Prominent Neurosurgery Books of the Western World: How They Defined the Era of Modern Neurosurgery in the 19th Century.

The aim of this article is to introduce the 19th century neurosurgery books to reveal their contributions to modern neurosurgery. Methods In this study, 29 books were accessed, and reviewed, and the resources from the late 18th century and early 20th century were included. However, neurology or general surgery books that included neurosurgical subjects or chapter were excluded unless there were revolutionary ideas in their relevant chapters. The books of this period observed to have some common differences from the books that were written in the previous century. Parallel to the concept of cerebral localization, which started to develop in this period, neurosurgery evolved from skull surgery to brain surgery. Due to the advancements in patient care, anesthesia and sterile techniques, surgical medical branches showed rapid development in the 1800s. During this period, cerebral localization concept changed the comprehension and approach in neurosurgery and opened the gate of a new era in the field of neurological surgery unlike other branches and helped to establish modern neurosurgery. 19th century surgeons became able to operate on more complex cases with more advanced techniques. Knowledge of published pioneer papers and books help understanding of emergence of neurological surgery as a separate discipline.

Notas para decolonizar os estudos transpessoais no brasil: contribuições do pluriperspectivismo participativo / Notes for decolonizing transpersonal studies in brazil: contributions of participatory pluriperspectivism / Apuntes para la decolonización de los estudios transpersonales en brasil: aportes del pluriperspectivismo participativo

O campo dos estudos transpessoais tem avançado em diversas áreas no Brasil. Comemorou seus 40 anos com uma inserção ativa nas Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES) e uma ampliação de núcleos formativos e apoiadores de ensino, pesquisa e ações sociais, além de diálogos com o Sistema de Conselhos de Psicologia. Desafios são apresentados a partir do levantamento de uma série de questões importantes e ignoradas dentro da Psicologia Transpessoal no Brasil. Apresentamos o pluriperspectivismo participativo como possibilidade de decolonizar as matrizes eurocêntricas e estadunidenses, que dão suporte ao pensamento transpessoal brasileiro, buscando honrar nossas raízes históricas e incluir outras epistemologias e ontologias, que dão continuidade à crítica à lógica cartesiana moderna. Indicamos uma breve agenda de notas temáticas que carecem de um processo decolonizador no campo transpessoal: a) crítica às perspectivas de um pensamento hegemônico, em termos globais por meio da dominação Norte-Sul ou no campo das relações sociais; b) revisão das formas de "centrocentrismo"; c) questionamento da noção de universalismo das ciências e da ética; d) aprofundamento da análise crítica da supremacia restritiva da racionalidade formal técnico-científica em relação às formas de subjetividade, de vivências holísticas e integradoras e de valorização do corpo; e) revisão da noção de sujeito moderno desprovida da cocriação do humano com a comunidade, a história, a natureza e o cosmos.(AU)

The field of transpersonal studies has advanced in several areas in Brazil. It celebrated its 40th anniversary with an active insertion in Higher Education Institutions (HEI) and an expansion of training centers and supporters of teaching, research, and social actions, in addition to dialogues with the System of Councils of Psychology. Challenges are presented based on a survey of a series of important and ignored issues within Transpersonal Psychology in Brazil. We present participatory pluriperspectivism as a possibility to decolonize the Eurocentric and North American matrices that support Brazilian transpersonal thought, seeking to honor our historical roots and include other epistemologies and ontologies, which continue the critique of modern Cartesian logic. We indicate a brief agenda of thematic notes that lack a decolonizing process in the transpersonal field: a) criticism of the perspectives of a hegemonic thought, whether in global terms via North-South domination or in the field of social relations; b) review of the forms of "centrocentrism"; c) questioning of the notion of universalism of science and ethics; d) deepening of the critical analysis of the restrictive supremacy of the technical-scientific formal rationality in relation to the forms of subjectivity, of holistic and integrative experiences, and of valuing the body; e) review of the notion of the modern subject devoid of the co-creation of the human with the community, the history, the nature, and the cosmos.(AU)

El campo de los estudios transpersonales ha avanzado en varias áreas de Brasil. Se celebró su 40.º aniversario con una inserción activa en Instituciones de Educación Superior (IES) y una ampliación de los centros de formación y promotores de la docencia, la investigación y la acción social, además de diálogos con el Sistema de Consejos de Psicología. Los desafíos se presentan a partir de una encuesta de una serie de temas importantes e ignorados dentro de la Psicología Transpersonal en Brasil. Presentamos el pluriperspectivismo participativo como una posibilidad para decolonizar las matrices eurocéntrica y americana, que sustentan el pensamiento transpersonal brasileño, buscando honrar nuestras raíces históricas e incluir otras epistemologías y ontologías que continúan la crítica de la lógica cartesiana moderna. Indicamos una breve agenda de apuntes temáticos que carecen de un proceso decolonizador en el campo transpersonal: a) crítica de las perspectivas de un pensamiento hegemónico, ya sea en términos globales a través del dominio Norte-Sur o en el campo de las relaciones sociales; b) revisión de las formas de "centrocentrismo"; c) cuestionamiento de la noción de universalismo de la ciencia y la ética; d) profundización del análisis crítico de la supremacía restrictiva de la racionalidad formal técnico-científica en relación a las formas de subjetividad, de experiencias holísticas e integradoras y de valoración del cuerpo; e) revisión de la noción de sujeto moderno desprovisto de la cocreación de lo humano con la comunidad, la historia, la naturaleza y el cosmos.(AU)

[Endoscopic submucosal dissection: advances and perspectives]. / Dissection sous-muqueuse endoscopique : avancées et perspectives.

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a mini-invasive technique allowing to resect superficial lesions of the digestive tract and maintaining organ function. High technical expertise is required as well as a network approach with referring physicians, pathologists, radiologists, surgeons and oncologists. Rigorous selection of cases as well as endoscopic management of potential complications (hemorrhage, perforation) is mandatory. Therefore, ESD should preferably be performed in expert centers with high volumes of cases, in order to maintain competency and offer optimal patient's management. Most frequent indications in the Western world are early cancers of the esophagus, stomach and colon as well as non-non-lifting polyps and gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST).

La dissection sous-muqueuse (DSM) est une technique permettant la résection des lésions superficielles du tube digestif, de façon mini-invasive, afin de conserver la fonction de l'organe atteint. L'expertise technique aboutissant à ce geste doit s'accompagner d'un travail en réseau associant médecins référents, pathologistes, radiologues, chirurgiens et oncologues. Elle nécessite une sélection rigoureuse des indications, ainsi que la maîtrise des complications éventuelles (hémorragie, perforation) et doit préférablement être réalisée en centre expert, avec un volume suffisant de cas afin de maintenir la compétence. Les indications les plus fréquentes en Occident concernent les cancers super­ficiels de l'œsophage, de l'estomac et du côlon ainsi que les polypes ne se soulevant pas lors de l'injection sous-muqueuse et les tumeurs stromales gastro-intestinales (GIST).

Incidence Trends of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in a Southern European Country: A Mirror of the Western World?

INTRODUCTION: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) affects people from all age categories worldwide. Although the incidence of the disease is stabilizing or decreasing in most Western world countries, its prevalence is still increasing because of the rise in life expectancy and better disease management. This work intends to identify the trends related to IBD incidence nationwide, analyzing regional, sex, and age distributions. METHODS: Data were provided by the Portuguese Shared Services of the Ministry of Health. This study consisted of a retrospective analysis of all first consultations coded for "Chronic enteritis/ulcerative colitis" (D94) in a primary healthcare setting, between 2017 and 2020, in Portugal. The primary outcome measure was the IBD incidence rate per 100,000 inhabitants. We also calculated the incidence rate per person-year and forecasted incidence until 2024. RESULTS: Between 2017 and 2019, the incidence rate of IBD in Portugal decreased from 54.9 to 48.6 per 100,000 inhabitants. The average incidence was 20 new cases of IBD per 1,000 person-year. It was predicted that, in December 2023, IBD incidence would reach 305.4 new cases (95% Prediction Interval 156.6-454.3), a similar result to the values forecasted for December 2021 (305.4, 95% Prediction Interval 197.3-413.6). DISCUSSION: The incidence of IBD slightly declined from 2017 to 2019, and it is posed to stabilize in the future. The presented data are of the utmost importance for the characterization of IBD in Southern European countries and the establishment of future health policies in the setting of compounding prevalence in the Western world.

Psicologia, povos tradicionais e perspectivas de(s)coloniais: caminho para outra psicologia / Psychology, traditional peoples and decolonial perspectives: path to another psychology / Psicología, pueblos tradicionales y perspectivas de(s)coloniales: camino hacia otra psicología

Este trabalho busca realizar reflexões sobre a psicologia, em seu percurso histórico junto às comunidades e povos tradicionais. Nesse encontro, procura examinar quais impasses, necessidades e giros são necessários para o pensar e fazer de outra psicologia, uma que se encontre com outras epistemologias e ontologias enraizadas e ancestralmente vividas na América Latina. Para isso, é imperioso compreender os alicerces de fixação modernos e coloniais em que a psicologia se forjou, enquanto uma ciência racionalista, supostamente abstrata e universal, que expressa em sua prática o exercício das colonialidades do saber e do ser, na colonização da subjetividade. O encontro com os povos tradicionais exige da psicologia uma revisitação a seus fundamentos e um giro de(s)colonial ao encontro das reexistências e resistências dessas comunidades, em seus mais de 522 anos de lutas. Ao se deparar com a realidade de conhecimentos, desafios históricos e perspectivas dos povos tradicionais, é possível afirmar que a psicologia se vê diante da necessidade de redefinir seus marcos epistêmicos e políticos.(AU)

This study reflects on psychology in its historical journey with traditional communities and peoples. In this encounter, it seeks to examine what obstacles, needs, and turns are necessary for thinking and doing another psychology, one that meets other ancestral epistemologies and ontologies rooted in Latin America. Such approach requires us to understand the foundations of modern and colonial fixation upon which psychology was forged, as a rationalist, (supposedly) abstract and universal science that expresses in its practice the exercise of the colonialities of knowledge and being, by colonizing subjectivity. From its encounter with traditional peoples, psychology is called upon to revisit its foundations and do a decolonial turn to meet the re-existences and resistances of traditional peoples, in their more than 522 years of struggle. When confronted with the reality of knowledge, historical challenges and perspectives of traditional peoples, psychology is faced with the need to redefine its epistemic and political frameworks.(AU)

Este trabajo busca reflexionar sobre la psicología en su recorrido histórico con las comunidades y pueblos tradicionales. En ese encuentro, pretende analizar qué impases, necesidades y giros son necesarios para pensar y hacer otra psicología, que se encuentre con otras epistemologías y ontologías arraigadas y ancestralmente vividas en América Latina. Para ello, es necesario comprender los fundamentos modernos y coloniales sobre los cuales se forjó la psicología como ciencia racionalista, supuestamente abstracta y universal, y que expresa en su práctica el ejercicio de las colonialidades del saber y del ser en la colonización de la subjetividad. El encuentro con los pueblos tradicionales requiere de la psicología una revisión de sus fundamentos y un giro de(s)colonial para encontrar las reexistencias y resistencias de estos pueblos en sus más de 522 años de lucha. Frente a la realidad de los saberes, desafíos históricos y perspectivas de los pueblos tradicionales, es posible afirmar que la psicología se encuentra ante la necesidad de redefinir sus marcos epistémicos y políticos.(AU)

Palliative care for Chinese immigrants in New Zealand: experiences and perceptions / Cuidados paliativos para inmigrantes chinos en Nueva Zelanda: experiencias y percepciones / Cuidados paliativos para imigrantes chineses na Nova Zelândia: experiências e percepções

Abstract Over the past several decades, palliative care has seen tremendous development in Western countries, but there is still inadequate access to palliative care among non-dominant ethnocultural groups. The Chinese have been the largest immigrant group in New Zealand since the 19th century(1). They have unique beliefs and practices around illness, death, dying and filial piety(2). These differ greatly from those in Western cultures and have notable implications for hospice palliative care planning and provision. However, immigrant Chinese community remains a relatively marginalised and under-researched group in palliative care(3-5). This results in limited knowledge about its culture and people among health professionals, as well as the lack of experience in providing terminal care to Chinese immigrants. Through the introduction of New Zealand Palliative Care Strategy and the analysis of Chinese immigrants' difficulties and preferences for palliative care, this aims to increase understanding of how cultural values of Chinese affect their acceptance and decision-making with respect to palliative care so that for efficiently providing palliative care to this ethnic minority group in New Zealand.

Resumen En las últimas décadas, los cuidados paliativos han experimentado un enorme desarrollo en los países occidentales, pero el acceso a los mismos sigue siendo insuficiente entre los grupos etnoculturales no dominantes. Los chinos son el mayor grupo de inmigrantes en Nueva Zelanda desde el siglo XIX(1). Tienen creencias y prácticas únicas en torno a la enfermedad, la muerte, el morir y la piedad filial(2). Éstas difieren en gran medida de las de las culturas occidentales y tienen notables implicaciones para la planificación y prestación de cuidados paliativos en los hospicios. Sin embargo, la comunidad china inmigrante sigue siendo un grupo relativamente marginado y poco investigado en el ámbito de los cuidados paliativos(3-5). Esto se traduce en un conocimiento limitado sobre su cultura y su población entre los profesionales sanitarios, así como en la falta de experiencia en la prestación de cuidados terminales a los inmigrantes chinos. A través de la introducción de la Estrategia de Cuidados Paliativos de Nueva Zelanda y el análisis de las dificultades y preferencias de los inmigrantes chinos en materia de cuidados paliativos, este ensayo pretende aumentar la comprensión de cómo los valores culturales de los chinos afectan a su aceptación y la toma de decisiones con respecto a los cuidados paliativos para que para proporcionar de manera eficiente los cuidados paliativos a este grupo étnico minoritario en Nueva Zelanda.

Resumo Nas últimas décadas, os cuidados paliativos tem experimentado um enorme desenvolvimento nos países ocidentais mas ainda há acesso inadequado a cuidados paliativos entre grupos étnico-culturais não dominantes. Os chineses tem sido o maior grupo de imigrantes na Nova Zelândia desde o século XIX(1). Eles tem crenças e práticas singulares em torno de doença, morte, morrer e devoção filial(2). Isso difere grandemente das culturas ocidentais e tem implicações notáveis no planejamento e fornecimento de cuidados paliativos em lares de idosos. Entretanto, a comunidade de imigrantes chineses permanece sendo um grupo relativamente marginalizado e sub-investigado no que diz respeito a cuidados paliativos(3-5). Isso resulta em conhecimento limitado sobre sua cultura e povo entre profissionais da saúde, bem como na falta de experiência em fornecer cuidados terminais a imigrantes chineses. Através da introdução da Estratégia de Cuidados Paliativos da Nova Zelândia e a análise das dificuldades e preferências de imigrantes chineses para cuidados paliativos, esse estudo tente aumentar a compreensão de como valores culturais de chineses afetam sua aceitação e tomada de decisão a respeito de cuidados paliativos, de maneira a eficientemente fornecer cuidados paliativos a esse grupo étnico minoritário na Nova Zelândia.

Pensamiento filosófico y medicina / Philosophical thought and medicine

Puede decirse que el pensamiento filosófico y la medicina surgieron juntos en los inicios de la civilización griega, cuna de la cultura occidental. En el presente ensayo, se hace una revisión histórica desde la filosofía Pitagórica hasta los paradigmas de Kuhn, mostrando autores y obras de la antigüedad, modernidad y época contemporánea, que ilustran la influencia recíproca entre la filosofía y la medicina.

It is possible to say that philosophical thought and medicine emerged together at the beginning of the Greek civilization, cradle of western culture. In the present trial, a historical review is made, from Pythagorean philosophy to Kuhns' paradigms, showing authors and works from antiquity, modernity and contemporary epoch, illustrating the reciprocal influence between philosophy and medicine

Similarities and differences in peripheral artery disease between China and Western countries.

OBJECTIVE: Peripheral artery disease (PAD) affects more than 200 million people worldwide, among whom more than two-thirds reside in low- and middle-income countries. China, as the largest low- and middle-income country, faces a challenge from the burden of PAD as the country undergoes economic expansion. We compared the patterns of PAD between China and Western countries to determine if there are differences in risk factors, awareness, or treatment of PAD. METHODS: Literature searches were performed both in English databases and Chinese databases covering January 1, 1995, to March 1, 2020. Both landmark and high-quality articles were evaluated. RESULTS: The prevalence of PAD in high-income countries increases linearly with age, whereas PAD increases slowly until the middle 60s and exponentially thereafter in China. In contrast with Western countries, the prevalence of PAD in China is reported to be higher in women than in men. There is a higher prevalence of risk factors in China, but the rates of awareness and treatment of these risk factors are low. CONCLUSIONS: The lack of awareness and lower rates of treatment and control of PAD and its risk factors in China may be underlying the higher prevalence of PAD in women than in men as well as the steep increase in PAD after the middle 60s. In all countries, more attention should be paid to the planning and implementation of preventative strategies and clinical services. The societal and economic effects of PAD are considerable and ongoing studies are needed to help curtail the burden of this disease.

The Art of Rhinoplasty: Researching Technical and Cultural Foundations of Western World Rhinosurgery, from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance.

The analysis of the written sources allowed to follow the gradual development of every new technique in the field of rhinoplasty but also to understand the value of this surgery in those ancient times, highlighting a deep connection between traumatologic surgery of the nose and the development of modern "aesthetic and reconstructive" Rhinosurgery. Specifically, we analyzed the techniques described by less known surgeons to emphasize their cultural and surgical value. As a matter of fact, the descriptions offered by these authors clearly show the importance of rhinoplasty as a cardinal and autonomous practice since Antiquity, also clarifying the persistence and development of specific techniques for this surgical practice in the History of medicine. In the manuscript, the contributions of the Italian surgeons, such as Brancas and Vianeos families, are highlighted, demonstrating their influence on the progress of this surgical specialty in the Early Modern Age. Finally, we deepen the description of Gaspare Tagliacozzi's work, pointing out the topics and controversial debates arising from his techniques and innovations in "rhinosurgery" and also in the field of tissue transplantation, laying the foundations of modern Plastic Surgery.Level of Evidence V This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine Ratings, please refer to Table of Contents or online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Covid-19: a catástrofe latino-americana, entre a caça e a imaginação / Covid-19: the Latin American catastrophe between the hunting and the imagination / Covid-19: la catástrofe latinoamericana, entre la caza y la imaginación

Esta nota expõe um breve balanço da história da pandemia de Covid após sete meses de crise. Com esse objetivo, apreendemos três grandes tendências: o impacto letal do negacionismo em países como os Estados Unidos e o Brasil; a chegada da segunda onda na Europa e, enfim, a catástrofe nos países latinoamericanos onde os indicadores pioram em todos eles independentemente das políticas de contenção que foram implementadas desde o mês de março de 2020. Para a discussão dessas três tendências, elaboramos três momentos de reflexão de maior fôlego: a clivagem que separa os modelos de gestão da pandemia na Ásia no Ocidente; a necessidade de uma política social (como o auxílio emergencial) para tornar viáveis as políticas sanitárias na América Latina; e, enfim, uma reflexão mais geral sobre a relação entre as catástrofes e a imaginação.

This paper presents a brief analysis of the history concerning Covid pandemic after its beginning seven months ago. In pursuing this purpose we realised three major trends: the lethal impact of denialism in countries such as United States and Brazil; the arrival of the second wave of coronavirus in Europe; and finally, the Latin American catastrophe where the indicators of people affected by disease worsen in all their countries regardless of the policies to restrain it implemented since March 2020. To discuss these three trends, we have deepened three reflections: the cleavage between the management model of the pandemic in Asia and the Western management model; the need for a social policy (such as an emergency financial aid) to make health policies viable in Latin America; and at last a general reflection on the relationship between the catastrophes and the imagination.

Esta nota expone un breve análisis de la historia de la pandemia de Covid después de siete meses de crisis. Intentando alcanzar este propósito, hemos distinguido tres grandes tendencias: el impacto letal del negacionismo en países como Estados Unidos y Brasil; la llegada de la segunda ola a Europa; y finalmente la catástrofe latinoamericana donde los indicadores del contagio empeoraron en todos los países independiente de las políticas de contención implementadas desde marzo de 2020. Para discutir estas tres tendencias, hemos profundizado tres reflexiones: la diferencia entre el modelo de gestión de la pandemia en Asia y el modelo implementado en Occidente; la necesidad de una política social (como lo auxilio financiero de emergencia) para hacer viables las políticas de salud en Latinoamérica; y por último una reflexión de forma más general sobre la relación entre las catástrofes y la imaginación.

De la crisis de los fundamentos, a los fundamentos de una crisis civilizatoria más allá de la Modernidad. COVID 19 como catalizador en Chile / From the crisis of the foundations, to the foundations of a civilizing crisis beyond Modernity. COVID 19 as a catalyst in Chile

Con este trabajo intentamos una aproximación crítica a las tensiones que caracterizan este hoy que sobrevivimos, precipitado por la pandemia del Covid 19 como catalizador inesperado de la crisis civilizatoria que parece atravesamos como Humanidad. Para ello contrastamos la crisis de los fundamentos, con algunos fundamentos de la crisis, quede manera esencialmente recursiva se hacen posibles. La racionalidad y fines del modelo civilizatorio en crisis, en una posible transición acelerada por la pandemia, permiten hacer visibles algunas condiciones de posibilidad para la construcción de contratos sociales, lógicas y racionalidades que apuntan a la Humanidad como fin y razón de ser; frente al individualismo liquidador del sujeto y la individualidad; y a la Armonía, frente a la metáfora del Desarrollo sin límites y la racionalidad instrumental que la sostiene en la Modernidad Occidental.

With this work we try a critical approach to the tensions that characterize this today that we survive, precipitated by the Covid 19 pandemic as an unexpected catalyst of the civilizing crisis that seems to be going through as Humanity. To do this, we contrast the fundamentals crisis with some fundamentals of the crisis, which in an essentially recursive way are made possible. The rationality and ends of the civilizing model in crisis, in a possible transition accelerated by the pandemic, make it possible to make visible some conditions of possibility for the construction of social contracts, logics and rationales that point Humanity as an end and a reason for being; against the liquidating individualism of the subject and individuality; and Harmony, against the metaphor of Development without limits and the instrumental rationality that sustains it in Western Modernity.

A 50-year history of the health impacts of Westernization on the lifestyle of Japanese Americans: A focus on the Hawaii-Los Angeles-Hiroshima Study.

A medical survey of Japanese Americans have been carried out since 1970; in particular, this survey was administered to the Japanese emigrants from Hiroshima (Japan) to Hawaii or Los Angeles (USA) and their offspring. Labeled the Hawaii-Los Angeles-Hiroshima Study, it constituted a long-term epidemiological study of Japanese Americans who are genetically identical to the native Japanese people, but have experienced rapid and intense Westernization in terms of their lifestyles. The authors have compared the medical survey data procured from two Japanese populations, evincing very disparate lifestyles; that is, the native Japanese inhabitants of Hiroshima (Japan) and Japanese Americans living in Hawaii or Los Angeles (USA). The focus was particularly on differences in the intake of nutrients, the frequency of obesity, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus, and the progression of atherosclerosis. The authors believe that the health effects of the lifestyles of Japanese Americans can predict the imminent health prospects of native Japanese people who adopt Westernized lifestyles in Japan. This review thus summarized the major results accumulated from the Hawaii-Los Angeles-Hiroshima Study over the past 50 years.

Yagé: Crisis de occidente y trabajo espiritual / Yagé: Western crisis and spiritual work

Resumen Introducción: Ante la crisis epistemológica y sistémica que se encuentra en la civilización occidental, el yagé emerge como alternativa que invita a una reponderación axiológica profunda. Asimismo, el ritual del yagé evidencia los límites del conocimiento médico moderno, dando pauta al abordaje transdisciplinario. Por otro lado, se presentan consecuencias de inserción en el libre mercado, implicando problemas de lucro a costa de tradiciones originarias. En este contexto, se explora el concepto «trabajo espiritual¼ como práctica que busca descolocarse del colonialismo mercantil al tiempo que se aleja del modelo médico moderno. Objetivo: Reflexionar la incorporación del ritual de yagé en Occidente y sus posibilidades como alternativa epistemológica y médica. Materiales y métodos: Revisión de artículos de la base de datos especializados Web of Science, con la palabra clave: "ayahuasca". Resultados: Se estructuró la información teniendo en cuenta los aspectos relacionados con: (a) el contexto de incorporación del yagé al occidente, (b) los límites del conocimiento médico moderno y (c) los problemas de inserción al libre mercado. Conclusiones: Se apoya el diagnóstico de la ruptura epistemológica con occidente, pero reconociendo el estado inicial de las investigaciones y la falta de evidencias documentadas para entrar en una etapa más fructífera para el debate.

Abstract Introduction: In the face of epistemological and systemic crisis in Western civilization, yagé emerges as an alternative that invites a deep axiological reponderation. The yagé ritual demonstrates the limits of modern medical knowledge, giving guidance to a transdisciplinary approach. On the other hand, there are consequences of insertion into the free market, involving profit problems at the expense of original traditions. Thus, the concept of "spiritual work" is explored as a practice that seeks to dislodge itself from commercial colonialism while moving away from the modern medical model. Objective: To reflect on the incorporation of the yage ritual in the West and its possibilities as an epistemological and medical alternative. Materials and methods: Review of articles from the specialized Web of Science database, with the keyword: "ayahuasca". Results: The information was structured considering aspects related to: (a) the context of incorporation of yagé into the West, (b) the limits of modern medical knowledge and (c) the problems of insertion into the free market. Conclusions: The diagnosis of the epistemological rupture with the West is supported while recognizing the initial state of the investigations and the lack of documented evidence in order to enter into a more fruitful debate.

Saberes médicos y reflexiones morales durante el período rosista: Buenos Aires, 1835-1847 / Medical knowledge and moral reflections during the Rosas era: Buenos Aires, 1835-1847

Resumen Este artículo analiza cómo el discurso médico incorpora una serie de reflexiones sobre las conductas morales en Buenos Aires en la primera parte del siglo XIX. A través del estudio de tres textos, cuyos autores son los médicos Diego Alcorta, Guillermo Rawson y Francisco Javier Muñiz se identifican una serie de registros argumentales que resaltan el funcionamiento de los órganos, la cuestión de la herencia y la gravitación del clima en función de reflexionar sobre la moralidad de los individuos y las poblaciones. Este fenómeno de transferencia de saberes se debe a la presencia de la tradición médica francesa sumándose a factores locales derivados del intenso proceso de politización de la sociedad bajo el segundo gobierno de Juan Manuel de Rosas.

Abstract This article analyzes how medical discourse incorporated a series of reflections on moral behaviors in Buenos Aires in the early nineteenth century. Based on the study of three texts authored by the physicians Diego Alcorta, Guillermo Rawson and Francisco Javier Muñiz, it identifies a series of discursive registers that stress the role of organ functions, the question of heredity and the influence of climate in reflections on the morality of individuals and populations. This phenomenon of knowledge transfer is due to the presence of the French medical tradition, in addition to local factors stemming from the intense process of politicization of society under the second administration of Juan Manuel de Rosas.

Disparities in Contemporary Treatment Rates of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms Across Western Countries.

OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND: Several abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) screening programs have demonstrated a similar prevalence of this disease in Westerns countries, ranging from 1.2% to 2.8%. However, the annual rate of AAA repair is significantly less even, and its relationship to AAA prevalence is not clear. The objective was to perform a systematic review, describing an international overview in the yearly rate of AAA repairs. METHODS: The number of elective and emergency AAA repairs was obtained via thorough review of publications indexed in PubMed and Scopus from 2010 to October 2018. Portuguese data were obtained from the national administrative database of health care. Data from the UK were extracted from the National Vascular Registry's 2015 annual report. Each country's population was assessed from published national censuses, thus allowing estimation of the number of AAAs treated per 100,000 habitants. RESULTS: Data from 14 countries were obtained. The yearly number of elective operations per 100,000 habitants was 2.2 in Hungary, 3.8 in Portugal, 5.3 in Spain, 5.9 in Iceland, 6.5 in Finland, 7.0 in New Zealand, 7.8 in the UK, 10.0 in Denmark, 10.2 in Sweden, 13.3 in the USA, 14.8 in Norway, 15.3 in the Netherlands, 15.6 in Italy, and 17.3 in Germany. The yearly rate of ruptured repairs was 0.5 in Hungary, 1.5 in Portugal, 1.8 in Spain, 1.7 in Iceland, 1.7 in Finland, 1.3 in New Zealand, 1.8 in the UK, 3.3 in Denmark (2013), 2.7 in Sweden (2013), 1.7 in the USA, 2.1 in Norway, 3.1 in the Netherlands, 2.3 in Italy, and 2.7 in Germany. CONCLUSION: The rate of AAA treatment is highly variable, with a nearly eightfold variance between the countries with the highest and lowest rates of elective repair. Correlation between elective and ruptured repairs was not clear. A deeper understanding of the reasons for the disparities in AAA treatment among Western countries is of the utmost importance.

Laboratory values in Japanese children with newly diagnosed inflammatory bowel disease.

BACKGROUND: Laboratory data in children with newly diagnosed inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have been reported from Europe and North America, but not Asia. The aim of this study was to clarify laboratory data in Japanese children with newly diagnosed IBD, and to compare them with those in Western reports. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed patients <16 years old, newly diagnosed with ulcerative colitis (UC) or Crohn's disease (CD) at Kurume University Hospital between January 2008 and December 2015. RESULTS: UC and CD patients numbered 31 and 15, respectively. The percentages of patients with normal values for hemoglobin (Hb), platelet count (Plt), albumin (Alb), C-reactive protein (CRP), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) in the UC and CD groups were 45% and 47%; 68% and 53%; 84% and 40%; 81% and 7%; and 35% and 0%, respectively. The frequency of normal results for these five tests were similar to Western findings except for the greater frequency of normal CRP in UC. Alb and ESR differed significantly between UC and CD in both mild and moderate-severe cases. Plt, Alb, CRP, and ESR differed significantly between diseases in late-onset IBD, whereas early onset IBD showed no differences. In UC, ESR correlated positively, while Hb and Alb correlated negatively, with disease activity. In CD, CRP and ESR correlated positively with activity. CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of Japanese children with IBD having normal values at diagnosis was mostly similar to that in Western reports. In early onset cases, UC parameters may be similar to CD. Of the five tests, ESR was particularly indicative of disease activity at diagnosis in both pediatric UC and CD.

Pediatric vesicolithotomy from ancient India to Greece, Arabia and the western world.

Surgeons removed bladder stones by perineal lithotomy in ancient times. The first surgeon who dared to invade a body cavity knew human anatomy and was skilled in the use of surgical instruments. The operation probably originated in India since the Sushruta Samhita, a surgical text, antedates Hippocrates by several hundred years. Sushruta's knowledge of bladder of stones, surgical complications and instrumentation identifies him as originator of vesicolithotomy. Why did Hippocrates advise his students to leave operations for bladder stones to practitioners who were skilled in the art? Who were these practitioners and how did knowledge of vesicolithotomy reach Greece from India? Our research suggests that the operation came to Greece from India over ancient trade routes and with surgeons who accompanied Alexander the Great's army. The Sushruta Samhita was translated in Arabic and may have reached Europe during the dark ages by way of Arabian surgeons such as Albucasis. Chelseldon, an eighteenth century English surgeon, brought Sushruta's vesicolithotomy to a peak of perfection.

Ideário da morte no Ocidente: a bioética em uma perspectiva antropológica crítica / Conceptions of death in the Western world: bioethics from a critical anthropological perspective / Ideario de la muerte en Occidente: la bioética en una perspectiva antropológica crítica

Resumo A morte é simbólica, histórica e socialmente construída. Mais do que um processo biológico, é uma elaboração cultural, e discuti-la significa, portanto, entender suas representações e práticas. Embora seja atualmente entendida de forma negativa, nem sempre foi tida como tabu. Este artigo busca desvelar de que modo foi estabelecida a oposição entre a vida e a morte em proveito da vida como positividade e as consequências do banimento da ideia de finitude em prol de um mito de imortalidade. A partir de uma revisão da literatura sobre as concepções da morte no Ocidente, especificamente no Brasil, esta discussão propõe repensar a bioética como campo disciplinar que deve abarcar, para além de modelos dogmáticos e autoritários, valores morais plurais. Esta reflexão permite encarar a morte como constituinte da vida e, assim, arrostar a impossibilidade do nada, fim inexorável, como possibilidade infinda, em suas diversas acepções e seus diferentes sentidos.

Abstract Death is symbolically, historically and socially constructed. More than a biological process, death is a cultural elaboration, and discussing it means, therefore, to understand its representations and practices. Although it is currently understood negatively, it was not always considered a taboo. This article aims to unveil how the opposition between life and death favoring life as a positivity was established and what are the consequences of banishing the idea of finitude in favor of a myth of immortality. Through a literature review of the conceptions of death in the Western world, specifically in Brazil, this discussion proposes to rethink bioethics as a discipline that should include, besides dogmatic and authoritarian models, plural moral values. This reflection allows us to face death as a part of life and, thus, to confront the impossibility of nothingness, an inexorable end, as an endless possibility, in its various and different meanings.

Resumen La muerte es simbólica, histórica y socialmente construida. Más que un proceso biológico, es una elaboración cultural, y discutirla significa, por lo tanto, entender sus representaciones y prácticas. Aunque ella sea actualmente entendida de forma negativa, no siempre fue considerada como tabú. Este artículo busca desvelar de qué modo se estableció la oposición entre la vida y la muerte en provecho de la vida como positividad y las consecuencias de la exclusión de la idea de finitud en favor de un mito de inmortalidad. A partir de una revisión de la literatura sobre las concepciones de la muerte en Occidente, específicamente en Brasil, esta discusión propone repensar la bioética como campo disciplinar que debe abarcar, además de modelos dogmáticos y autoritarios, valores morales plurales. Esta reflexión permite encarar la muerte como constituyente de la vida y, así, confrontar la imposibilidad de la nada, fin inexorable, como posibilidad sin fin, en sus diversas acepciones y sus diferentes sentidos.