Ultra-processed food consumption and increased risk of metabolic syndrome in Korean adults: A cross-sectional analysis of the KNHANES 2016-2020.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the association between ultra-processed food (UPF) intake and the risk for metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Korean adults. METHODS: The study consisted of 22 688 Korean adults ≥19 y of age from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2016-2020. The NOVA classification categorizes foods according to the nature, extent, and purpose of industrial processing. MetS was defined based on the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria and a modified waist circumference cut-off for Korean adults. We estimated the usual percent total food intake from UPFs. We used multivariate logistic regression to assess the association between UPFs and risk for MetS, adjusted for age, sex, education level, income level, smoking status, alcohol drinking, physical activity, and total energy intake. We further analyzed the association of UPFs with each component of MetS. RESULTS: The median usual percent total food intake from UPFs was 22%, and the midpoint of intake ranged from 3% (quartile 1) to 48% (quartile 4). The group with the highest UPF consumption had a 19% higher risk for developing MetS than the lowest quartile of UPF consumption (odds ratio [OR],1.19; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06-1.33; Ptrend = 0.006). In analysis of the relationship between UPF intake and MetS components, a higher UPF was associated with an increased risk for hypertension (OR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.01-1.26; Ptrend = 0.037) and abdominal obesity (OR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.07-1.33; Ptrend = 0.001), but had no significant association with other components (hyperglycemia, hypertriacylglycerolmia, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, all P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Higher UPF contribution to total daily food intake is associated with an increased risk for MetS, particularly with a higher risk for hypertension and abdominal obesity.

Laser Diode - GaAlAs Acupuncture in the Treatment of Central Obesity: a Randomized Clinical Trial.

Background: : Obesity is a global health challenge. Traditional approaches, including increased physical activity, dietary interventions, and medical therapy, often yield limited success, propelling some patients toward costly and invasive procedures like bariatric surgery. Laser acupuncture has been suggested as a complementary therapeutic approach to overcome this challenge. The present study investigated the effectiveness of laser acupuncture treatment in weight loss and abdominal subcutaneous fat reduction. Methods: : A randomized, blinded, sham-controlled clinical trial was conducted, with 30 subjects each in the intervention and control groups. Patients in the intervention group underwent 12 sessions of laser acupuncture treatment within a month (three sessions/week), whereas those in the control group received sham laser treatment on identical acupoints. The patients were instructed not to alter their physical activity levels or dietary regimens. All parameters were evaluated before and after the treatment. Results: : Significant reductions in weight, body mass index, and waist circumference were noted in both intervention and control groups. Further analysis revealed a more significant decrease in the laser acupuncture group. Abdominal sonography revealed a marked decrease in periumbilical fat thickness in the intervention group. Conversely, laboratory evaluations showed no significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion: : Laser acupuncture is an effective method for weight loss in patients with periumbilical abdominal fat. The observed impact on subcutaneous fat suggests its potential as a non-invasive intervention for individuals seeking weight management alternatives. Further research is warranted to validate these findings and explore the underlying mechanisms of laser acupuncture in adipose tissue modulation.

Association between visceral obesity and tumor recurrence in hepatocellular carcinoma recipients undergoing liver transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Excessive visceral obesity in recipients of living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) is associated with mortality, and a recent study reported the correlation between visceral adiposity of male LDLT recipients and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrence. However, there is no study on the relationship between the donor's visceral adiposity and surgical outcomes in LDLT recipients. We investigated the association of the visceral-to-subcutaneous fat area ratio (VSR) in donors and recipients with HCC recurrence and mortality in LDLT. METHODS: We analyzed 1386 sets of donors and recipients who underwent LDLT between January 2008 and January 2018. The maximal chi-square method was used to determine the optimal cutoff values for VSR for predicting overall HCC recurrence and mortality. Cox regression analyses were performed to evaluate the association of donor VSR and recipient VSR with overall HCC recurrence and mortality in recipients. RESULTS: The cutoff values of VSR was determined as 0.73 in males and 0.31 in females. High donor VSR was significantly associated with overall HCC recurrence (adjusted hazard ratio [HR]: 1.43, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.06-1.93, p = 0.019) and mortality (HR: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.03-1.76, p = 0.030). High recipient VSR was significantly associated with overall HCC recurrence (HR: 1.40, 95% CI: 1.04-1.88, p = 0.027) and mortality (HR: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.14-1.96, p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Both recipient VSR and donor VSR were significant risk factors for HCC recurrence and mortality in LDLT recipients. Preoperative donor VSR and recipient VSR may be strong predictors of the surgical outcomes of LDLT recipients with HCC.

Cumulative Cigarette Consumption is Associated with Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index (CAVI) Mediated by Abdominal Obesity Assessed by A Body Shape Index (ABSI): A Cross-Sectional Study.

AIM: To elucidate the mechanism by which cigarette smoking causes vascular damage, we examined the relationship between cumulative cigarette consumption and abdominal obesity, and the possible mediating effect of smoking on arterial stiffness. METHODS: Cross-sectional data from 19499 never smokers and 5406 current smokers receiving health screening was analyzed. Abdominal obesity was assessed by ABSI, and arterial stiffness by CAVI. High CAVI was defined as CAVI ≥ 9.0. RESULTS: Current smoker showed higher ABSI than never smokers after propensity score matching. Cumulative cigarette consumption expressed in pack-years correlated with ABSI (Rs: 0.312 in men, 0.252 in women), and was also extracted as an independent factor associated with ABSI by multiple regression analysis. A linear relationship between pack-year and CAVI was observed (Rs: 0.544 in men, 0.423 in women). Pack-year had almost equal discriminatory power in predicting high CAVI in both sexes (C-statistic: 0.774 in men, 0.747 in women), and the best cut-offs of pack-year for high CAVI were 24.5 in men and 14.7 in women. Bivariate logistic regression models revealed that the association between pack-year higher than cut-off and high CAVI was independent of traditional risks. A mediating effect of ABSI (mediation rate: 9.9% in men and 11.2% in women), but not waist circumference (WC), on the association of pack-year with CAVI was observed, after adjusting for traditional risks. CONCLUSION: Cumulative cigarette smoking in pack-years was independently associated with ABSI. ABSI partially mediates the association between pack-year and CAVI, suggesting that abdominal obesity partially mediates smoking-related vascular dysfunction.

Simple radiologic assessment of visceral obesity and prediction of surgical morbidity in endometrial cancer patients undergoing laparoscopic aortic lymphadenectomy: A reliability and accuracy study.

AIM: To evaluate the reliability of sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD)-a surrogate of visceral obesity-in magnetic resonance imaging, and its accuracy to predict the surgical morbidity of aortic lymphadenectomy. METHODS: We conducted a multicenter reliability (phase 1) and accuracy (phase 2) cohort study in three Spanish referral hospitals. We retrospectively analyzed data from the STELLA-2 randomized controlled trial that included high-risk endometrial cancer patients undergoing minimally invasive surgical staging. Patients were classified into subgroups: conventional versus robotic-assisted laparoscopy, and transperitoneal versus extraperitoneal technique. In the first phase, we measured the agreement of three SAD measurements (at the umbilicus, renal vein, and inferior mesenteric artery) and selected the most reliable one. In phase 2, we evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of SAD to predict surgical morbidity. Surgical morbidity was the main outcome measure, it was defined by a core outcome set including variables related to blood loss, operative time, surgical complications, and para-aortic lymphadenectomy difficulty. RESULTS: In phase 1, all measurements showed good inter-rater and intra-rater agreement. Umbilical SAD (u-SAD) was the most reliable one. In phase 2, we included 136 patients. u-SAD had a good diagnostic accuracy to predict surgical morbidity in patients undergoing transperitoneal laparoscopic lymphadenectomy (0.73 in ROC curve). It performed better than body mass index and other anthropometric measurements. We calculated a cut-off point of 246 mm (sensitivity: 0.56, specificity: 0.80). CONCLUSIONS: u-SAD is a simple, reliable, and potentially useful measurement to predict surgical morbidity in endometrial cancer patients undergoing minimally invasive surgical staging, especially when facing transperitoneal aortic lymphadenectomy.

Factores del síndrome metabólico en el riesgo cardiovascular en pobladores peruanos / Factors of Metabolic Syndrome in Cardiovascular Risk among Peruvian Populations

Objetivo: Determinar la incidencia de los factores del síndrome metabólico en el riesgo cardiovascular en pobladores del distrito de Ayacucho en Perú. Método: Enfoque cuantitativo, diseño correlacional causal. La muestra fue de 140 pobladores mayores de 18 años a quienes se les realizó el dosaje serológico y se tomaron las medidas antropométricas necesarias mediante el uso de equipos biomédicos calibrados y específicos para cada parámetro. Se utilizó como instrumento la Tabla de cálculo de Síndrome Metabólico (ALAD) y la tabla de Framinghan. Resultados: Se determinó que el Síndrome Metabólico incide significativamente (0,000) en el Riesgo Cardiovascular con un J2= 15,432 (1) y una influencia de 16,8 por ciento enfatizado por el coeficiente de Pseudo-R2 Nagelkerke. Conclusión: Se concluye que el síndrome metabólico incide en el riesgo cardiovascular de los pobladores evaluados, debido a que presentaron niveles bajo de colesterol HDL, triglicéridos altos, un incremento de perímetro abdominal y hábitos de fumar, siendo estos factores determinantes para incrementar el riesgo cardiovascular (AU)

Objective: To determine the incidence of metabolic syndrome factors on cardiovascular risk in inhabitants of the district of Ayacucho in Peru. Methods: Quantitative approach, causal correlational design. The sample consisted of 140 inhabitants over 18 years of age who underwent serological dosage and the necessary anthropometric measurements were taken using calibrated and specific biomedical equipment for each parameter. The Metabolic Syndrome Calculation Table (ALAD) and the Framinghan table were used as instruments. Results: It was determined that the Metabolic Syndrome has a significant influence (0.000) on Cardiovascular Risk with a J2= 15.432 (1) and an influence of 16.8 percent emphasized by the Pseudo-R2 Nagelkerke coefficient. Conclusion: It is concluded that the metabolic syndrome has an impact on the cardiovascular risk of the population evaluated, because they presented low HDL cholesterol levels, high triglycerides, an increase in abdominal perimeter and smoking habits, these being determining factors to increase cardiovascular risk(AU)

Association between Deep Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Estimated by DAAT Index and Dietary Intake in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome

Abstract Background: Abdominal obesity has been associated with cardiovascular disease and may be modulated by dietary intake. The deep abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (dSAT) is a body fat compartment that can be estimated by using mathematical formulas. Objectives: To evaluate the association between dSAT estimated by the Deep-Abdominal-Adipose-Tissue (DAAT) index and dietary intake in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted with patients ≥ 18 years of age admitted to a tertiary hospital. Sociodemographic, clinical, and anthropometric (body weight [kg], height [m], waist, hip and neck circumferences [cm]) data were evaluated. A food frequency questionnaire was applied to identify each patient's nutrient intake. The DAAT index was calculated according to specific formulas for men and women. Possible association between food intake and the DAAT index was evaluated by multiple linear regression. The level of significance adopted was 0.05. Results: This study evaluated 138 patients, with a mean age of 61.2±10.8 years. Prevalence of obesity was 29.4% in men and 37.7% in women. Regarding waist circumference, 83% of the women showed values considered to be very high. The DAAT index was significantly higher in men when compared to woman (P < 0.0001) and proved to be positively correlated with proteins (r= 0.22, P= 0.01) and monounsaturated fatty acid (r= 0.18, P= 0.04) intake in the entire sample. After adjustment for sex, alcohol consumption, and levels of physical activity, the DAAT index was associated with the female sex (B= −129.84, P <0.001) and a sedentary lifestyle (B= 57.99, P <0.001). Conclusion: dSAT estimated by the DAAT index was not associated with dietary intake in patients with ACS.

Cigarette smoking and nicotine exposure contributes for aberrant insulin signaling and cardiometabolic disorders.

Cigarette smoking- and nicotine-mediated dysregulation in insulin-signaling pathways are becoming leading health issues associated with morbidity and mortality worldwide. Many cardiometabolic disorders particularly insulin resistance, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), central obesity and cardiovascular diseases are initiated from exposure of exogenous substances which augment by disturbances in insulin signaling cascade. Among these exogenous substances, nicotine and cigarette smoking are potential triggers for impairment of insulin-signaling pathways. Further, this aberrant insulin signaling is associated with many metabolic complications, which consequently give rise to initiation as well as progression of these metabolic syndromes. Hence, understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for cigarette smoking- and nicotine-induced altered insulin signaling pathways and subsequent participation in several health hazards are quite essential for prophylaxis and combating these complications. In this article, we have focused on the role of nicotine and cigarette smoking mediated pathological signaling; for instance, nicotine-mediated inhibition of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and oxidative damage, elevated cortisol that may promote central obesity, association PCOS and oxidative stress via diminished nitric oxide which may lead to endothelial dysfunction and vascular inflammation. Pathological underlying molecular mechanisms involved in mediating these metabolic syndromes via alteration of insulin signaling cascade and possible molecular mechanism responsible for these consequences on nicotine exposure have also been discussed.

Diet scores and prediction of general and abdominal obesity in the Melbourne collaborative cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain which of the Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI) 2010, Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII®) and Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS) best predicted BMI and waist-to-hip circumference ratio (WHR). DESIGN: Body size was measured at baseline (1990-1994) and in 2003-2007. Diet was assessed at baseline using a FFQ, along with age, sex, socio-economic status, smoking, alcohol drinking, physical activity and country of birth. Regression coefficients and 95 % CI for the association of baseline dietary scores with follow-up BMI and WHR were generated using multivariable linear regression, adjusting for baseline body size, confounders and energy intake. SETTING: Population-based cohort in Melbourne, Australia. PARTICIPANTS: Included were data from 11 030 men and 16 774 women aged 40-69 years at baseline. RESULTS: Median (IQR) follow-up was 11·6 (10·7-12·8) years. BMI and WHR at follow-up were associated with baseline DII® (Q5 v. Q1 (BMI 0·41, 95 % CI 0·21, 0·61) and WHR 0·009, 95 % CI 0·006, 0·013)) and AHEI (Q5 v. Q1 (BMI -0·51, 95 % CI -0·68, -0·35) and WHR -0·011, 95 % CI -0·013, -0·008)). WHR, but not BMI, at follow-up was associated with baseline MDS (Group 3 most Mediterranean v. G1 (BMI -0·05, 95 % CI -0·23, 0·13) and WHR -0·004, 95 % CI -0·007, -0·001)). Based on Akaike's Information Criterion and Bayesian Information Criterion statistics, AHEI was a stronger predictor of body size than the other diet scores. CONCLUSIONS: Poor quality or pro-inflammatory diets predicted overall and central obesity. The AHEI may provide the best way to assess the obesogenic potential of diet.

Asociación entre el fenotipo hipertrigliceridemia-obesidad abdominal, la resistencia a la insulina y las variables cardiometabólicas en el síndrome de ovario poliquístico / Association among the hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype, insulin resistance and the cardiometabolic variables in the polycystic ovary syndrome

Introducción: El síndrome de ovario poliquístico se asocia con frecuencia a alteraciones cardiometabólicas; y su asociación con el fenotipo hipertrigliceridemia-obesidad abdominal ha sido poco estudiada en Cuba. Objetivo: Identificar la frecuencia del fenotipo hipertrigliceridemia-obesidad abdominal en mujeres de edad mediana con síndrome de ovario poliquístico y su asociación con la resistencia a la insulina, trastornos del metabolismo de la glucosa y ateroesclerosis subclínica. Método: Estudio descriptivo, transversal, en 30 mujeres. Se tomaron variables clínicas: edad, peso, talla, índice de masa corporal, circunferencia de cintura y cadera, índice cintura/cadera, tensión arterial, además de concentraciones de glucosa, insulina, colesterol total, triglicéridos, HDL-c y LDL-c, e índice HOMA-IR. La aterosclerosis subclínica se evaluó por doppler carotideo y ecocardiograma (hipertrofia ventricular izquierda y grasa epicárdica). El fenotipo hipertrigliceridemia-obesidad abdominal se definió como triglicéridos elevados (≥ 1,7 mmol/L) y circunferencia de la cintura ≥ 80 cm. Resultados: La frecuencia del fenotipo hipertrigliceridemia-obesidad abdominal fue 43,3 por ciento (13/30). Los valores medios de circunferencia abdominal, tensión arterial, así como de glucemia (p < 0,003), insulinemia (p = 0,028), triglicéridos (p < 0,0001), e índice HOMA-IR (p = 0,012) fueron más elevados en el grupo de mujeres con esa condición. A pesar de no haber diferencias significativas la frecuencia de mujeres con incremento del grosor íntima-media carotídeo y de grasa epicárdica fue superior en aquellas con el fenotipo. Conclusiones: La presencia del fenotipo hipertrigliceridemia-obesidad abdominal es frecuente en mujeres con síndrome de ovario poliquístico, y se asocia con alteraciones del metabolismo de la glucosa y la resistencia a la insulina. Este pudiera ser utilizado en la práctica clínica como un marcador de riesgo para alteraciones cardiometabólicas(AU)

Introduction: The polycystic ovary syndrome is frequently associated to cardiometabolic alterations; and its relation with the hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype has been poorly studied in Cuba. Objective: Identify the frequency of the hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype in middle age women with polycystic ovary syndrome and its association with insulin resistance, disorders in the glucose metabolism and subclinical atherosclerosis. Methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional study in 30 women. As clinical variables there were used: age, weight, size, body mass index, waist-hip circumference, waist/hip index, blood pressure; glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-c and LDL-c concentrations, and HOMA-IR index. Subclinical atherosclerosis was assessed by a carotid doppler and an echocardiogram (left ventricular hypertrophy and epicardial fat). The hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype was defined as high triglycerides levels (≥ 1.7 mmol/L) and CC ≥ 80 cm. Results: The frequency of the hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype was 43.3 percent (13/30). The mean values of abdominal circumference, blood pressure, as well as glycemia (p < 0.003), insulinaemia (p = 0.028), triglycerides (p < 0.0001), and HOMA-IR index (p = 0.012) were higher in the group of women with that condition. Although there were not significant differences, the frequency of women with increase of the carotid intima-media thickness and epicardical fat was higher in those with the phenotype. Conclusions: The presence of the hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype is frequent in women with the polycystic ovary syndrome, and it is associated with alterations of the glucose metabolism and insulin resistance. This can be used in the clinical practice as a marker of risk for cardiometabolic alterations(AU)

Childhood exposure to parental smoking and life-course overweight and central obesity.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between childhood parental smoking exposure and the risk of overweight/obesity from childhood to adulthood. METHODS: This study leverages the data from two longitudinal population based cohort studies, the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study between years 1980-2011/2012 (YFS; N = 2,303; baseline age 3-18 years) and the Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project between years 1989-2009/2010 (STRIP; N = 632; baseline age 7 months). Weight, height and waist circumference were measured from childhood to adulthood. Overweight/obesity was defined as body mass index ≥25 kg/m2 in adults and using the Cole criteria in children. Central obesity was defined as waist circumference > 100/90 cm in men/women and as a waist-to-height ratio > 0.50 in children. Statistical analyses were adjusted for age, sex, socioeconomic status, smoking, birth weight, parental ages, diet and physical activity. RESULTS: Childhood parental smoking exposure was associated with increased risk for life-course overweight/obesity (YFS: RR1.13, 95%CI 1.02-1.24; STRIP: RR1.57, 95%CI 1.10-2.26) and central obesity (YFS: RR1.18, 95%CI 1.01-1.38; STRIP: RR1.45, 95%CI 0.98-2.15). CONCLUSIONS: Childhood exposure to parental smoking is associated with increased risk of overweight/obesity over the life-course. KEY MESSAGES Exposure to parental smoking in childhood was associated with increased risk of overweight/obesity, central obesity and adiposity measured by skinfold thickness from childhood to adulthood.

Physical Activity and Insulin Resistance in 6,500 NHANES Adults: The Role of Abdominal Obesity.

This cross-sectional investigation studied differences in insulin resistance across levels of physical activity in 6,500 US adults who were randomly selected as part of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Another important objective was to determine the influence of abdominal obesity on the physical activity and insulin resistance relationship. MET-minutes were utilized to quantify total activity based on participation in 48 different physical activities. Two strategies were employed to categorize levels of physical activity: one was based on relative MET-minutes (quartiles), and the other approach was based on the US physical activity guidelines. Insulin resistance was indexed using the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA). Abdominal obesity was indexed using waist circumference. Effect modification was tested by dividing waist circumferences into sex-specific quartiles and then evaluating the relationship between physical activity and HOMA-IR within each quartile separately. Results showed that relative physical activity level was associated with HOMA-IR after controlling for demographic and demographic and lifestyle covariates (F = 11.5, P < 0.0001 and F = 6.0, P=0.0012, respectively). Adjusting for demographic and demographic and lifestyle covariates also resulted in significant relationships between guideline-based activity and HOMA-IR (F = 8.0, P < 0.0001 and F = 4.9, P=0.0017, respectively). However, statistically controlling for differences in waist circumference with the other covariates nullified the relationship between total physical activity and HOMA-IR. Effect modification testing showed that when the sample was delimited to adults with abdominal obesity (Quartile 4), relative (F = 5.6, P=0.0019) and guideline-based physical activity (F = 3.7, P=0.0098) and HOMA-IR were significantly associated. Physical activity and HOMA-IR were not related within the other three quartiles. In conclusion, it appears that differences in physical activity may play a meaningful role in insulin resistance in those with abdominal obesity, but total activity does not seem to account for differences in insulin resistance among US adults with smaller waists.

Diet to Reduce the Metabolic Syndrome Associated with Menopause. The Logic for Olive Oil.

The rates of metabolic syndrome are increasing in parallel with the increasing prevalence of obesity, primarily due to its concomitant insulin resistance. This is particularly concerning for women, as the years around menopause are accompanied by an increase in visceral obesity, a strong determinant of insulin resistance. A fall in estrogens and increase in the androgen/estrogen ratio is attributed a determining role in this process, which has been confirmed in other physiological models, such as polycystic ovary syndrome. A healthy lifestyle, with special emphasis on nutrition, has been recommended as a first-line strategy in consensuses and guidelines. A consistent body of evidence has accumulated suggesting that the Mediterranean diet, with olive oil as a vital component, has both health benefits and acceptable adherence. Herein, we provide an updated overview of current knowledge on the benefits of olive oil most relevant to menopause-associated metabolic syndrome, including an analysis of the components with the greatest health impact, their effect on basic mechanisms of disease, and the state of the art regarding their action on the main features of metabolic syndrome.

Consumption of Foods Derived from Subsidized Crops Remains Associated with Cardiometabolic Risk: An Update on the Evidence Using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009-2014.

In this study, we examined the associations between the consumption of foods derived from crops subsidized under the 2008 United States (US) Farm Bill and cardiometabolic risk factors and whether the magnitude of these associations has changed since the 2002 US Farm Bill. Four federal databases were used to estimate daily consumption of the top seven subsidized commodities (corn, soybeans, wheat, rice, sorghum, dairy, and livestock) and to calculate a subsidy score (0-1 scale) for Americans' daily dietary intake during 2009-2014, with a higher score indicative of a higher proportion of the diet derived from subsidized commodities. The cardiometabolic risk factors included obesity, abdominal adiposity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and dysglycemia. Linear and logistic regression models were adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, the poverty-income ratio, the smoking status, educational attainment, physical activity, and daily calorie intake. During 2009-2014, adults with the highest subsidy score had higher probabilities of obesity, abdominal adiposity, and dysglycemia compared to the lowest subsidy score. After the 2002 Farm Bill (measured using data from 2001-2006), the subsidy score decreased from 56% to 50% and associations between consuming a highly-subsidized diet and dysglycemia did not change (p = 0.54), whereas associations with obesity (p = 0.004) and abdominal adiposity (p = 0.002) significantly attenuated by more than half. The proportion of calories derived from subsidized food commodities continues to be associated with adverse cardiometabolic risk factors, though the relationship with obesity and abdominal adiposity has weakened in recent years.

Association between Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio with Abdominal Obesity and Healthy Eating Index in a Representative Older Spanish Population.

Poor diet quality and obesity, especially abdominal obesity, have been associated with systemic inflammation. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) is an available and inexpensive inflammation biomarker. The aim of the present study was to determine the association of dietary patterns and obesity with an inflammatory state. A group of 1747 Spanish noninstitutionalized older adults individuals were included, and a food-frequency questionnaire was applied. The Global Food Score (GFS) and Healthy Eating Index for Spanish population (SHEI) were calculated. Weight, height and waist (WC) and hip circumferences were measured, and BMI, waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) determined. In addition, body-fat percentage was measured by bioimpedance. NLR was calculated (NLR ≥ p80: 2.6; 2.8 and 2.4 as inflammatory status in the entire population, men and women, respectively). The men with inflammatory status presented significative higher values of WC, WHtR, WHR, and body-fat percentage (101.82 ± 10.34 cm, 0.61 ± 0.06, 0.98 ± 0.06, and 31.68 ± 5.94%, respectively) than those with better inflammatory status (100.18 ± 10.22 cm, 0.59 ± 0.06, 0.97 ± 0.07, and 30.31 ± 6.16%, respectively). Those males with worse inflammatory state had lower scores for protein foods (OR = 0.898 (0.812-0.993); p = 0.037). The women with NLR ≥ 2.4 had higher WHtR and WHR (0.62 ± 0.09 and 0.91 ± 0.09) than those with NLR < 2.4 (0.60 ± 0.08 and 0.90 ± 0.08). In multiple linear regression analysis, NLR was positively related with WHtR and negatively related with SHEI score (ß = 0.224 ± 0.094; R2 = 0.060; p < 0.05 and ß = -0.218 ± 0.101; R2 = 0.061; p < 0.05), adjusting by sex, age, marital status, education level, smoking, hours of sleeping and inflammatory diseases. In women, the higher the SHEI and GFS scores were and the better meeting the aims of cereal and vegetable servings, the less the odds of inflammatory status (OR = 0.970 (0.948-0.992); p = 0.008; OR = 0.963 (0.932-0.995); p = 0.024; OR = 0.818 (0.688-0.974); p = 0.024 and OR = 0.829 (0.730-0.942); p = 0.004, respectively). WHtR and quality of diet is related to the inflammation status in older adults regardless to the sex.

The association between dietary antioxidants, oxidative stress markers, abdominal obesity and poly-cystic ovary syndrome: A case control study.

In this case-control study, 60 patients with Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) referred to the Nursing and Midwifery Center of Khorramabad, were selected as the case group and 90 non-PCOS patients as the control group. Demographic information and anthropometric indices of each person were collected. The Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) were completed. After at least 12 h of fasting, 7 mL of blood samples were taken from the patients. There was no statistically significant difference observed in the mean of the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) between the two groups. However, a statistically significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of malondialdehyde (MDA) and some dietary antioxidants levels (mean in case group: vit C = 34/2 mg, vit E = 7/7 mg, Se = 84/6 µg, Zn = 7/5 mg, beta-carotene = 762/8 µg, mean in control group: vit C = 72/5 mg, vit E = 10/6 mg, Se = 91/0 µg, Zn = 10/6 mg, beta-carotene = 1609/5 µg).IMPACT STATEMENTWhat is already known on this subject? Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine abnormalities and is considered as the main cause of infertility. Some studies have evaluated the link between dietary intakes and oxidative stress markers in PCOS patients. It is well known that about 40-50% of individuals with PCOS are obese and that leads to an increase in lipid catabolism and production of free radicals and oxidative stress.What the results of this study add? The aim of the present study was to compare the level of dietary antioxidants and oxidative stress markers including TAC, MDA and abdominal obesity prevalence in PCOS patients with healthy individuals.What the implications are of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? We hope that our study can be influential in the field of PCOS. Furthermore, our findings have indicated a statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of MDA and some dietary antioxidants levels. This result might be encouraging in using antioxidant in patients with PCOS.

Association of urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and obesity in children aged 3-18: Canadian Health Measures Survey 2009-2015.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) may contribute to obesity. Childhood obesity is a strong predictor of adult obesity and morbidity; however, the relationship between PAHs and obesity in young children (e.g., aged 3-5) has not been studied. We examined the association between urinary PAH metabolites and measures of obesity in children. We analyzed data from 3667 children aged 3-18 years who participated in the Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS, 2009-2015). We ran separate multivariable linear models to estimate the association between quartiles of PAH metabolites and each of body mass index (BMI) percentile, waist circumference (WC), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) in the total population, as well as in the age subgroups 3-5, 6-11, and 12-18, adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, education, income quintile, diet, creatinine, and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. A multinomial logistic regression model estimated adjusted odds ratios for risk of central obesity. BMI, WC, and WHtR were positively associated with total PAH and naphthalene metabolites in the total population aged 3-18 and in age groups 6-11 and 12-18. In 3-5 year olds, WHtR, but not BMI, was significantly associated with total PAH, naphthalene, and phenanthrene metabolites. Overall, those in the highest quartile for naphthalene or total PAH metabolites had three times greater odds of having central obesity compared with those in the lowest quartile. Urinary PAH metabolites are associated with WHtR, an indicator of central obesity and predictor of health risks associated with obesity, in children as young as 3-5.

Associations between dietary patterns and metabolic syndrome in adolescents / Asociación entre patrones de alimentación y síndrome metabólico en adolescentes

Abstract: Objective: Evaluate association of dietary patterns with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and metabolic markers. Materials and methods: 654 adolescents from Guadalajara, Jalisco, participated in a cross-sectional study. Diet was evaluated using a food frequency questionnaire; 24 food groups were integrated, and dietary patterns were derived using cluster analysis. MetS was defined according to International Diabetes Federation (IDF), Cook and colleagues, Ford and colleagues, and de Ferranti and colleagues criteria. Results: Dietary patterns identified were: "DP1", "DP2", and "DP3". Among males, "DP3" was associated with MetS (Cook and collaborators) (OR, 12.14; 95%CI, 1.66-89.05), hypertriglyceridemia (OR, 3.89; 95%CI, 1.01-15.07), and insulin resistance (OR, 6.66; 95%CI, 1.12-39.70). "DP2" was associated with abdominal obesity (OR, 5.11; 95%CI, 1.57-16.66). Conclusions: "DP3" entertained a greater risk of MetS, hypertriglyceridemia, and insulin resistance, while "DP2" possessed a greater risk of abdominal obesity among adolescent males.

Resumen: Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación de patrones dietarios (PD) con síndrome metabólico (SM) y marcadores metabólicos. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal con 654 adolescentes. Dieta evaluada con el cuestionario "frecuencia de consumos de alimentos"; se identificaron 24 grupos de alimentos, para obtener PD mediante análisis de conglomerados. SM se definió según los criterios: Federación de Diabetes Internacional (IDF), Cook y colaboradores, Ford y colaboradores y Ferranti y colaboradores. Resultados: Se identificaron tres PD: "PD1", "PD2" y "PD3". En hombres, "PD3" se asoció con SM (Cook y colaboradores) (RM, 12.14; IC95%, 1.66-89.05), hipertrigliceridemia (RM, 3.89; IC95%, 1.01-15.07) y resistencia a insulina (RM, 6.66; IC95%, 1.12-39.70). El patrón "PD2" se asoció con obesidad abdominal (RM, 5.11; IC95%, 1.57-16.66). Conclusiones: El patrón "PD3" aumenta el riesgo de SM, hipertrigliceridemia y resistencia a insulina y el "PD2" el riesgo de obesidad abdominal en adolescentes hombres.