Evaluation of Long-Term Results of Oberlin Surgery in Obstetric Brachial Paralysis / Avaliação dos resultados a longo prazo da cirurgia de Oberlin na paralisia braquial obstétrica

Abstract Objective To evaluate elbow flexion in children with obstetric brachial plexus paralysis submitted to Oberlin transfer. Methods Retrospective study with 11 patients affected by paralysis due to labor who did not present spontaneous recovery from elbow flexion until 12 months of life, operated between 2010 and 2018. Results The children were operated between 5 and 12 months of life, with a mean of 7.9 months, and the mean follow-up time was 133.2 months, ranging from 37 to 238 months. Six patients (54.5%) presented a degree of muscle strength ≥ 3, measured by the strength scale of the Medical Research Council (MRC) and, according to the active movement scale (AMS), 5 patients obtained a score of ≥ 5. A negative correlation was identified between the AMS and the Narakas classification (r = -0.509), as well as between the strength scale (MRC) and the Narakas classification (r = -0.495). A strong positive correlation was observed (r = 0.935) between the AMS and the MRC demonstrating that the higher the score on the movement scale, the higher the score on the muscle strength scale. Conclusion The Oberlin surgery is a possible option for recovery of elbow flexion in children with neonatal plexopathy, demonstrating, however, very heterogeneous results, even in the long-term follow-up.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a flexão do cotovelo em crianças portadoras de paralisia obstétrica do plexo braquial submetidas à transferência de Oberlin. Métodos Estudo retrospectivo com 11 pacientes acometidos por paralisia decorrente do trabalho de parto e que não apresentaram recuperação espontânea da flexão do cotovelo até os 12 meses de vida, operados entre 2010 e 2018. Resultados As crianças foram operadas entre os 5 e 12 meses de vida, com média de 7,9 meses e o tempo médio de seguimento foi de 133,2 meses, variando de 37 a 238 meses. Seis pacientes (54,5%) apresentaram grau de força muscular ≥ 3, medido pela escala de força do Medical Research Council (MRC), e, pela escala de movimentação ativa (Active Momement Scale [AMS]), 5 pacientes obtiveram pontuação ≥ 5. Foi identificada correlação negativa entre a AMS e a classificação de Narakas (r = -0,509), bem como entre a MRC e a classificação de Narakas (r = -0,495). Já entre a AMS e a MRC, foi observada forte correlação positiva (r = 0,935), demonstrando que quanto maior a pontuação na escala de movimento, maior será a pontuação na escala de força muscular. Conclusão A cirurgia de Oberlin apresenta-se como uma opção possível para a recuperação da flexão do cotovelo em crianças com plexopatia neonatal; no entanto, demonstra resultados bastante heterogêneos, mesmo no seguimento a longo prazo.

Nerve Graft and Nerve Transfer for Improving Elbow Flexion in Children with Obstetric Palsy. A Systematic Review / Enxerto e transferência de nervo para melhora da flexão do cotovelo em crianças com paralisia obstétrica. Uma revisão sistemática

Abstract Obstetric brachial plexus palsy is a rather common injury in newborns, caused by traction to the brachial plexus during labor. In this context, with the present systematic review, we aimed to explore the use of nerve graft and nerve transfer as procedures to improve elbow flexion in children with obstetric palsy. For the present review, we followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. We searched the MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, Wholis and SCOPUS databases. Predetermined criteria defined the following requirements for inclusion of a study: Clinical trials, quasi-experiments, and cohort studies that performed nerve graft and nerve transfer in children (≤ 3 years old) with diagnosis of obstetric palsy. The risk of bias in nonrandomized studies of interventions assessment tool was used for nonrandomized studies. Out of seven studies that used both procedures, three of them compared the procedures of nerve graft with nerve transfer, and the other four combined them as a reconstructive method for children with obstetric palsy. According to the Medical Research Council grading system, both methods improved equally elbow flexion in the children. Overall, our results showed that both techniques of nerve graft and nerve transfer are equally good options for nerve reconstruction in cases of obstetric palsy. More studies approaching nerve reconstruction techniques in obstetric palsy should be made, preferably randomized clinical trials, to validate the results of the present systematic review.

Resumo A paralisia obstétrica do plexo braquial é uma lesão bastante comum em neonatos, sendo causada pela tração do plexo braquial durante o trabalho de parto. A presente revisão sistemática tem como objetivo exploraro uso de enxertose transferências de nervo como procedimentos para melhora da flexão do cotovelo em crianças com paralisia obstétrica. A presente revisão sistemática seguiu as diretrizes Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA, na sigla em inglês) e foi baseada em pesquisa nos bancos de dados MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, Wholis e SCOPUS. De acordo com os critérios pré-determinados, os artigos incluídos eram ensaios clínicos, quase-experimentos, e estudos de coortes sobre enxertos e transferências de nervos em crianças (de até 3 anos de idade) com diagnóstico de paralisia obstétrica. A ferramenta de avaliação Risk of Bias in Non-Randomized Studies of Interventions foi usada em estudos não randomizados. Sete estudos utilizaram os dois procedimentos; três deles compararam os procedimentos de enxerto e transferência de nervo, enquanto os outros quatro os combinaram como método reconstrutivo em crianças com paralisia obstétrica. Segundo o sistema de classificação do Medical Research Council, os dois métodos melhoraram a flexão do cotovelo das crianças de maneira similar. De modo geral, nossos resultados mostraram que o enxerto de nervo e a transferência de nervo são opções igualmente boas para a reconstrução nervosa em casos de paralisia obstétrica. Mais estudos sobre as técnicas de reconstrução nervosa na paralisia obstétrica devem ser realizados, de preferência ensaios clínicos randomizados, para validação dos resultados dessa revisão sistemática.

Rethinking surgical strategy in the management of obstetrical palsy.

The widespread use of the operating microscope for nerve repairs has inspired operative treatment for obstetric paralysis. For a long time, the standard treatment has been based on early nerve surgery. However, the generally accepted strategy for treating obstetric paralysis is far from satisfactory. The main sequels we have observed are due to incorrect treatment of the deficits or due to devastating early nerve surgery. Therefore, a different approach should be considered and designed to prevent and treat the main deficits. After examining over 1000 non-operated patients over almost four decades and in three different countries, I have never encountered anyone who has not recovered active contraction of shoulder muscles or relatively strong elbow flexion. Therefore, I recommend not to have early nerve surgery.

Evidence that nerve surgery improves functional outcome for obstetric brachial plexus injury.

The majority of children with obstetric brachial plexus injury show some degree of spontaneous recovery. This review explores the available evidence for the use surgical brachial plexus repair to improve outcome. So far, no randomized trial has been performed to evaluate the usefulness of nerve repair. The evidence level of studies comparing surgical treatment with non-surgical treatment is Level IV at best. The studies on natural history that are used for comparison with surgical series are also, unfortunately, of too low quality. Among experts, however, the general agreement is that nerve reconstruction is indicated when spontaneous recovery is absent or severely delayed at specific time points. A major obstacle in comparing or pooling obstetric brachial plexus injury patient series, either surgical or non-surgical, is the use of many different outcome measures. A requirement for multicentre studies is consensus on how to assess and report outcome, both concerning motor performance and functional evaluation.

Obstetric Paralysis: Evaluation of the Sever-L'Episcopo Technique Modified by Hoffer / Paralisia obstétrica: Avaliação da técnica Sever-L'Episcopo modificada por Hoffer

Abstract Evaluate the results of a series of 28 cases of high obstetric paralysis treated with the Sever-L'Episcopo technique modified by Hoffer, between 2003 and 2016. Children (mean age, four years and seven months) with adduction contracture and internal rotation of the shoulder without secondary bone deformities (Mallet class II) underwent lengthening of the pectoralis major muscle and tenotomy of the subscapularis muscle associated with transfer of the latissimus dorsi and teres major muscle to the infraspinatus muscle, moving to the function of external rotators and elevators. The mean follow-up was three years and 10 months. At the end of the study, 24 patients achieved excellent functional assessment scores, mainly of the abduction and external rotation, passing from Mallet class II to class IV. Four patients still demonstrated some degree of global movement limitation, passing from class II to class III. Regardless of the final functional gain, all patients were able to perform tasks that were previously difficult. The data from this study suggest that Hoffer's surgery is an effective method in the treatment of the sequelae of high obstetric paralysis without secondary bone deformities.

Resumo Avaliar os resultados de uma série de 28 casos de paralisia obstétrica alta tratadas com a técnica Sever-L'Episcopo modificada por Hoffer, entre 2003 e 2016. As crianças (idade média, quatro anos e sete meses) com contratura em adução e rotação interna do ombro sem deformidades ósseas secundárias (Mallet classe II) foram submetidas ao alongamento do músculo peitoral e tenotomia do músculo subescapular associada à transferência do latissimus dorsi e músculo redondo maior para o músculo infraespinhal, movendo-se para a função de rotadores externos e elevadores. O seguimento médio foi de 3 anos e 10 meses. Ao final do estudo, 24 pacientes obtiveram excelentes escores de avaliação funcional, principalmente de abdução e rotação externa, passando de Mallet classe II para classe IV. Quatro pacientes ainda demonstraram algum grau de limitação de movimento global, passando da classe II para a classe III. Independentemente do ganho funcional final, todos os pacientes foram capazes de realizar tarefas que antes eram difíceis. Os dados deste estudo sugerem que a cirurgia de Hoffer é um método eficaz no tratamento das sequelas de paralisia obstétrica alta sem deformidades ósseas secundárias.

Obstetric Paralysis: Who is to blame? A systematic literature review / Paralisia obstétrica: De quem é a culpa? Uma revisão sistemática de literatura

Abstract Obstetric palsy is classically defined as the brachial plexus injury due to shoulder dystocia or to maneuvers performed on difficult childbirths. In the last 2 decades, several studies have shown that half of the cases of Obstetric palsy are not associated with shoulder dystocia and have raised other possible etiologies for Obstetric palsy. The purpose of the present study is to collect data from literature reviews, classic articles, sentries, and evidence-based medicine to better understand the events involved in the occurrence of Obstetric palsy. A literature review was conducted in the search engine PubMed (MeSH - Medical Subject Headings) with the following keywords: shoulder dystocia and obstetric palsy, completely open, boundless regarding language or date. Later, the inclusion criterion was defined as revisions. A total of 21 review articles associated with the themes described were found until March 8, 2018. Faced with the best available evidence to date, it is well-demonstrated that Obstetric palsy occurs in uncomplicated deliveries and in cesarean deliveries, and there are multiple factors that can cause it, relativizing the responsibility of obstetricians, nurses, and midwives. The present study aims to break the paradigms that associate Obstetric palsy compulsorily with shoulder dystocia, and that its occurrence necessarily implies negligence, malpractice or recklessness of the team involved.

Resumo A paralisia obstétrica é classicamente definida como a lesão do plexo braquial decorrente da distócia de ombros ou das manobras executadas no parto difícil. Nas 2 últimas décadas, vários estudos comprovaram que metade dos casos de paralisia obstétrica não estão associados à distócia de ombros e levantaram outras possíveis etiologias para a paralisia obstétrica. O objetivo do presente trabalho é colher dados da literatura de revisão, artigos clássicos, sentinelas e da medicina baseada em evidências para compreender melhor os eventos envolvidos na ocorrência de paralisia obstétrica. Foi realizada uma revisão da literatura no motor de busca da PubMed (MeSH - Medical Subject Headings) com as seguintes palavras-chave: shoulder dystocia and obstetric palsy, completamente aberto, sem limites de língua ou data. Posteriormente, definimos como critério de inclusão artigos de revisão. Encontramos 21 artigos de revisão com associação dos temas descritos até 8 de março de 2018. Frente às melhores evidências existentes até o momento, está bem demonstrado que a paralisia obstétrica ocorre em partos não complicados e em partos cesáreos, e são múltiplos os fatores que podem causá-la, relativizando a responsabilidade de médicos obstetras, enfermeiras e parteiras. Procuramos, com o presente estudo, quebrar os paradigmas de que paralisia obstétrica se associa obrigatoriamente à distócia de ombros e que a sua ocorrência necessariamente implica em negligência, imperícia ou imprudência da equipe envolvida.

Diaphragmatic paralysis after phrenic nerve injury in newborns.

BACKGROUND: Phrenic nerve injury (PNI) from birth trauma is a recognized phenomenon, generally occurring with ipsilateral brachial plexus palsy (BPP). In severe cases, PNI results in diaphragm paresis (DP) and respiratory insufficiency. Surgical diaphragmatic plication (SDP) is a potential management strategy for patients with PNI and DP, but timing and outcomes associated with SDP have not been rigorously studied. METHODS: Records from 49 tertiary United States pediatric hospitals in the Pediatric Health Information System from 2004 to 2018 were analyzed. The study cohort included patients diagnosed with BPP from birth trauma who were documented to have PNI or DP. Patients who underwent congenital cardiac operations were excluded. RESULTS: A total of 5832 patients were identified with BPP from birth trauma during the study period, 122 (2%) of whom were found to have concomitant DP. Of those, 65 (53%) were male, 39 (32%) were infants of diabetic mothers, 80 (65%) required mechanical ventilation, and 33 (27%) underwent SDP. SDP was performed at a median (range) age of 36 (7-95) days. Median (range) total and postoperative hospital lengths of stay (LOS) were 34 (6-180) and 15 (4-132) days, respectively. There was also an observed increase in post-operative LOS with increase in age at operation. CONCLUSION: Neonatal DP is rare and is managed with SDP in a minority of instances. Age at repair affects total and postoperative length of stay, proxies for resource utilization and morbidity. Repair prior to 45 days of life appears to result in a shorter postoperative hospital stay. This analysis will help guide surgeons with respect to indications and operative timing for infant DP. TYPE OF STUDY: Retrospective Comparative Study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III.

Anatomical study of the brachial plexus in human fetuses and its relation with neonatal upper limb paralysis / Estudo anatômico do plexo braquial de fetos humanos e sua relação com paralisias neonatais do membro superior

ABSTRACT Objective To study the anatomy of the brachial plexus in fetuses and to evaluate differences in morphology during evolution, or to find anatomical situations that can be identified as the cause of obstetric paralysis. Methods Nine fetuses (12 to 30 weeks of gestation) stored in formalin were used. The supraclavicular and infraclavicular parts of the brachial plexus were dissected. Results In its early course, the brachial plexus had a cord-like shape when it passed through the scalene hiatus. Origin of the phrenic nerve in the brachial plexus was observed in only one fetus. In the deep infraclavicular and retropectoralis minor spaces, the nerve fibers of the brachial plexus were distributed in the axilla and medial bicipital groove, where they formed the nerve endings. Conclusion The brachial plexus of human fetuses presents variations and relations with anatomical structures that must be considered during clinical and surgical procedures for neonatal paralysis of the upper limbs.

RESUMO Objetivo Estudar a anatomia do plexo braquial em fetos e avaliar diferenças de morfologia durante a evolução, ou encontrar situações anatômicas que possam ser apontadas como causa de paralisias obstétricas. Métodos Foram utilizados nove fetos formolizados entre 12 a 30 semanas de gestação e submetidos à dissecação supra e infraclavicular do plexo braquial. Resultados O plexo braquial inicialmente tem formato de cordão durante sua passagem pelo hiato dos escalenos e em apenas um feto foi observada a origem do nervo frênico por meio do plexo braquial. Na região infraclavicular profunda e retropeitoral menor, os fascículos do plexo braquial se distribuíam na axila e sulco bicipital medial para a formação dos nervos terminais. Conclusão O plexo braquial de fetos humanos apresenta variações e relações com estruturas anatômicas que devem ser consideradas durante os procedimentos clínicos e cirúrgicos das paralisias neonatais do membro superior.

Intercostal Nerve Transfer in Management of Biceps and Triceps Cocontraction in Spontaneously Recovered Obstetric Brachial Plexus Palsy.

BACKGROUND: Obstetric brachial plexus palsy is caused by traction during birth. Most patients regain useful function with spontaneous recovery. In some cases, cross reinnervation occurs between the biceps and triceps muscles. In these cases, smooth active motion of the elbow joint is impaired by simultaneous biceps and triceps muscle contraction. The biceps and triceps muscle cocontraction could be treated by botulinum toxin type A injection, tendon transfer of the triceps to biceps, and intercostal nerves transfer to the musculocutaneous nerve (MCN) or to the motor branch of the radial nerve to the triceps muscle. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We present 16 cases (10 males and 6 females) with biceps and triceps cocontraction in spontaneously recovered obstetric brachial plexus palsy patients. They were treated by 3 intercostal nerves transfer to MCN without exploration of the remaining plexus. The mean age at surgery was 40.6 months (range, 24-65 months). Preoperative electromyography was done in all cases to confirm biceps and triceps cocontraction and to assess the contractile status of both muscles. RESULTS: The mean postoperative follow-up period was 51.7 months (range, 27-64 months). At the final follow-up, elbow flexion was graded 3 in 1 patient, grade 4 in 3 patients, grade 6 in 9 patients, and grade 7 in 3 patients using the 7-point Toronto scale. The mean active range of motion of the elbow (against gravity) increased from 38 degrees preoperatively (range, 0-75 degrees) to 96.8 °[Combining Ring Above] at the final follow-up (range, 60-140 degrees). CONCLUSIONS: Intercostal nerves transfer to MCN for management of biceps, and triceps cocontraction in spontaneously recovered obstetric brachial plexus injury is a good option with minimal morbidity and high success rate.

Arthroscopic isolated capsular release for shoulder contracture after brachial plexus birth palsy: clinical outcomes in a prospective cohort of 28 children with 2 years' follow-up.

BACKGROUND: The primary objective of this study was to evaluate improvements in external rotation after isolated arthroscopic capsular release in children with shoulder contracture due to brachial plexus birth palsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included all children older than 2 years with a range of active external rotation limited to 30° or less and/or active anterior elevation (AE) limited to 90° or less secondary to brachial plexus palsy treated between 2011 and 2015. Passive glenohumeral motion, passive global (glenohumeral plus scapulothoracic) motion, active global motion for external rotation with the elbow at the side (ER1), AE, and internal rotation with the elbow at the side were recorded before and 2 years after surgery. Improvement was evaluated by comparing the preoperative and follow-up values. The operation performed was subscapularis-sparing arthroscopic capsular release. RESULTS: Thirty-five patients were included, and 28 completed 2 years of follow-up. The average changes in active global ER1, passive glenohumeral ER1, and passive global ER1 were +35° (range, -20° to +100°; P <.0001), +35° (range, +0° to +75°; P <.0001), and +26° (range, -15° to +60°; P <.0001), respectively. There were no significant changes in internal rotation with the elbow at the side or AE. The mean improvement in the aggregate Mallet score was 3.9 points (range, -3 to +9 points; P <.0001). CONCLUSIONS: For children with shoulder contracture secondary to brachial plexus palsy, subscapularis-sparing isolated capsular release improves external rotation and functional scores and avoids any loss of active internal rotation but does not improve AE.

The components of shoulder and elbow movements as goals of primary reconstructive operation in obstetric brachial plexus lesions.

Most of the cases of obstetric brachial plexus lesions (OBPL) show satisfactory improvement with conservative management, but in about 25% some surgical treatment is indicated. The present paper analyzes the effects of primary reconstructive surgeries in aspect of achieving delineated intraoperatively goals. Children operated before the age of 18 months with follow-up period longer than 1 year were selected. Therapeutic goals established during the operation were identified by analysis of initial clinical status and operative protocols. The elementary movement components in shoulder and elbow joints were classified by assessing range of motion, score in Active Movement Scale and modified British Medical Research Council scale of muscle strength. The effect was considered satisfactory when some antigravity movement was possible, and good when strength exceeded M3 or antigravity movement exceeded half of range of passive movement. In 13 of 19 patients most of established goals were achieved at good level, in 2 at satisfactory level. Remaining 4 patients showed improvement only in some aspects of extremity function. In 2 patients improvement in some movements was accompanied by worsening of other movements. The analysis of results separated into individual components of movements showed that goals were achieved in most of the cases, simultaneously clearly indicating which damaged structures failed to provide satisfactory function despite being addressed intraoperatively. The good results were obtained mainly by regeneration through grafts implanted after resection of neuroma in continuity, which proves that this technique is safe in spite of unavoidable temporary regression of function postoperatively.

Ultrasound Screening for Posterior Shoulder Dislocation in Infants with Persistent Brachial Plexus Birth Palsy.

BACKGROUND: Early detection of posterior shoulder dislocation in infants with brachial plexus birth palsy (BPBP) is essential, but it may be difficult to accomplish with physical examination alone. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of shoulder dislocation in patients with BPBP using ultrasound and to identify which physical examination measurements correlated most with dislocation in these patients. METHODS: This study was a retrospective review of data obtained in an ultrasound screening program of infants with BPBP born from January 2011 to April 2014. Physical examination included the use of the Active Movement Scale (AMS) and measurement of passive external rotation of the shoulder. Ultrasound measurements included PHHD (percentage of the humeral head displaced posterior to the axis of the scapula) and the alpha angle (intersection of the posterior scapular margin with a line tangential to the humeral head through the glenoid). Shoulder dislocation was defined as both a PHHD of >0.5 and an alpha angle of >30°. RESULTS: Of sixty-six infants who had undergone a total of 118 ultrasound examinations (mean, 1.8; range, 1 to 5), 19 (29%) demonstrated shoulder dislocation with the shoulder positioned in internal rotation; the dislocation was first detected between 2.1 and 10.5 months of age. Infants with a dislocated shoulder demonstrated significantly less mean passive external rotation in adduction (mean, 45.8° versus 71.4°, p < 0.001) and a greater difference between internal rotation and external rotation AMS scores (mean, 5.5-point versus 3.3-point difference, p < 0.001) than those without shoulder dislocation. Passive external rotation in adduction was a better measure for discriminating between dislocation and no dislocation (area under receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC] = 0.89) than was the difference between internal and external rotation AMS scores (AUC = 0.73). A cutoff of 60° of passive external rotation in adduction (≤60° versus° >60) yielded a sensitivity of 94% and a specificity of 69%. CONCLUSIONS: Shoulder dislocation is common in infants with BPBP; 29% of the infants presenting to our tertiary care center had a dislocation during their first year of life. Ultrasound shoulder screening is appropriate for infants with BPBP. If passive external rotation in adduction is used to determine which infants should undergo ultrasound, ≤60° should be utilized as the criterion to achieve appropriate sensitivity. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Shoulder and elbow kinematics during the Mallet score in obstetrical brachial plexus palsy.

BACKGROUND: The physical signs of obstetrical brachial plexus palsy range from temporary upper-limb dysfunction to a lifelong impairment and deformity in one arm. The aim of this study was to analyze the kinematics of the upper limb and to evaluate the contribution of glenohumeral and scapulothoracic joints of obstetrical brachial plexus palsy children. METHODS: Six children participated in this study: 2 males and 4 females with a mean age of 11.7years. Three patients had a C5, C6 lesion and 3 had a C5, C6, C7 lesion. They were asked to perform five tasks based on the Mallet scale and the kinematic data were collected using the Fastrak electromagnetic tracking device. FINDINGS: The scapulothoracic protraction and posterior tilt were significantly increased in the involved limb during the hand to mouth task (p=0.006 and p=0.015 respectively). The scapulothoracic Protraction/glenohumeral Elevation ratio was significantly increased in the involved limb during the hand to neck task (p=0.041) and the elevation task (p=0.015). The ratios of scapulothoracic Tilt on the three glenohumeral excursion angles were significantly increased during the hand to mouth task (p≤0.041). The scapulothoracic Mediolateral/glenohumeral Elevation ratio was significantly increased in the involved limb during the elevation task (p=0.038). The glenohumeral elevation excursion was significantly decreased in the involved limb during the hand to neck task (p<0.001) and the elevation task (p=0.0003). INTERPRETATION: This study gives us information about the greater contribution of the scapulothoracic joint to shoulder motion for affected arm of obstetrical brachial plexus palsy patients compared to their unaffected arm. Kinematic analysis could be useful in shoulder motion evaluation during the Mallet score and to evaluate outcomes after surgery.

Relationship of age and type of obstetric brachial plexus paralysis in forearm pronosupination / Relação entre a idade e o tipo de paralisia obstétrica do plexo braquial com o movimento de pronossupinação do antebraço

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the arc of forearm pronosupination of patients with sequelae of birth paralysis and correlate with these variables. Methods: 32 children aged between 4 and 14 years with total or partial lesions of the , brachial plexus were evaluated; measurements of pronation and supination, active and passive, were made, both on the injured side and the unaffected side. Results: A statistically significant difference was observed between the injured side and the normal side, but there was no difference between the groups regarding age or type of injury. Conclusion: The age and type of injury did not impact on the limitation of the forearm pronosupination in children with sequelae of birth paralysis.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o arco de pronossupinação do antebraço dos pacientes com sequela de paralisia obstétrica do plexo braquial e correlacionar com essas variáveis. Métodos: Foram avaliadas 32 crianças entre 4 e 14 anos, com lesões totais ou parciais do plexo braquial, foram tiradas as medidas de pronação e supinação, ativa e passiva, tanto do lado lesionado quanto do lado não afetado. Resultados: Observou-se diferença estatisticamente significativa entre o lado lesionado e o lado normal, porém não houve diferença entre os grupos por faixas etárias, nem quanto ao tipo de lesão. Conclusão: Os fatores idade e tipo de lesão não tiveram efeito sobre a pronossupinação nas crianças portadoras de sequela de paralisia obstétrica do plexo braquial.

[Palsy of the upper limb: Obstetrical brachial plexus palsy, arthrogryposis, cerebral palsy]. / Les paralysies du membre supérieur : plexus brachial obstétrical, arthrogrypose, paralysie cérébrale.

"Palsy of the upper limb" in children includes various diseases which leads to hypomobility of the member: cerebral palsy, arthrogryposis and obstetrical brachial plexus palsy. These pathologies which differ on brain damage or not, have the same consequences due to the early achievement: negligence, stiffness and deformities. Regular entire clinical examination of the member, an assessment of needs in daily life, knowledge of the social and family environment, are key points for management. In these pathologies, the rehabilitation is an emergency, which began at birth and intensively. Splints and physiotherapy are part of the treatment. Surgery may have a functional goal, hygienic or aesthetic in different situations. The main goals of surgery are to treat: joints stiffness, bones deformities, muscles contractures and spasticity, paresis, ligamentous laxity.