Voces de obstétricas de Argentina: entre disputas, experiencias, saberes y pasiones / El trabajo obstétrico en la salud sexual y reproductiva / Voices of obstetricians from Argentina: between disputes, experiences, knowledge and passions / Obstetric work in sexual and reproductive health

Este documento reúne los resultados de un estudio cualitativo realizado con Licenciadas en Obstetricia. Forma parte de la serie "El trabajo obstétrico en la salud sexual y reproductiva" que el CEDES desarrolla con la colaboración de Ipas como contribución a un mejor conocimiento de este colectivo profesional. También se enmarca en la estrategia conjunta que CEDES y UNFPA-Argentina desarrollan para fortalecer el trabajo de las/los obstétricas/os en la Argentina y en el plan 2022 del Grupo de Trabajo de Obstétricas de REDAAS. Su objetivo es visibilizar las voces de un conjunto de obstétricas sobre su trabajo institucional, sus trayectorias y sus visiones sobre la práctica profesional. En esas reflexiones se muestran algunos desafíos que viven quienes incursionaron en el campo de la salud sexual, reproductiva y no reproductiva y en las consejerías en opciones. También se señalan las dificultades y oportunidades enfrentadas en contextos de las relaciones de poder que atraviesan el ejercicio de sus funciones y competencias en los servicios de salud.

Validation of an Instrument to guide Nursing Staffing in Obstetric Rooming in / Validación de Instrumento para fundamentar dimensionamiento de Profesionales de Enfermería em Alojamiento Conjunto / Validação de Instrumento para fundamentar dimensionamento de Profissionais de Enfermagem em Alojamento Conjunto

ABSTRACT Objectives: to construct and validate an instrument for the classification of mother-baby binomials that subsidizes personnel Staffing in in-rooming units. Method: methodological study. The construction was based on theoretical and legal references. Content validity was performed by experts through the content validity index measurement. Then, the instrument was applied to a sample of 122 binomials, and exploratory factor analysis was performed using the principal components analysis. Results: the instrument consisted of seven care indicators: Birth route; Maternal morbidity; Neonatal morbidity; Breastfeeding; Social aggravating factors; Care guidance; and interaction and bonding. All with content validity index of 1. The construct was composed of 3 domains, with Cronbach's alpha of 0.62, 0.85 and 0.89. Conclusions: the classification instrument of mother-baby binomials allows the classification of mother-baby binomials and may support personnel Staffing in in-rooming units.

RESUMEN Objetivos: elaborar y validar un instrumento para clasificación de binomios puerperio neonatal que subsidie el dimensionamiento de personal en unidades de alojamiento conjunto. Métodos: estudio metodológico. La construcción ha sido basada en referencias teóricas y legales. La validez de contenido ha sido realizada por expertos por medio de medición del índice de validez de contenido. Luego, el instrumento ha sido aplicado en una muestra de 122 binomios, y ha sido realizado análisis factorial exploratoria por el método de componentes principales. Resultados: el instrumento ha quedó constituido por siete indicadores de cuidado: Vía de parto; Morbilidad materna; Morbilidad neonatal; Amamantamiento; Agravantes sociales; Orientación de cuidados; e Interacción y vínculo. Todos con índice de validez de contenido iguales a 1. El constructo ha sido compuesto por 3 dominios, con Alfa de Cronbach de 0,62, 0,85 y 0,89. Conclusiones: el instrumento para la clasificación de binomios puerperio neonatal permite la clasificación de binomios puerperio neonatal y podrá basarse el dimensionamiento de personal en alojamiento conjunto.

RESUMO Objetivos: construir e validar um instrumento para classificação de binômios puérpera-neonato que subsidie o dimensionamento de pessoal em unidades de alojamento conjunto. Métodos: estudo metodológico. A construção foi embasada em referenciais teóricos e legais. A validade de conteúdo foi realizada por expertos por meio de mensuração do índice de validade de conteúdo. Em seguida, o instrumento foi aplicado em uma amostra de 122 binômios, e foi realizada análise fatorial exploratória pelo método de componentes principais. Resultados: o instrumento ficou constituído por sete indicadores de cuidado: Via de parto; Morbidade materna; Morbidade neonatal; Aleitamento; Agravantes sociais; Orientação de cuidados; e Interação e vínculo. Todos com índice de validade de conteúdo iguais a 1. O constructo foi composto por 3 domínios, com Alfa de Cronbach de 0,62, 0,85 e 0,89. Conclusões: o instrumento para a classificação de binômios puérpera-neonato permite a classificação de binômios puérpera-neonato e poderá embasar o dimensionamento de pessoal em alojamento conjunto.

A Classical Wooden Vaginal Speculum Mentioned in Old Medical Manuscripts.

The subject of this paper is the story of an ancient medical instrument. This instrument is a wooden vaginal speculum used in classical and Islamic medicine. Its drawings can be found in Abulcasis al-Zahrawi's and Serefeddin Sabuncuoglu's illustrated books of surgery.

Evaluation of point-of-care haemoglobin measuring devices: a comparison of Radical-7™ pulse co-oximetry, HemoCue(®) and laboratory haemoglobin measurements in obstetric patients*.

We prospectively compared two point-of-care haemoglobin concentration measuring devices with laboratory measurements to determine their accuracy in women undergoing caesarean section delivery. The two devices were the Masimo Rainbow SET(®) Radical -7™ pulse co-oximeter and the HemoCue(®) HB 201+, which is a cuvette-type system that uses photometry. Co-oximeter readings and HemoCue measurements were taken before and after surgery, and compared with laboratory measurements of haemoglobin concentration taken at the same time. We analysed data from 137 patients using Bland-Altman plots. Limits of agreement for co-oximeter readings were -2.19 to 3.41 g.dl(-1) and for the HemoCue were -1.52 to 1.79 g.dl(-1) . The bias (mean difference) for the co-oximeter was -0.61 g.dl(-1) (95% CI 0.36 to -0.86) and for the HemoCue was 0.13 g.dl(-1) (95% CI -0.015 to 0.28). [corrected] Overall, 110/274 (40%) co-oximeter readings were within 1 g.dl(-1) of laboratory values compared with 247/274 (90%) HemoCue measurements (p < 0.001 for difference). The co-oximeter gave lower readings and was less accurate than the HemoCue system when compared with laboratory measurements.

Indicações e repercussões do uso da bola de parto por enfermeiras e mulheres no parto / Indications and repercussions of the use of the birth ball by nurses and women in childbirth / Indicaciones y repercusiones del uso de la pelota obstétrica para mujeres y enfermeras en el parto

A bola de parto permite que as mulheres se movam livremente e proporciona alívio da dor durante o trabalho de parto. Embora seja utilizado pela equipe assistencial, não há registros nem critérios para sua aplicação. Esta pesquisa qualitativa estudo de caso objetivou conhecer os indícios e implicações do uso da bola de parto por enfermeiras e gestantes durante o trabalho de parto. Os participantes foram 16 mulheres e 6 enfermeiras, e foram utilizadas duas estratégias de coleta de dados: observação naturalística e entrevista semiestruturada. Da análise temática emergiram dois temas relativos ao uso da bola: indicação e implicações. A prescrição por enfermeiras teve o alívio da dor como principal motivo para as mulheres usarem a bola no início da fase ativa do trabalho de parto. Mulheres e enfermeiras relataram que o uso da bola contribuiu para o alívio da dor.

The birth ball allows women to move freely and provides pain relief during labor. Although it is used by the care team, there are neither records nor criteria for its application. This qualitative research case study aimed to know the indication and implications of the use of the birth ball among nurses and pregnant women during labor. Participants were 16 women and 6 nurses, and two data collection strategies were used: naturalistic observation and semi-structured interviews. From the thematic analysis two themes regarding the use of the ball emerged: indication and implications. Prescription by nurses had pain relief as the main reason for women to use the ball in the early active phase of labor. Women and nurses reported that the use of the ball contributed to pain relief. It was also noticed that the use of the birth ball contributed to labor evolution.

La pelota obstétrica permite a la mujer libertad de posición y el alivio del dolor durante el trabajo de parto. Aunque utilizada en el cuidado a la mujer, faltan registros sobre su aplicación. Esta investigación cualitativa, del tipo estudio de caso, tuvo como objetivo conocer las indicaciones y los impactos del uso de la pelota obstétrica para las mujeres y enfermeras durante el parto. Participaron 16 mujeres y seis enfermeras. Fueron utilizadas dos estrategias de recolección de datos: observación naturalista y entrevista semiestructurada. Del análisis temático, emergieron los temas referentes al uso de la pelota: indicación e impactos. La indicación del uso por las enfermeras tuvo el alivio del dolor como principal motivo, con su utilización en el inicio de la fase activa del trabajo de parto. Las mujeres y las enfermeras relataron que el uso de la pelota contribuyó para el alivio del dolor. Se observó que hay contribución en la evolución del trabajo de parto con el uso de la pelota obstétrica.

The use of Hegar's dilator for finding correct planes around the uterus.

The Hegar's dilator could be used during both laparoscopic and open surgeries to find the correct planes to enter into either posterior or anterior fornix with minimal blood loss and with ease.

Assessment of forceps use in obstetrics during a simulated childbirth.

BACKGROUND: In obstetrics, manipulations are mainly learned during real deliveries. To minimize the risks linked to such training, we propose a childbirth simulator as a teaching tool in hospitals. More specifically, we focus on training with forceps during obstetric manipulation. METHODS: The training method can be divided into two steps: the teaching of forceps placement, and the extraction manipulation. In this paper we focus on the extraction manipulation on the simulator and the analysis of the results, taking into account several parameters and using an evaluation function to obtain a global score. RESULTS: Experimental results reveal novice difficulty while proceeding to the fetus extraction. These results highlight the fact that novices need a personalized training which can be carried out on the BirthSIM simulator. CONCLUSION: Results lead to the conclusion that a simulator training offers benefit to novices by providing them with risk-free training to acquire initial experience before proceeding to conventional training in the delivery room.

Síndrome de Patau: a propósito de un caso / Patau syndrome: a purpose of a case

Patología causada por tres copias del cromosoma 13 en el cariotipo, en la mayoría de los casos por una disyunción meiótica principalmente del gameto materno que conlleva a un síndrome congénito polimalformativo caracterizado por microftalmia, fisura labio palatina y polidactilia; acompañado o no de otras malformaciones. La prevalencia es de 1/12000 nacidos vivos, con un tiempo de supervivencia corto. Reportamos un caso diagnóstico de Patau confirmado por estudio citogénico en el que describimos las características clínicas y asociación con las descritas por la literatura.

Evaluation of obstetric gestures: an approach based on the curvature of quaternions.

This paper presents a method to evaluate a gesture carried out by a resident obstetrician by comparing it to a gesture carried out by an expert obstetrician. The studied gesture is the forceps blade placement. Resident paths were recorded on a childbirth simulator while placing forceps blades instrumented with six degrees of freedom sensors. The path is characterized by the positions and the orientations. In this paper we particularly focus on the orientations. Forceps orientations are expressed in the quaternion unit space and the curvature of quaternion path is compared by correlation to a reference defined by an expert. Residents have been trained on a simulator and their gestures are evaluated by comparing their orientation path curvatures to reference path curvatures. Quantitative results confirm the qualitative analysis, residents become more similar to the reference while training on simulator.

Cefalea post-punción en pacientes sometidas a cesárea bajo anestesia subaracnoidea. Eficacia de la posición sentada versus decúbito lateral / Migraine post-puncture in patients submitted to Caesarean under anesthesia subaracnoidea. Efficiency of the seated position versus lateral decubitus

Determinar si existen diferencias en la incidencia de cefalea post-punción dural (CPPD) en relación con la posición en la cual se realiza la punción: sentada vs. decúbito lateral izquierdo (DLI). Métodos: Se diseñó un ensayo clínico controlado (ECC), doblemente cegado, utilizando dos grupos y 202 pacientes. La CPPD se evaluó siguiendo los criterios clínicos validados para este diagnóstico. El monitoreo, los medicamentos (bupivacaína 0,5 por cien, 10 mg + 25 µg de fentanil) y el tipo de aguja (25G de Q), se estandarizaron para los dos grupos. Resultados: La posición DLI fue eficaz para disminuir la incidencia de CPPD en 45 por cien reduciendo su incidencia de 28,73 por cien en posición sentada a 15,62 por cien en DLI, con un riesgo relativo de 0,54 (IC95 por cien 0,31-0,96 p= 0,0321). El modelo de predicción demostró que no sólo la posición sino la experiencia del anestesiólogo, adicionado al éxito en el primer intento también se comporta como factor protector para CPDD, con RR de 0,45 (IC 95 por cien 0,26 – 0,76), p=0,003. Conclusiones: La población obstétrica sometida a cesárea bajo anestesia subaracnoidea en posición DL presenta menor riesgo de CPPD, cuando se compara con igual técnica de anestesia realizada en posición sentada.

Improving women's experience during speculum examinations at routine gynaecological visits: randomised clinical trial.

OBJECTIVES: To determine if a standardised method of leg positioning without stirrups reduces the physical discomfort and sense of vulnerability and increases the sense of control among women undergoing speculum examination as part of a routine gynaecological examination. DESIGN: Randomised clinical trial. SETTING: Family medicine outpatient clinic. PATIENTS: 197 adult women undergoing routine gynaecological examination and cervical smear. INTERVENTION: Examination with or without stirrups. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Women's perceived levels of physical discomfort, sense of vulnerability, and sense of control during the examination, measured on 100 mm visual analogue scales. RESULTS: Women undergoing examination without stirrups had a reduction in mean sense of vulnerability from 23.6 to 13.1 (95% confidence interval of the difference - 16.6 to - 4.4). Mean physical discomfort was reduced from 30.4 to 17.2 (- 19.7 to - 6.8). There was no significant reduction in sense of loss of control. CONCLUSION: Women should be able to have gynaecological examinations without using stirrups to reduce the stress associated with speculum examinations. TRIAL REGISTRATION: US Army Central Investigation Regulatory Office. Trial No DDEAMC 05-11.

Color Doppler sonography in obstetrics and gynecology.

This review aims to provide the reader with an overview of the present and future clinical applications in color Doppler sonography for the evaluation of vascularity and blood flow within the uterus (both gravid and nongravid), ovaries, fetus and placenta. The clinical use of color Doppler sonography has been demonstrated within many organ systems. Color Doppler sonography has become an integral part of cardiovascular imaging. Significant improvements have recently occurred, improving the visualization and evaluation of intra-organ vascularity, resulting from enhancements in delineation of tissue detail through electronic compounding and harmonics, as well as enhancements in signal processing of frequency- and/or amplitude-based color Doppler sonography. Spatial representation of vascularity can be improved by utilizing 3D and 4D (live 3D) processing. Greater sensitivity of color Doppler sonography to macro- and microvascular flow has provided improved anatomic and physiologic assessment throughout pregnancy and for pelvic organs. The potential use of contrast enhancement is also mentioned as a means to further differentiate benign from malignant ovarian lesions. The rapid development of these new sonographic techniques will continue to enlarge the scope of clinical applications in a variety of obstetric and gynecologic disorders.

Espatulas de thierry versus forceps de kjelland

Presentamos la experiencia y evolución del parto instrumentado en nuestro Servicio de Obstetricia y Ginecología, en los últimos once años 1992-2002. La evidencia demostró que respecto de las lesiones maternas y fetales, las Espátulas (ET), o instrumento no articulado de la clasificación general de los fórceps (F), son significativamente menores cuando se las compara con el fórceps articulado y fenestrado de Kjelland o Kielland (FK), por lo que se sugiere su conocimiento y adiestramiento en los Servicios de la especialidad, y cambiar el concepto de la presa del cráneo-fetal o biparieto malar por la toma libre facio malar.

[Lesions of the ureter in obstetric-gynecologic surgery]. / Lesiones del uréter en cirugía obstetro-ginecológica.

The chapter of injuries to the ureter during obstetric-gynaecological surgery continues to be ignored in the literature published over the last decades, in spite of its prevalence in the practice. This has motivated our review and update of this issue. The interest of urological diagnostic procedures prior to surgery and conduit examination at any time during the operation exert some influence on the prevention of this pathology. Preoperative finding and reconstruction lead to better results, which benefit from the use of the urinary route, thus leaving the gut route and self-transplantation for exceptional situations. A new iatrogenic pathology has emerged from the most frequent use of gynaecological endoscopic surgery.

[Graduated ruler for making a transverse suprapubic incision]. / Règle graduée pour incision transversale suprapubienne.

The transverse suprapubic incision is the most usual approach to laparotomy in obstetrics and gynaecology. It has many advantages both from the aesthetic as well as the functional points of view. The low transverse scar is hidden in the region of the pubis. Post-operative breakdowns (such as hernia and eventertion) that occur with longitudinal incisions have almost disappeared. The site, the length and the height of the incision vary according to the surgeon's ideas and his experience. The result cosmetically therefore varies and the optimum benefit is not always achieved. We describe a graduated ruler specially designed for the transverse suprapubic incision. It was worked out in 1984. It makes it easier to standardise the technique of suprapubic incision, but one that can be changed according to variations in body contours. The ruler can be sterilised. It is available in two models: one, a flexible one which is ideal for caesarean sections and laparotomies in fat women or where the abdominal wall is distorted by tumours under it; the second model is rigid and should be able to be used on the normal flat abdomen. One and a half years experience shows that the ruler can be used to standardise the technique of transverse suprapubic incision. It also helps to teach this method of laparotomy; and the cosmetic results have become better.