles on the unaffected side (p < 0.05). They also had lower PPTs in all places (p < 0.05) except for the temporalis muscle (p = 0.114) and C5-C6 joint (p = 0.977). The intensity of cervical pain correlated positively with the presence of upper trapezius TrPs. CONCLUSIONS: sHNC suffering cervical and/or temporomandibular joint pain have multiple active TrPs and experience widespread pressure hypersensitivity and hyperalgesia, suggestive of peripheral and central sensitization.

Implant survival or implant success? Evaluation of implant-based prosthetic rehabilitation in head and neck cancer patients-a prospective observational study.

OBJECTIVES: Definition of implant success is unclear in prosthetic implant-based rehabilitation of head neck cancer patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-two patients with 309 inserted implants were included in this prospective observational study. Implant survival (in situ and loaded) and implant success (modified Albrektsson criteria) at 2-year follow-up were evaluated under the influence of patient- and implant-specific variables. RESULTS: Thirty-nine patients with 234 implants finished the study. Overall implant survival after 2 years was 92.3% (216/234) with an osseointegration rate of 94% (220/234). Implant success was 78.6% (184/234). Main reasons for failure were "bone resorption > 1.7mm" (n = 27, 11.5%) and "implant not in situ or not loaded" (n = 18, 7.7%). Smoking (OR 3.1, p = 0.034), bone grafts (OR 2.4, p = 0.021) and radiation dose > 60 Gy (OR 3.8, p = 0.025) revealed as significant predictors for implant failure. CONCLUSION: Implant survival differs significantly from implant success in head and neck cancer patients. Implant success is mainly determined by radiographic peri-implant bone resorption. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Dealing with head and neck cancer patients a higher amount of peri-implant bone resorption must be taken into account and warrants for intensified implant monitoring.

Implant placement in oral squamous cells carcinoma patients treated with chemoradiotherapy: "Sapienza Head and Neck Unit" clinical recommendations.

OBJECTIVE: To date, the treatment of patients affected by head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is highly challenging for clinicians. Possible therapies are surgical resection of the tumor mass, radiotherapy, chemotherapy or, more often, a combined treatment that inevitably affects both normal and tumor cells. Consequently, patients' anatomy and functions become reduced or altered. Nowadays the functional restoration is significantly improved thanks to the innovation in prosthetic rehabilitation and in radiotherapy. The current IMRT (Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy) allows planning adequate treatments evaluating different tissues' involvement and radiation dosage. It is possible to define the most suitable sites for implant insertion, using data provided by dose-volume histogram (DVH). This study aims to illustrate the idea of obtaining a unique CT image by blending radiation-planning CT and Cone Beam CT. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Five patients among 54 candidates were selected for this study. Selection criteria were: good general health (PS0-1), age between 18 and 72 years, absence of metastatic disease or local recurrence, disease-free interval of at least 18 months. Radiation planning CT scan and maxillo-facial CT Cone Beam of every patient were overlapped and merged. Only one CT for every evaluated patient was obtained in order to plan the most suitable areas for implant placement. RESULTS: The placement of 10 implants in 5 patients was programmed using the explained method. Patients (all male) were aged between 48 and 72 years old, with a median age of 64.4 years. In every case of this study, a modification of the initial program of implant placement was necessary. The new imaging method we are proposing was able to provide information about radiation isodoses received in the planned osseointegrated implants' positions. CONCLUSIONS: This new method allows operators to correct their own therapy plans and choices, customizing the treatment plan on the actual condition of the patient. Moreover, it makes all the rehabilitation process safer and can reduce the risk of failure, side effects and inconveniences for the patients.

To eat is to practice-managing eating problems after head and neck cancer.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this qualitative study was twofold: (1) to explore head and neck cancer (HNC) survivors' experiences of everyday life with eating problems after cancer treatment and (2) to explore their experiences of participating in a multidisciplinary residential rehabilitation program with a primary focus on physical, psychological, and social aspects of eating problems after treatment. METHODS: Semi-structured focus group interviews were conducted with 40 Danish HNC survivors who participated in a 5-day residential rehabilitation program with follow-up after 3 months. The transcribed interviews were analyzed through qualitative content analysis. RESULTS: Physical nutrition impact symptoms and unmet needs for support were frequent. Participants experienced a feeling of loss due to impaired eating abilities. Eating had become an obligation or a training situation, and the eating problems challenged the relationship with their relatives when well-meaning encouragement was perceived as a pressure. Social eating was a challenge, and this often led to social withdrawal. The residential program was a safe and supportive environment to practice eating skills, and participants benefited from meeting peers. The program provided participants with knowledge and skills that many of them had been missing during and after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Eating problems after treatment have substantial effects on the everyday life of HNC survivors. A multidisciplinary residential rehabilitation program may be beneficial to meet their rehabilitation needs. IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS: The results are useful for future planning of rehabilitation services and clinical studies that may contribute to improving current clinical practice and benefit HNC survivors.

Study protocol of a prospective multicenter study comparing (cost-)effectiveness of a tailored interdisciplinary head and neck rehabilitation program to usual supportive care for patients treated with concomitant chemo- or bioradiotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Since 2011, a tailored, interdisciplinary head and neck rehabilitation (IHNR) program, covered by the basic healthcare insurance, is offered to advanced head and neck cancer (HNC) patients in the Netherlands Cancer Institute (NKI). This program is developed to preserve or restore patients' functioning, and to optimize health-related quality of life (HRQoL). It applies an integrated approach to define patients' individual goals and provide rehabilitation care throughout the cancer care continuum. The aim of the current study is to assess the (cost-) effectiveness of the IHNR approach compared to usual supportive care (USC) consisting of monodisciplinary and multidisciplinary care in advanced HNC patients. METHODS: This multicenter prospective observational study is designed to compare (cost-)effectiveness of the IHNR to USC for advanced HNC patients treated with chemoradiotherapy (CRT) or bioradiotherapy (BRT). The primary outcome is HRQoL represented in the EORTC QLQ-C30 summary score. Functional HRQoL, societal participation, utility values, return to work (RTW), unmet needs (UN), patient satisfaction and clinical outcomes are secondary outcomes, assessed using the EORTC QLQ-H&N35, USER-P, EQ-5D-5 L, and study-specific questionnaires, respectively. Both patient groups (required sample size: 64 per arm) are requested to complete the questionnaires at: diagnosis (baseline; T0), 3 months (T1), 6 months (T2), 9 months (T3) and 12 months (T4) after start of medical treatment. Differences in outcomes between the intervention and control group will be analyzed using mixed effects models, Chi-square test and descriptive statistics. In addition, a cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) will be performed by means of a Markov decision model. The CEA will be performed using a societal perspective of the Netherlands. DISCUSSION: This prospective multicenter study will provide evidence on the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of IHNR compared to USC. RTW and societal participation, included as secondary outcomes, have not been studied sufficiently yet in cancer rehabilitation. Interdisciplinary rehabilitation has not yet been implemented as usual care in all centers, which offers the opportunity to perform a controlled clinical study. If demonstrated to be (cost-)effective, national provision of the program can probably be advised. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study has been retrospectively registered in the Netherlands Trial Registry on April 24th 2018 ( NTR7140 ).

The experiences of people who receive swallow therapy after surgical treatment of head and neck cancer.

OBJECTIVE: This research was initiated to explore the experiences and important elements of swallow therapy in patients after surgery for treatment of head and neck cancer (HNC). STUDY DESIGN: One-to-one, face-to-face interviews were conducted with patients with HNC 7 to 14 days after oral reconstructive surgery (free, pedicled, or bony flap). Analysis was conducted by using interpretive phenomenology. RESULTS: Analysis of interviews from 15 patients identified 2 overarching themes: "I never dreamt" and "They look at you, and they speak to you." There was no way for patients to be adequately prepared for the enormity of the surgery and its consequences; however, the way health care professionals interacted and communicated with the person, rather than the altered and disfigured self, was healing and therapeutic. CONCLUSIONS: There is a need for novel ways to prepare patients for HNC surgery and to support them in recovery, including ways to connect and help patients feel human again.

Identifying Gaps in Research on Rehabilitation for Patients With Head and Neck Cancer: A Scoping Review.

OBJECTIVES: Examine the amount and nature of research activity in head and neck cancer (HNC) rehabilitation; highlight publication trends, including information about the authors, settings, and study designs; and identify gaps in the existing literature. DATA SOURCES: Eligible studies were identified using PubMed, Embase, and CINAHL databases. STUDY SELECTION: Inclusion criteria included human subjects, English language, publication between 1/1/1990 and 4/30/2017, HNC patients at any timepoint in disease, and evaluation of rehabilitation outcomes as described by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) framework. Exclusion criteria included intervention or outcome not specific to rehabilitation or the HNC population, and protocols or abstracts without corresponding full manuscripts. DATA EXTRACTION: An established 6-step scoping review framework was utilized to develop the review protocol. A 3-level review was then performed. Data on eligible studies were collected using a Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) tool. DATA SYNTHESIS: Among 2201 publications, 258 met inclusion criteria. Publication rate increased by 390% over the study timeframe. Most studies were observational (n=150). Few were interventional (n=35). The most common interventions focused on chewing or swallowing (n=14), followed by exercise (n=10). Most primary outcome measures fit the ICF definition of impairment; fewer fit the definitions of activity limitation or participation restriction. CONCLUSIONS: Although research volume in HNC rehabilitation is increasing, the literature is dominated by small (≤100 patients), outpatient-based observational studies involving chewing or swallowing-related impairments. More prospective studies in multidisciplinary domains across the cancer care continuum are needed. There is particular need for interventional studies and prospective observational studies. Future studies should evaluate clinically-relevant activity limitations and participation restrictions. Rehabilitation professionals have an important role in the design of future HNC rehabilitation research.